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ERN GAN
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ERS
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A HISTORY
OF
Northern Michigan AND ITS PEOPLE BY
PERRY F. POWERS
Assisted by H. G. CUTLER Editor of the Lewis Publishing Company
ILLUSTRATED
VOLUME I
1912 THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY CHICAGO
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INTRODUCTION
Why should there be a history of Northern Michigan? Why should it seem a desirable and proper expenditure of time and effort to gather together and present the earliest incidents and traditional and recorded statements touching movements and conditions in a single section of Michigan ?
What worthy purpose can be served through a history of Northern Michigan that cannot be as well or better served through the inclusion of such records and reviews, as are here included, in the history of our state as a whole? These questions have suggested themselves to the writer and they are here expressed in order that the answers, which present themselves with most conclusive force, may also be given.
We have believed it to be true that Northern Michigan possesses a his- tory so unique and that its material development and progress and the lives of its people have been along lines so greatly influenced by its pro- ducts and its peculiarities as to give more than ordinary value to a per- manent, collective and conscientious record of the incidents and move- ments relating to the conditions and situations, to the men and women of Northern Michigan.
We have come to very well know that the varying conditions of life have most to do with the characteristics and peculiarities of people. If it is further true, as we are so many times told, that here in the United States there is being developed from the combination of the peoples of many lands, characteristics and types quite apart from those possessed by any of the nations from which they came, it will probably not be questioned as to the source and cause for this unique type.
This land in which we, as a nation, have our homes, its possessions of soil and climate so widely varying and representative in themselves of many other entire nations, its varying products, its great distances, its continental mountain ranges and its unusual lakes and rivers, have been most important contributory influences to the activities and peculiarities of the American people. As individuals, we have absorbed not a little of the self-sufficient and bold and assertive characteristics of our native and adopted homeland.
That such influence exists has been especially illustrated throughout the development of the section and counties known as "Northern Michi-
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INTRODUCTION
gan." If no other reason could be given, this alone would be sufficient to justify a separate review of this section and its people.
Hardly any other state in the Union presents such varying products and activities as are provided and made necessary through the natural differences that exist between what are known as "Southern Michigan" and "Northern Michigan" and the "Upper Peninsula." The problems that have related to life and to living in what we have here somewhat arbitrarily selected as the territory of Northern Michigan have not only developed and modified the means and the methods and outlook of the women and men who have been connected with them, but they have had a very strong influence upon the history of our state as a whole. The difficulties relating to pioneer life in Northern Michigan had not been duplicated in the earlier settled sections. They provided for common efforts and common sympathies and produced problems and interests through which strong sectional relations were developed.
Through many years, Michigan held first place in the Union as the great pine timber and lumber producing state. More than to other single . industry, perhaps, Michigan owes its progress and prosperity through- out the past half century to its timber and lumber products and re- sources. To a very large extent is it further true that the territory of Northern Michigan was the section that provided the several important industries and the enormous wealth directly and indirectly related to the timber and lumber and wood-working industries.
It has often been complainingly referred to by the people of Northern Michigan that their territory provided foundations for the great fortunes that later have most enriched and assisted in building up the larger cities and other sections of their commonwealth, as well as of other states. The abandoned mill site and the almost obliterated sawdust accumulations of some of the former great logging and lumbering communities of Northern Michigan mutely but very eloquently testify to the sources of fortunes that have been and are being spent in adding to the value of life and the enjoyment of living in other more favored localities.
But the best that Northern Michigan has produced is that which it has retained and which has become a permanent feature of its life. The fact that its pioneers had more to struggle against in order to provide homes for themselves and the necessary accompaniments of homes devel- oped in them a degree of aggressive energy which has remained as a dis- tinct sectional possession.
Sometimes the terms and phrases, "Northern Michigan spirit," "Northern Michigan sentiment," and "Northern Michigan point of view" have been made use of through the press and from the platforms of our state, and very rarely has it been necessary to add anything to the explanation and understanding which such phrases would very readily give. The life of Northern Michigan and the people of Northern Michigan throughout their earlier years of existence, at least, have pro- duced results sufficiently unique to be deserving of independent and separate presentation.
There has been an honest effort in the pages that follow to mention the men and women to whom much is due in connection with Northern Michigan's first settlement and pioneer hardships. It would hardly be
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INTRODUCTION
possible to escape injustice in the preparation of a list of those to whom such tribute should be paid. Surely it will be true that many who never figured prominently in county or community or sectional history per- formed service worthy of formal praise and permanent record. This almost necessary feature of injustice is recognized as a part of every ef- fort that seeks to do justice to worthy and helpful service. But there are many names prominently known and connected with the pioneer work in Northern Michigan which the volumes of this history have sought to so properly and directly relate to their efforts and their accomplish- ments as to give them an enduring place in the memory of those of pres- sent years and the years to come whom they so splendidly served.
Northern Michigan has almost ceased to be the section of forests and timber and lumber, or the abiding place of its earliest pioneers. Its first days of record and those to whom from succeeding generations will rec- ognition and credit be due for service well and worthily rendered, will soon be memories. The section of Michigan which this history repre- sents is now known and rapidly becoming better known as the orchard and garden section through which our state in a few years will be en- riched even beyond its bountiful provision of earlier years. In connec- tion with the arrival and acceptance of this new era for Northern Michi- gan it is desirable that the years gone by should be remembered. Gratitude is one of the most beautiful of all of the better qualities of our human kind. It enriches and adds enjoyment to its possessor as well as to those to whom it is directed and attached. That this sentiment may have larger and more active existence in connection with the movements and incidents herein recorded is a sincere purpose and wish in the mind of the writer in connection with this work.
In the general history such topics as the Physical Features of North- ern Michigan, Mound Builders, Indians, Lumber Industries and some others are treated because they seem logically to be subjects of general application to the region as a whole; in the history of the counties, there- fore, these topics are largely ignored. The chief object in the sections devoted to counties and cities has been to picture present conditions in some detail, giving only so much of the past as is explanatory or neces- sary to the historical and logical basis of the present.
Speaking from the sectional standpoint, the general plan in the ar- rangement and grouping of the county histories is to present the Grand Traverse region; then the counties of the Huron shore; finally to take up the interior counties, passing from north to south-keeping in mind, although not closely, their comparative importance. This plan was also adopted because the Grand Traverse region was, generally speaking, the pioneer section of Northern Michigan.
In the county histories are brought out, in detail, the physical fea- tures of Northern Michigan boldly sketched in the general history; and especially the great central plateau is fully set forth, the histories trac- ing in special sections of the country the distinct ridge, or water-shed, which separates such great systems as those of the Manistee, Muskegon, Cheboygan, Au Sable and Tittabawassee rivers, of Grand Traverse and Saginaw bays.
It has been made more evident in the county histories that Northern
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INTRODUCTION
Michigan is divided so distinctly by its surface geology into eastern and western portions that its very railroad systems were obliged to conform to this physical peculiarity, and it is only within comparatively recent years that her railroads have been fairly bound together by east and west lines. Until this work is further advanced Northern Michigan will not be a united section of the state.
To this interior physical feature of the central plateau and the sharply divided watersheds of Northern Michigan is added the fact that this part of the state is bounded on three sides by great bodies of water, thus intensifying its isolation from neighboring territory. While these two physical conditions have retarded its development in comparison with other commonwealths whose territories lay adjacent to sections which have stimulated their development, this very outward isolation and interior division have developed a splendid type of manhood and womanhood-self-reliant, strong, straight-forward, enterprising and moral.
In finally bidding adieu to this work, both of labor and love, the writer wishes especially to acknowledge his indebtedness to the following works, as sources of valuable information in the preparation of the his- tory of Northern Michigan. Special credit is also given them in various portions of the history.
Surface Geology of Michigan ; 1908; by Alfred C. Lane for the Michi- gan State Geological Survey.
* Bulletins of U. S. Census Bureau, including population statistics and Forest Products of the United States.
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey; sites of aboriginal re- mains; 1910.
Early History of Michigan; 1888; S. D. Bingham.
Michigan in the Civil War; 1880; by John Robertson, adjutant general.
History of Michigan, civil and topographical; 1839; James H. Lanman.
Michigan Tradesman; Origin of County Names; June 15, 1910.
History of the Grand Traverse Region; 1883; by Dr. M. L. Leach ; Grand Traverse Herald, publisher.
The Traverse Region; 1884; publishers, H. R. Page & Company, Chicago.
History of the Lake Huron Region; 1883; same publishers. Michigan Legislative Manual, 1911.
History of Michigan; 1910; by Lawton T. Hemans.
* The statistics of population published in each county history may be per- plexing without the explanation that the township figures sometimes include cities and villages, whose populations, in the same columns, follow separately. The totals, therefore, at the foot of the columns will not be correct unless the figures of the villages and cities are excluded; in other words, the totals are the additions of the township figures alone.
It sometimes also happens that the total population of the county will not con- form to the addition of the township figures, the explanation being that, in such cases, certain townships have been annexed or absorbed-the names of the town- ships given in the tables being those in existence in 1910.
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INTRODUCTION
History of the Northern Peninsula; 1911; Alvah L. Sawyer. Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections.
Men of Progress; 1900; by Evening News Association, Detroit. Northern Michigan; 1905; B. F. Bowen & Company, Chicago. Publications of the Western Michigan Development Bureau. Publications of the Northeastern Michigan Development Bureau. Publications of the Detroit & Mackinac Railway Company. Publications of the Traverse City Board of Trade.
Centennial History of Manistee County, containing addresses of Hon. John C. Blanchard and Hon. B. M. Cutcheon.
Manistee, the Salt City of the Unsalted Seas; 1910; American Print- ing Company.
Ludington, Gateway of the Northwest; 1910; Ludington Board of Trade.
Centennial History of Alpena County ; by David D. Oliver.
Alpena; dates of events, 1862-1902; Alpena Argus.
Antrim County ; 1910; by authority of Board of Supervisors.
Centennial History of Cheboygan County ; by Rev. W. H. Ware.
Cheboygan Up-to-Date; 1898; Cheboygan Democrat.
History of Wexford County ; 1903; by John H. Wheeler.
Cadillac City Directory ; 1900; by W. A. Norton.
History of Alcona County ; 1877; by Charles P. Reynolds.
"Back to the Farm in Crawford County;" 1910; by authority of Board of Supervisors.
"Beauty Spots in Leelanau;" 1901; by Wilber E. Campbell.
Various sourvenir editions issued by the newspapers of Northern Michigan, including the Cheboygan Tribune, Gladwin Record, Empire Leader, Missaukee Republican, West Branch Times and the Onaway Outlook.
Interviews with prominent citizens of all classes.
In the collection of this historical material requests for information, as a rule, have met with full response, but if in any portion of the work there appears to be insufficient treatment the defect is caused simply be- cause the subject matter is not available, for both editors and publishers have endeavored in every possible way to gather all the facts for a fair presentation of every section and community in Northern Michigan. PERRY F. POWERS.
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Contents
CHAPTER I
GEOLOGY, SOIL, PRODUCTS
THE GREAT LAKES AS GLACIAL POOLS-SURFACE GEOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN-PRE-GLACIAL HISTORY-ADVANCE AND CAUSE OF THE ICE AGE-EFFECTS OF THE ICE ADVANCE-WALLED LAKES-GLACIAL BOULDERS-LAKE DEPOSITS-ROAD GRAVELS-BOG LIME-PEAT- RIVER SILTS-CONNECTION OF SURFACE DEPOSITS AND SOILS-TYPES OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN SOILS-CENTRAL PLATEAU OF NORTHERN MICH- IGAN-AREA OF SOIL INVESTIGATION-TOPOGRAPHY-NATURE OF SOILS -UPLAND AND LOWLAND TYPES OF VEGETATION-THEIR DISTRIBUTION -FUTURE OF THE REGION-PRODUCTIONS OF THE SOIL. 1-31
CHAPTER II FIRST LORDS OF THE SOIL
ABORIGINAL REMAINS IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN-ORIGIN OF THE RED MAN-WHEN FIRST FOUND BY THE WHITES-THE HURONS-OTTA- WAS AND CHIPPEWAS-AT THE TIME OF PONTIAC'S CONSPIRACY- OTTAWAS OF L'ARBRE CROCHE-OTTAWAS OF GRAND TRAVERSE-Ex- TINGUISHMENT OF THE INDIAN 32-53
CHAPTER III
PLANTING OF THE WHITE MAN
NICOLET LANDS ON MICHIGAN SOIL-THE COMING OF MARQUETTE -- HIS DEATH AND BURIAL-CADILLAC AND MICHILIMACKINAC-INSECURE AND BURDENSOME LAND TENURE-MONOPOLIES RETARD PROGRESS- FUR TRADE ENRICHES ONLY THE RICH-ENGLISH FLAG SUPPLANTS THE FRENCH-INDIANS REBEL-MASSACRE AT FORT MICHILIMACKINAC -SIEGE OF DETROIT RAISED-NORTHERN MICHIGAN BECOMES AMER- ICAN SOIL 54-78
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CHAPTER IV
CIVIL GOVERNMENT FOUNDED
ORDINANCE OF 1787-NORTHWEST TERRITORY DISMEMBERED-SLAVERY IN MICHIGAN-FOUNDING OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT-STATUS OF LAND TITLES-ERECTION OF FIRST COUNTIES-TABULAR HISTORY OF COUNTIES-SOURCES OF NAMES-BASIS OF STATE GOVERNMENT- -IDENTIFIED WITH STATE GOVERNMENT-SERVED IN THE LEGISLA- TURE 79-109
CHAPTER V
BENCH AND BAR
TERRITORIAL SUPREME COURTS-THE LOWER COURTS-TERRITORIAL CIRCUIT COURTS-UNDER THE 1850 CONSTITUTION-UNDER THE 1909 CONSTITUTION-JUSTICE A. V. MCALVAY-CIRCUITS AND JUDGES- HISTORY OF SETTLED JURISDICTION-THE CASE AGAINST KING STRANG -EARLY PRACTICE IN GRAND TRAVERSE REGION-JUDGES LITTLEJOHN AND RAMSDELL-COURTS AND LAWYERS IN CHEBOYGAN COUNTY- EARLY JUSTICE IN EMMET COUNTY-FIRST JUDGES AND LAWYERS IN ALPENA COUNTY-MANISTEE COUNTY'S FIRST LAWYER-JUDGE RAMSDELL'S REMINISCENCES-IN LEELANAU AND ANTRIM COUNTIES -CIRCUIT COURT OPENED IN CHARLEVOIX COUNTY-THE FIRST LAW- YER-TWENTY-EIGHTH CIRCUIT AND WEXFORD COUNTY-KALKASKA BENCH AND BAR-IOSCO COUNTY-MICHIGAN STATE BAR ASSOCIA- TION 110-135
CHAPTER VI PROFESSIONAL LIFE CONTINUED
NEWSPAPERS OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN-BIRTH OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN JOURNALISM-THOMAS T. BATES-MANISTEE AS A CLOSE SECOND- MASON COUNTY-IOSCO COUNTY-CHARLEVOIX COUNTY-WILLARD A. SMITH-ALPENA COUNTY-WEXFORD COUNTY-ANTRIM COUNTY- OSCEOLA AND LAKE COUNTIES-KALKASKA COUNTY-EMMET COUNTY -ROSELLE ROSE-OTSEGO AND ROSCOMMON COUNTIES-CHEBOYGAN COUNTY-LEELANAU COUNTY-PRESQUE ISLE COUNTY-OGEMAW COUNTY-CLARE AND CRAWFORD COUNTIES-OSCODA COUNTY-ARE- NAC COUNTY-MISSAUKEE COUNTY-BENZIE COUNTY-GLADWIN COUNTY-EXPLANATORY-FIRST REGULATING ACT-THE PIONEER PHYSICIANS .136-168
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CHAPTER VII
GENERAL MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT
FIRST NORTHERN MICHIGAN INDUSTRY-MICHIGAN'S EPOCHAL YEAR (1840)-SPLIT INTO TWO PARTS-FATHER OF MICHIGAN RAILROADS -THE GRAND RAPIDS & INDIANA-NORTHERN CONNECTING LINKS- THE PERE MARQUETTE RAILROAD-ANN ARBOR RAILROAD-FIRST LOGGING RAILROAD IN THE WORLD-LUDINGTON AND MANISTEE RAIL- ROADS-THE DETROIT & MACKINAC-GOOD ROADS-FIRST LUMBER- ING OPERATIONS IN MANISTEE COUNTY AND GRAND TRAVERSE REGION -CHEBOYGAN AND ALPENA COUNTIES-IOSCO AND ALCONA-HISTORIC SUMMARY-MELTING OF THE PINE FORESTS-PRESENT STATUS OF LUMBERING-THE SALT INDUSTRY-AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES-STATE LANDS OPEN TO PURCHASE-DIVERSE INDUS- TRIES-GROWTH THROUGH NATURE'S FAVORS-GROWTH IN STA- TISTICS 169-227
CHAPTER VIII
MILITARY HISTORY
EARLY CIVIL WAR MOVEMENTS-FOURTH AND SIXTH DISTRICTS ENROL- MENT-TROOPS FURNISHED BY COUNTIES-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS- THE GRAND TRAVERSE REGION-MANISTEE COUNTY IN THE WAR- ALPENA COUNTY-HOME COMING OF MICHIGAN TROOPS-ROBERTSON'S TRIBUTE TO MICHIGAN SOLDIERS-SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR-THIRD REGIMENT, M. N. G. 228-243
CHAPTER IX GRAND TRAVERSE COUNTY
TRAVERSE CITY AND VILLAGES-PRODUCTS OF THE SOIL-TWENTY YEARS' GROWTH-STEPS IN ORGANIC LIFE-OLD MISSION FOUNDED-FIRST SCHOOL-FIRST SHIPBUILDING-THE MISSION AND OLD MISSION- FOUNDING OF TRAVERSE CITY-LAND OFFICE TRANSACTIONS- TRAVERSE CITY INCORPORATED-PUBLIC SCHOOLS-TRAVERSE CITY CHURCHES-LIBRARIES-BOARD OF TRADE-THE BANKS-NORTHERN MICHIGAN INSANE ASYLUM-COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY-VILLAGE AND TOWN HISTORY 244-263
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CHARLEVOIX COUNTY
DIVERSE ADVANTAGES-THE COUNTY STATISTICALLY-THE PINE LAKE REGION-HOLY ISLAND-KNOWN THREE CENTURIES AGO-RULE OF KING STRANG-THE COUNTY AND THE COUNTY SEAT-ORGANIZATION OF TOWNS-CHARLEVOIX AS A VILLAGE-THE CHARLEVOIX AND CHI- CAGO RESORTS-CHARLEVOIX AS A CORPORATION-SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES-BANKS-BOYNE CITY-EAST JORDAN-OTHER COUNTY COMMUNITIES 264-292
CHAPTER XI EMMET COUNTY
POPULATION AND PROPERTY-ORGANIC HISTORY-PHYSICAL FEATURES- EARLY HISTORY OF EMMET COUNTY-THE PRESBYTERIAN MISSION -PETOSKEY, THE COUNTY SEAT-IGNATIUS PETOSKEY-BEGINNING OF THE VILLAGE-AS VILLAGE AND CITY-HARBOR SPRINGS-BAY VIEW-OTHER VILLAGES AND STATIONS. .293-315
CHAPTER XII ANTRIM COUNTY.
VILLAGES AND COUNTY'S POPULATION-HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC- ABRAM S. WADSWORTH, THE COUNTY'S PIONEER-JAMES MCLAUGHLIN -FIRST BURIAL IN THE COUNTY-ELK RAPIDS A FACT-EARLY COUNTY AFFAIRS-ANTRIM COUNTY ORGANIZED-FIRST COURT HOUSE AND JAIL-COUNTY SEAT MOVED TO BELLAIRE-BELLAIRE, PRESENT COUNTY SEAT-ELK RAPIDS OF TODAY-MANCELONA-CENTRAL LAKE -STATIONS AND POSTOFFICES-ORGANIZATION OF TOWNSHIPS. . 316-334
CHAPTER XIII LEELANAU COUNTY
NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS-THE CARP LAKE REGION-THE GLEN LAKE REGION-POPULATION AND PROPERTY-FIRST SETTLERS-FIRST YEARS OF GROWTH-COUNTY ORGANIZED-NORTHPORT, FIRST COUNTY SEAT -LELAND, PRESENT COUNTY SEAT-EMPIRE-SUTTON'S BAY- PROVEMONT-OMENA AND PESHABATOWN-GLEN ARBOR AND BUR- DICKVILLE . .335-354
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CONTENTS CHAPTER XIV
BENZIE COUNTY
THE COUNTY PHYSICALLY-POPULATION STATISTICS-FIRST SETTLERS- FOUNDING OF FRANKFORT AND BENZONIA-HOMESTEAD-COUNTY'S "DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE"-COUNTY SEAT CONTENTIONS- FRANKFORT OF TODAY AND YESTERDAY-THOMPSONVILLE-BENZONIA- HONOR-LAKE ANN. 355-367
CHAPTER XV
MANISTEE COUNTY
CHANGES IN POPULATION-THE COUNTY AND ITS NAME-PIONEER HIS- TORY-JUSTICE WADSWORTH VISITS "MANISTEE"-SETTLERS PRIOR TO 1850-THE LAST CHIPPEWA CHIEF-GROWTH OF SCHOOL SYSTEM- 1854-5, A GREAT ERA-MANISTEE CHURCHES-IN THE SIXTIES- NOTED VANDERPOOL -FIELD CASE-THE FIRE OF 1871-AFTER THE FIRE-GENERAL ADVANCES-CITY AND COUNTY OF THE PRESENT- COPEMISH, BEAR LAKE AND ONEKAMA. 368-389
CHAPTER XVI MASON COUNTY
SOIL PRODUCTS AND GENERAL RESOURCES-POPULATION AND PROPERTY- MASON COUNTY AND HER GODFATHER-MEMORIES OF FATHER MAR- QUETTE-CITY OF LUDINGTON FOUNDED-A GREAT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM-INDUSTRIES AND FINANCES-CIVIC AND SOCIAL-SCOTTVILLE, CUSTER AND FOUNTAIN. 390-403
CHAPTER XVII WEXFORD COUNTY
CIVIL AND PHYSICAL FEATURES-BUILDING OF THE STATE ROAD-FIRST SETTLERS AND INSTITUTIONS-THE COUNTY AND COUNTY SEATS- EARLY HISTORY OF CADILLAC-VILLAGE AND CITY CORPORATIONS- DEATH OF GEORGE A. MITCHELL-THE PRESENT CITY-MANTON- HARRIETTA-SHERMAN-MESICK, BUCKLEY, BOON AND YUMA. . 404-423
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CONTENTS CHAPTER XVIII
MISSAUKEE AND KALKASKA
MISSAUKEE COUNTY-PRODUCTS OF THE SOIL-POPULATION AND PROP- ERTY-ORGANIC-FIRST EVENTS, PERSONS AND THINGS-LAKE CITY -McBAIN AND OTHER CENTERS-KALKASKA COUNTY-STATISTICS- FIRST SETTLERS AND POLITICIANS-COUNTY ORGANIZATION-KAL- . KASKA, THE COUNTY SEAT-BOARDMAN. 424-437
CHAPTER XIX
CHEBOYGAN COUNTY
WATERWAYS AND THEIR INFLUENCE-SOIL AND ITS PRODUCTS-TRANS- PORTATION FACILITIES-POPULATION AND PROPERTY-COUNTY ORGAN- IZATION-FIRST SETTLEMENTS-FOUNDING OF CHEBOYGAN-CHURCHES -MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT CONTINUED-IMPROVEMENTS OF WATER- WAYS-DUNCAN BECOMES CHEBOYGAN-THE CITY OF CHEBOYGAN- WOLVERINE-MACKINAW CITY-TOWER 438-458
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