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Gc 974.102 W14s v.1 1242893
M.
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01091 8685
History of Old Broad Bay and Waldoboro
VOLUME I THE COLONIAL AND FEDERAL PERIODS
VOLUME II
THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES
Courtesy of the Walker Art Building, Bowdoin College
SAMUEL WALDO 1695 -1759
Brigadier General in His Majesty's Forces and Hereditary Lord of Broad Bay
History of Old Broad Bay C
and
Waldoboro, Me.
by JASPER JACOB STAHL
VOLUME ONE
The Colonial and Federal Periods
= 1
The Bond Wheelwright Company Portland, Maine
1
COPYRIGHT, 1956, BY JASPER J. STAHL Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 56-5858
All rights in this book are reserved For information address the author in care of the publishers: The Bond Wheelwright Company 335 Forest Avenue, Portland 5 Maine
In Canada: Burns & McEachern 12 Grenville Street, Toronto 5
Manufactured in the United States of America by BOOK CRAFTSMEN ASSOCIATES, NEW YORK
1242893
TO MY MOTHER Lucy Heyer Keene 1855-1935
In whose stern yet gentle character was fused the finest and the strongest in the two great historical traditions which make up our local culture -
These volumes are dedicated in gratitude and lasting love
Cannes - 25.00 (2mal)
AD PERPETUAM REI MEMORIAM
Before the era of printed books the work of scholars and men of letters was supported and made possible largely through the munificence of patrons. In cases of scholarly treatises this practice is still an honored vogue. Thus this history finds itself the perpetua- tor of an ancient and fruitful tradition. Its publication has been made possible in part through the enlightened and generous sup- port of those thoughtful men and women who have been glad to see the annals of a little world assume their rightful role as an integral of the record of mankind. When their faces shall have been forgotten and their good works effaced from the memory of the living, their names and the temper of their spirit will here find an enduring witness.
COLONEL AND MRS. STANLEY G. WALTZ
KATE L. FAY
CLARA S. GAY (in memoriam) DORA I. GAY
GRACIA GAY LIBBY (in memoriam)
THE WALDOBORO HISTORICAL SOCIETY
MERLE S. CASTNER
DR. WILLIAM H. HAHN (in memoriam)
MR. AND MRS. ALVRA D. GRAY
FRANCES A. SORTWELL
MR. AND MRS. LELAND L. WALTZ
THE WISCASSET PUBLIC LIBRARY
THE LINCOLN COUNTY CULTURAL & HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION
RUSSELL SCHENCK COONEY (in memoriam)
FLOYD O. BENNER
HANNAH L. REISER ALLEN (in memoriam)
WEBSTER AND EMILY ALLEN HAZLEWOOD (in memoriam) MR. AND MRS. JOHN GLEN MAYO
HARRIET DEAVER ALEXANDER
MR. AND MRS. H. RIVINGTON PYNE, JR.
THE HOVEY AND CALDWELL FAMILIES
PRESIDENT AND MRS. ARTHUR A. HAUCK
MR. AND MRS. BAYARD LIVINGSTON KILGOUR
MR. AND MRS. RAYMOND H. FOGLER
MR. AND MRS. WILLIAM E. HUTTON II MR. AND MRS. ALFRED STORER
ALLEN ROGERS BENNER (in memoriam)
THE WALDOBORO LIONS CLUB
Nostri memorem sepulchro scalpe querelam
Dedicated to the Memory of
WILLIAM HARVEY MILLER (1856-1916) and IDA GROSS MILLER (1856-1950)
by Their Children: RALPH W. MILLER
F. ROGER MILLER GRACE B. FREEMAN
HELEN L. BAKER
JOHN H. MILLER MARION E. CASTNER LEROY C. MILLER
Non omne namque mente depulit lumen corpus
Dedicated to the Memory of CAPTAIN ALBION F. STAHL (1853-1933) and LUCY KEENE STAHL (1855-1935)
by Their Children: CARRIE B. STAHL VERTNER A. STAHL LOU S. HORNE JASPER J. STAHL
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The historian of a locality, a period or a people is a debtor to all his predecessors. I gratefully acknowledge such an obligation, and more especially in the introductory chapters of this volume, where I have drawn on the research of the many, past and present, who have patiently explored the areas and the periods related to this work. My sole claim to originality in the early chapters is to be found in the fitting of the history of a locale into the framework which has been provided by the scholarly researches of the many.
The main corpus of this work treats of a virgin field. It is built on source material scattered over two continents. To the many in distant places who have generously supplied what I could not seek in person, my debt is a heavy one. To the Huntington Library in Pasadena, California; to Adeliade Fries, one time his- torian of the State of North Carolina; to the Curators of the Archives of the Moravian Church in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; to the Director of the Rare Book Collection of the Harvard Univer- sity Library; to the Custodians of the Massachusetts State Archives and of the Library of the Maine Historical Society an especial obligation is here recognized. Nor do I wish to overlook the kind- ness of a great host of cooperators, who have loaned their own material or have done small but valuable chores of research in my behalf in out-of-the-way places. Noteworthy among such have been Dr. Benjamin Kinsell of Dallas, Texas, Judge Dudley Kinsell of Carmel, California, and Priscilla Creamer of Waldoboro, Maine, who have generously placed many of the papers from the invalu- able Reed Collection at my disposal.
The illustrative material in these volumes represents the gen- erosity of many people, which has come in the form of old ships, old scenes, old faces and expert photography. This debt I gladly and gratefully recognize. My obligation is an especially heavy one to Paul and Allison Wescott of West Chester, Pennsylvania, who have gone back to the days before daguerreotypes and photo- graphs, and there, studiedly faithful to the facts of history, have made much of our past graphically illuminating and beautiful.
The preparation of the manuscript for the press has been in a measure a community enterprise. To all those ladies of the town
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who have assisted in this project in large and in small ways, I am heavily indebted for their encouragement and labor. Generous indeed has been the help of Joan Weston, whose knowledge of the mechanics of writing far exceeded mine; of Jane Lenfest, who has so patiently deciphered my minuscular script and transcribed it into legible form; and above all of Hazel Blaney, whose cheerful and skillful toil in typing manuscript has been a constant source of wonder and inspiration to me.
Acta est fabula ... vobis omnibus gratias.
Waldoboro, Maine
February, 1953
xiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
xxvii
CHAPTER
PAGE
I THE WALDOBOROUGH AREA IN PREDISCOVERY DAYS
1
Power sites at heads of tide objectives of earliest coastal settlers. Intervening and frustrating fac- tors in this movement along the Medomak. Bounds of this area. Conditions prevailing in prediscovery days. Flora of the district. Its animal, bird and marine life. Rosier's report on the area. Obser- vations of Capt. Martin Pring. Early commerce in fish with European countries. Attractiveness of the area to settlers.
II THE PREDISCOVERY INHABITANTS OF THE
WALDOBOROUGH AREA
10
The Red Paint people. Areas occupied by them. Local sites of their culture. The artifacts found in graves. Significance of the red ochre buried with the dead. Origin and fate of those people. The Indians - their origin, local distribution and attitude to white settlers. Withdrawal of certain Maine tribes to St. Francis. Indian culture and economy. Interaction of the two cultures.
III THE DISCOVERY OF THE MAINE COASTAL AREA AND ITS EARLIEST EXPLORERS
22
Local history an integral of world history. Dis- covery of the Maine coast and its early visitors - Cabot, Verazanno, Cartier, Champlain and Rober- val. The basis of the French claim to the Waldo- borough district. Objectives of the earliest ex- plorations. First fishermen on the coast at Mon- hegan. Early grants of the Waldoborough area. French and Indians natural allies. Relation of Bristol, England, to the local district. Voyage of Weymouth and Rosier's narrative. Contact with the Indians, first captives. Sir Ferdinando Gorges. London and Plymouth Companies. Activities of Capt. John Smith in the local area. First steps in settlement made by fishermen.
IV THE STAKING OF CLAIMS IN THE
WALDOBOROUGH AREA 35
Grant of local area by James I to the Plymouth Company. Formation of the Council of New Eng- land. John Peirce and the Plymouth settlement.
XV
PAGE
CHAPTER
Early settlers in the Muscongus district. John Brown and his alleged claims in the local area. His deed a forgery. The Lincolnshire or Mus- congus Patent. Interpretations placed on its vague bounds. Truck house on the Georges River. His- tory of the Lincolnshire Patent and its many proprietors. The Waldo family enters the picture. Conflict with Col. David Dunbar. Samuel Waldo acquires an interest in the Patent. His plans for its development. The Pemaquid Patent, its origin, bounds and conflict with the Waldo title. Indian wars delay settlement. Province of Maine comes under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. Succes- sive pushes eastward. Waldoborough area under successive controls. Massachusetts jurisdiction finally established.
V GENERAL SAMUEL WALDO AND THE
51
FIRST SETTLERS ON THE BAY AND RIVER Muscongus Bay a center of fisheries in the early seventeenth century. Activities of Abraham Shurte at Monhegan and Pemaquid. The earliest settlers and their push up the sound. Movement checked by King Philip's War. The Book of Eastern claims furnishes evidence of the earliest settlement on the upper Medomak. The Hiltons at Broad Cove. Second move to people local area by proprietors of the Waldo Patent. Gov. Dum- mer's Treaty makes the first permanent settle- ment possible. Samuel Waldo - biographical de- tails and activities. Conflict with Col. David Dun- bar. Waldo goes to England to secure abrogation of Dunbar's commission. Waldo opens lands on the Georges and Medomak to settlers. His con- flict with Gov. Belcher. The Shirley-Waldo con- spiracy. William Shirley becomes Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The town of Leverett on the Medomak. The first settlers and the location of their lots. Slow progress of the settlement of 1736. Its economy.
VI THE EARLY GERMAN MIGRATIONS TO
AMERICA AND THEIR BACKGROUND IN EUROPEAN HISTORY
Motives for the migration of Germans to the New World. Religious chaos and persecutions in Central and Western Europe. Effects of the Thirty Years War. Reduction of peasantry to serfdom. Invasion of the Rhine Country by Louis XIV and its ensuing devastation. Stream of Ger- man migrations to the New World. Recruiting, transportation, and procedures of these migra- tions. Horrors of the Atlantic passage. Mittel- berger's narrative. Account of Col. David Dun- bar. Conditions ameliorated by action of the Gen- eral Court. Typical contract governing passage to New England.
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79
PAGE
CHAPTER
VII THE GERMANS REACH BROAD BAY
Eaton's narrative of a migration in 1739. Zuber- bühler's activity as Waldo's agent. Migration of Swiss to the Medomak. Pact of Waldo and his agent. Myth of the lost colony. Disappearance of the Swiss settlement. Governor Shirley's testi- mony. Policy of the Governor in reference to German migrations. The migration of 1742. Waldo's circular. Personnel of this migration. Route followed. Details of the passage aboard the Lydia. Ship reaches Marblehead in October. Re- ception accorded the immigrants. Trip to Broad Bay.
VIII THE FIRST YEAR AT BROAD BAY
110
The landing at Broad Bay. How the country looked to the new arrivals. Old tradition of Waldo's perfidy rejected. Conditions of life in first year not so harsh as commonly alleged. Weather conditions. Initial adjustments. Assign- ments of lots. Preparations for the winter. Mod- erate hardships. Appeal to General Court in the spring by Doctors Kast and Kurtz. Outline of grievances. Critical evaluation of the doctor and the preacher. No action taken by the General Court. Waldo finally exonerated. Activities in 1743 - building of cabins, clearing of land, and raising of crops. Myth of Conrad Heyer being the first white child born on the Medomak. Some names of settlers in this migration and lots as- signed to them. Imminence of war.
IX BROAD BAY GOES TO WAR
129
Preparations for war. The struggle between Eng- land and France. The forts at Broad Bay. Post- ing of men around the frontier. Two Province regiments brought to full strength. Attack on Louisburg projected. Plan conceived by General Waldo. Broad Bay enlists. Broad Bay at Louis- burg. Surrender of the fortress. Return of some soldiers to Broad Bay. Others remain in garrison at Louisburg. Conditions in the settlement in the interim. Colony harried by savages. Attack on Broad Bay and its consequences. The Penobscots make peace. The break between Shirley and Waldo. The latter fails to receive recognition for his services. Presents his case to the Crown. De- parts for Europe. Breach with Shirley widens. Case before King and Council. Waldo is reim- bursed. Effect of break with Shirley on Broad Bay history.
X BROAD BAY RENEWED
155
Rebuilding of Broad Bay and arrival of new set- tlers. Waldo's undercover activities assisted by Joseph Crell. Migration of Germans to Broad Bay in 1748. Conditions of their settlement. Con- rad Heyer is born. Grasshoppers, inflation, and
xvii
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PAGE
Indian threats. Waldo in Europe. Crell offers his services to Governor Shirley. Program for settling German Protestants. Crell goes to Europe. His collaboration with Counsellor Luther. His difficul- ties. Migration of 1751 on the Priscilla of Ger- mans and French Huguenots. Their reception in Boston. Waldo secures some of these settlers. Crell returns to the Rhineland for more recruits. His problems and his duplicity. His migrants at Rotterdam. Their reception and disposition on arrival in Boston. Waldo's share. Personnel of these migrations.
XI THE LAST OF THE GERMAN MIGRATIONS
178
Waldo discards Crell and accepts Luther's aid. His initial circular of 1753. Its inducements. He arrives with his son, Samuel, at Frankfort. The latter's circular is broadcast through the Rhine district. It announces conditions of settling at Broad Bay. Analysis of the circular. Difficulties faced by young Waldo in recruiting. Area shifted to the Nassau district with greater success. Karl C. G. Leistner appears on the scene. Waldo's ship Elizabeth arrives at Amsterdam in May. Recruits assemble and proceed to Amsterdam. Their At- lantic passage. Break between Luther and Waldo. The Franklin letter. The migration of 1753 at Broad Bay. Conditions in the first winter. Loca- tion of the migrants on Benner Hill. Reasons for this location. Werner's gristmill. Allotment of land on the upper river. Partial roster of the colony.
197
XII BROAD BAY IN THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Settlers strengthen claims to land. Typical deed from the Proprietor. Earlier peace inconclusive. British and French claims remain in conflict. Broad Bay petitions the Governor. War prepa- rations. The Mill Garrison and smaller forts. The Indians take to the warpath. "The Dutch Rangers." Leistner's report to Shirley. Indians in- fest Maine frontier. Casualties at Broad Bay. Atti- tude of the Penobscots. France declares war. Some settlers take refuge in Boston. The year 1757 a bloody one at Broad Bay. Leistner's letters to William Pepperell. Death of Kazimir Lash. Kuentzel outwits the savages. Broad Bay petition to the Governor reveals conditions in the settle- ment in the summer of 1757. Loss of livestock. Remilly's day-by-day journal of a week at Broad Bay in 1757. Interpretation of this report.
XIII PEACE COMES TO BROAD BAY
220
Prosecution of the war under William Pitt. Life in the settlement in 1758. Indian attacks on the eastern frontier. Report of the Boston Gazette. Attack on Broad Bay. Data from Freeman's Jour- nal. Renewed prosecution of the war. Broad Bay
xviii
PAGE
CHAPTER
a beneficiary of the expeditions against Quebec and against the St. Francis and Penobscot Indians. Death of General Waldo. Account of his burial. Effects of his death on the settlement. Evaluation of Waldo's life and character. Conditions in the Colony in 1759. The Penobscots make peace. Its effects at Broad Bay. Counties of Cumberland and Lincoln set off from York in 1760. Informality of religious worship. Samuel Waldo, Jr., becomes the Proprietor of Broad Bay. Expansion of settlement into the back-districts. The first county tax lev- ied. Peace with France. The first census. Variety of crops at Broad Bay. Basis of its economy.
XIV THE MUSTER ROLL OF 1760
236
Difficulties of cataloguing all early settlers. At- tempt limited to those of the first generation - whence they came, when they reached Broad Bay, and where they settled. German names pre- sent difficulties for earliest recorders. Their own use of names, Christian and middle, make them elusive personalities. Alphabetical list from Achorn to Zuberbühler, with brief narrative un- der each family name. Errors inevitable in such an attempt.
XV
LIFE AT OLD BROAD BAY IN ITS FEUDAL PERIOD Broad Bay abandons garrison life. Method of clearing land. New building. Character of the peasant stock. Its economic status. Sources of food supplies. Agricultural economy. Major develop- ments therein. Labor of women and children. Cookery and variety of dishes. Artisans - weavers and cobblers. Role of domestic animals. Diseases afflicting the settlers. Education of children. Hos- pitality. Marriage and funeral customs. Basis of social life. Absence of political government. Rule by tradition. Folkways and superstitions. Legend of Jane Ann Hoch, of Conrad Heyer. Magic in East Waldoboro. The Paul Minks. The Prince of Broad Bay wizards. The Faust Saga of Old Broad Bay. "Uncle Faltin's" black art. His pact with Satan. The Devil wins.
XVI RELIGIOUS LIFE IN THE EARLIEST DAYS
328
Lutherans, Moravians, and Reformed at Broad Bay. Character of religious feeling. First church in the settlement. John Ulmer succeeds Dr. Kast as the local preacher. Location of the first church. Stoltzner accepts the Broad Bay mission. Roles of Hans Georg Hahn and Charles Leissner. Church at Meetinghouse Cove. Judge Groton's narrative. John Martin Schaeffer assumes the pastorship. First service in the church. Character of Schaef- fer's ministry. Broad Bay visited by Lutheran divines - Homeyer and Hartwick. Schaeffer moves to Warren and dies there. Religious schism. Reformed people secede and build the present
302
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PAGE
church. Deed of conveyance. Erection of church in 1772. Description of the church. Support by the town. Dr. Theobald at Waldoboro. Bickering over the language question. John Kanzer as pas- tor. He is succeeded by the Rev. Gruhner who continues in the tradition of Schaeffer. Rev. Thurston Whiting the first English minister in the town. The Rev. Gruhner (Kroner) creates a scandal. Abandons his parish. Church moved to its present site. The Rev. Ritz the first bona fide Lutheran pastor in the town. The Ritz ministry. XVII THE MORAVIANS AT BROAD BAY
352
Schism in the Lutheran Church and rise of minor sects in Europe. Origin of the Moravians. Mora- vians in America and at Broad Bay in 1760. Soelle's Diary. Mission established in 1762. Previous labors of Georg Hahn. Religious troubles begin with the arrival of Schaeffer. Agitation followed by perse- cution. Intervention of the High Sheriff. "Satan" bides his time and seizes his chance. Personnel of the Moravian Mission. Effects of a visit of Bishop Ettwein in 1767. Talk of migrating. Soelle's advice and his letter to Bishop Seidel. Motives for mi- grating. First exodus in August 1769. Arca in North Carolina settled by Broad Bayers. Condi- tions at Broad Bay in 1769-1770 revealed in a Soelle letter to Ettwein. Migration to the Kenne- bec considered. Soelle leaves Broad Bay in 1770 with the last migration. Hardships of the jour- ney. Settlement in the Friedland district. "The Brotherly Agreement." Death of Soelle. The two Broad Bays.
XVIII LAND TITLES AND LAND TROUBLES
372
Shem Drowne becomes agent for the Pemaquid Proprietors. Action against the Broad Bayers. Effects of Waldo's death. Dispossession of settlers on the west bank of the river. List of those ac- cepting Drowne's terms. Waldo's heirs make final settlement of their holdings. Some settlers migrate to South Carolina. A few contest Drowne's claim and unite for action with citizens of neighboring towns. General Court names com- mission to settle dispute. Decision of the referees. Squatting on unoccupied lands in the grant. Mani- festations of land madness. Water power and mills in early days. Light thrown on local history by land transfers. Tales of romance and tragedy. Deed of David Holzapfel.
XIX
THE INFLUX OF THE PURITANS
394
Beginnings of class distinctions. Dealings in real estate - William Farnsworth, John Ulmer, C. C. G. Leissner, Schaeffer, Matthias Achorn, Jacob Lud- wig, Andrew Schenck. Treatment of debtors. Migration of ship captains to Broad Bay. Puritan culture. The early Puritans - Stephen Andrews,
XX
CHAPTER
Buswell, Prudence Chapman, Jabez and Isaiah Cole, the Cushing family, Judah Delano, Henry Ewell, William Fish, John Fitzgerald, William Groton, Solomon Hewet, Caleb and Joshua Howard, John Hunt, Levi Loring, Edward Man- ning, Thomas McGuyer, John Martin, Church Nash, Abner, Ezra and Nathaniel Pitcher, John Prior, Levi Russell, Charles Sampson, Nathaniel Simmons, Michael and Nathan Sprague, Nathan Soule, Jacob Stetson, James and Samuel Sweet- land, Daniel Teague, Waterman Thomas, Briggs, Caleb and Cornelius Turner, David and Ezekiel Vinal, Jacob Wade, Abijah Waterman, John Winslow. Influence of the Puritans on German culture.
XX BROAD BAY BECOMES WALDOBOROUGH
Death of Leisner. Shift to a democratic social sys- tem. Political framework of new government es- sentially English. Question of township status agi- tated. General Court incorporates Broad Bay as the Town of Waldoborough. Act of Incorpora- tion. Bounds of the town surveyed by John Mar- tin. First Town Meeting. First panel of town offi- cers. Their functions. Handling of fiscal affairs. Practice of the Germans in reference to roads. Rumblings of war. No immediate reaction at Waldoborough.
429
XXI FAMILY DIFFERENCES
443
Revolutionary ferment in the Boston area. Shoot- ing of the Seiders boy. Feeling in New England splits along class lines. Reactions in the local area. Petitions to the Province Congress for food and munitions. Coercive measures by the British. Waldoborough men participating in events around Boston. Weaknesses of the soldiery. Local men in Arnold's expedition to Quebec. Role of the Broad Bay in this campaign. Glimpse of the town from Dearborn's Journal. First regular mail service. Distribution of military supplies. Letter of Philip Reiser. Declaration of Independence. Its recep- tion in Waldoborough. First overland journey to Boston. Tories in the town. Invasion of Burgoyne. Reaction in Waldoborough. Hessian prisoners set- tle in the town. Waldoborough in the Machias campaign. Confiscation of Tory estates. Campaign against the British at Castine. Role of Col. Thomas. Outcome of the expedition. Activities of the Tories. Illicit trade with the enemy. Outrages in the town. The pirate of Broad Cove. Waldo- borough taxpayers adopt stubborn attitude. End of the war. Its economic and social effects in the town.
XXII ANNALS OF THE 1780's
482
The county tax. First murder in the town. Wild game. Dr. Benjamin Brown. John and Joshua
Xxi
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Head. Early Town Meetings. Roads. First bridge over the Medomak. Treatment of the poor in early days. Tax abatements. Fiscal practices in the town. Problems of local administration. Rep- resentation in the General Court. Vagrancy of rams. First town pounds. Friendship seeks union with Waldoborough. Waldoborough seeks to re- place Pownalborough as the shire town. Location of Court in Waldoborough. The town's unwaver- ing conservatism. The issue of fish. The town's first Jew. Slaves in Waldoborough. Reaction of the town to the inauguration of President Wash- ington. Eastern bounds of the town. Log cabins give way to frame houses and more pretentious homes.
XXIII EARLY SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLMASTERS
507
Educational pattern of eighteenth century Ger- many reproduced at Broad Bay. Literacy of the earliest settlers. Waldo's provision for schools. John Ulmer's letter of recommendation. Difficul- ties in organizing education in the colony. Oppor- tunities limited. Life of Georg Hahn. Soelle's school. His biography throws light on Moravians at Broad Bay. Role of "Dr." Schaeffer. Heinrich Lange. How illiteracy became a fixed tradition in the town. Education after 1773. Reasoning of the Germans. Town support niggardly. Lack of inter- est on the part of the Germans in education for the English. First school districts. Advice and in- fluence of Mr. Ritz. The district unit as the basis of the educational system. English as a medium of instruction.
XXIV THE LAST OF THE PROPRIETORS
527
Lands of the Waldo heirs confiscated by the state. These lands in turn appropriated by squatters. General Samuel's granddaughter, Lucy, remains faithful to the patriot cause. Her husband, Gen- eral Henry Knox, appointed agent to administer her father's estate. Knox has General Court give to Waldo Patent its first exact bounds. Waldo- borough citizens sense import of these actions and present their case to the General Court. Gen. Knox conciliatory in treatment of squatters. Latter de- mand settlement on their terms. Knox becomes Secretary of War, and claims for a time not pressed. Concerning General Knox and his wife, Lucy. He becomes sole proprietor of Waldo es- tate in 1792. Starts action against squatters. The writ of dispossession. Knox arrives at Montpelier and assumes personal direction of his estate. Life at Montpelier. Alarm among squatters. Tide of controversy rises. Petition of Squire Thomas to the General Court. Case of Knox. General Court repeatedly appoints commissions to settle differ-
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