USA > Michigan > Macomb County > The farm journal illustrated rural directory of Macomb County, Michigan : (with a complete road map of the County) 1916 > Part 21
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21
TETANUS (LOCK-JAW) .- Caused by in- troduction into the system of the tetanus bacteria, which gains entrance through a wound.
Symptoms .- A stiffness of more or less the entire muscular system. gener- ally most marked in the jaws, which are greatly stiffened. Eating very slow, or entirely stopped : appetite not lost.
Treatment .- Some cases recover if
175
MACOMB COUNTY
carefully nursed. Give nourishing drinks, elevate trough or bucket so the patient can get its snout into the drink ; give dissolved in hot water and mixed with the slop forty grains bromide of potash two or three times daily until im- provement is noticed. Do not attempt to drench. Any wound which seems to be a cause should be cleansed and wet often with five per cent. solution of car- bolic acid and water.
LICE .- Very commonlv found upon hogs. They are introduced by new pur- chases or by visiting animals.
Caution .- Examine the newly pur- chased hog well on this point before placing with the drove. Hog lice are quite large and easily detected on clean white animals, but not readily on dark or dirty skins.
Remedy .- Wash well with soap and water, if weather is not too cold, then warm water, if weather is not too cold, then apply enough petroleum and lard, equal parts, to give the skin a complete greasing. If weather is too cold for wash- ing, clean with stiff brush. Creolin one part to water five parts is also a safe and sure remedy. Two or more applications are necessary at intervals of four or five days to complete the job. The wood- work of pens and rubbing places must be completely whitewashed.
MANGE .- Caused by a microscopic parasite which lives in the skin at the roots of the bristles.
Symptoms .- Intense itching with red- ness of the skin from the irritation of rubbing. Rather rare, but very con- tagious.
Treatment. - Separate diseased ani- mals ; scrub them thoroughly with warm water and strong soap; apply ointment composed of lard, one pound ; carbonate of potash, one ounce; flor. sulphur, two ounces; wash and re-apply every four days.
MAGGOTS .- The larvæ of the ordinary blow-fly frequently infests wounds on hogs during the summer months. Watch all wounds during hot weather; keep them wet frequently with creolin one part and water six parts, or five per cent. watery solution carbolic acid. If the maggots gain entrance to the wound, ap- ply either above remedies freely, or ordi- nary turpentine with a brush or common oil can.
ROUND WORMS. - Very common in shotes and young hogs, not apparently harmful, unless in great numbers, when they cause loss of flesh. They may be
exterminated by keeping the hog without food for twenty-four hours, and giving to each shote or old pig one tablespoon- ful of turpentine thoroughly beaten up with one egg and one-half pint of milk.
TUBERCULOSIS (CONSUMPTION ). - A contagious disease common in man, cat- tle and not rare in the hog.
Symptoms .- Loss of flesh, cough, diar- rhœa, swelling about the head and neck, which may open and discharge with little tendency to heal; death in from few weeks to months. Post mortem shows various sized tubercles, which may be situated in any part of the body, most commonly in the bowels, lungs, liver, or glands of the neck.
Causes .- Direct contagion from other hogs, but generally from feeding milk from tuberculous cows, or by eating butcher offal from such cows.
Prevention .- Care as to the source of the milk fed; if suspicious, boiling will render it safe. Do not feed butcher offal; separate suspicious hogs at once, and if satisfied they are tuberculous, kill and bury deep, or burn them. The tuber- culin test can be applied to the remainder of drove, as without it it is impossible to say how many may be diseased.
WOUNDS generally heal readily in the hog if kept clean and free from maggots. The result of neglected castration wounds is sometimes serious. Have the animal clean as possible when castrated, and endeavor to keep it clean and give opportunity for abundant exercise until wound is healed. There is probably nothing better and safer to apply to wounds of the hog than creolin one part, water six parts.
TRAVEL SICKNESS .- Similar to ordinary sea-sickness in man; very common in shipping pigs by wagon.
Symptoms .- Vomiting, diarrhea. great depression ; scldom if ever fatal. May be rendered must less severe by very light feeding before shipment.
To Find the Amount of Wall Paper Required to Paper a Room
Measure the distance around the room deduct the width of each window and door, take two-thirds of result. Divide this result by the number of strips that can be cut from each roll and you have the number of rolls required. A roll is generally a foot and a half wide, 24 feet long and contains 36 square feet, or 4 square yards.
176
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
Poultry Diseases and Enemies (Froin the Biggle Poultry Book)
Many of the ills that poultry flesh is heir to are directly traceable to bad breeding and treatment. In-and-in- breeding is practiced and the law of the survival of the fittest is disregarded uni- til the stock becomes weak and a prey to disease.
Yards and runs occupied for any con- siderable time become covered with ex- creta and a breeding ground for all man- ner of disease germs.
Dampness from leaky roofs or from wet earth floors, and draughts from side cracks, or from overhead ventilation slay their thousands yearly.
A one-sided diet of grain, especially corn, moldy grain or meal, decayed meat or vegetables, filthy water, or the lack of gritty material are fruitful sources of sickness.
In the treatment of sick birds much depends on the nursing and care. It is useless to give medicine unless some lionest attempt be made to remove the causes that produce the disturbance. Un- less removed the cause will continue to operate and the treatment must be repeated.
It is an excellent plan to have a coop in some secluded place to be used ex- clusively as a hospital. If cases cannot be promptly treated it is better to use the hatchet at once and bury deeply, or burn the carcasses. This is the proper plan in every case where birds become very ill before they are discovered.
Sick birds should in no case be allowed to run with the flock and to eat and drink with them.
In giving the following remedies we make no pretence to a scientific handling of the subject.
FEVERS, from colds, fighting of cocks, etc. Symptoms: unusual heat of body, red face, watery eyes and watery dis- charge from nostrils.
Give dessertspoonful citrate of mag- nesia and, as a drink. ten drops of nitre in half a pint of water.
APOPLEXY AND VERTIGO, from overfeed- ing or fright. Symptoms : unsteady mo- tion of the head. running around, loss of control of limbs. Give a purgative and bleed from the large veins under wing.
. PARALYSIS, from highly seasoned food and over stimulating diet. Symptoms : inability to use the limbs, birds lie help- less on their side. Treatment-The same as for apoplexy.
LEG WEAKNESS occurs in fast-growing young birds, mostly among cockerels. A fowl having this weakness will show it by squatting on the ground frequently and by a tottering walk. When not hereditary it. usually arises from a diet that contains too much fat and too little flesh and bone-making material, such as bread, rice, corn and potatoes. To this should be added cut green bone, oats, shorts, bran and clover, green or dry. Give a tonic pill three times a day made of sulphate of iron, 1 grain; strychnine, 1 grain; phosphate of lime, 16 grains; sulphate of quinine, 1/2 grain. Make into thirty pills.
CANKER OF THE MOUTH AND HEAD .-- The sores characteristic of this disease are covered with a yellow cheesy matter which, when it is removed, reveals the raw flesh. Canker will rapidly spread through a flock, as the exudation from the sores is a virulent poison, and well birds are contaminated through the soft feed and drinking water. Sick birds should be separated from the flock and all water and feed vessels disinfected by scalding or coating with lime wash. Ap- ply to sores with a small pippet syringe or dropper the peroxide of hydrogen. When the entire surface is more or less affected, use a sprayer. Where there is much of the cheesy matter formed, first remove it with a large quill before using the peroxide. A simple remedy is an application to the raw flesh of powdered alum, scorched until slightly brown.
SCALY LEG, caused by a microscopic in- sect burrowing beneath the natural scales of the shank. At first the shanks appear dry, and a fine scale like dandruff forms. Soon the natural scale disappears and gives place to a hard, white scurt. The disease passes from one fowl to another through the medium of nests and perches, and the mother-hen infecting her brood. To prevent its spread, coat perches with kerosene and burn old nest- ing material and never use sitting hens affected by the disease. To cure, mix 1/2 ounce flowers of sulphur, 14 ounce carbolic acid crystals and stir these into 1 pound of melted lard. Apply with an old tooth brush, rubbing in well. Make applications at intervals of a week.
WORMS in the intestines of fowls indi- cate disturbed digestion. Loss of appe- tite and lack of thrift are signs of their presence. Give santonin in 2-grain doses
177
12
MACOMB COUNTY
six hours apart. A few hours after the second dose give a dessertspoonful of castor oil. Or, put 15 drops of spirits of turpentine in a pint of water and moisten the feed with it.
BUMBLE-FOOT, caused by a bruise in fly- ing down from perches or in some simi- lar manner. A small corn appears on the bottom of the foot, which swells and ulcerates and fills with hard, cheesy pus. With a sharp knife make a cross cut and carefully remove all the pus. Wash the cavity with warm water, dip the foot in a solution of one-fourthi ounce sulphate for copper to a quart of water and bind up with a rag and place the bird on a bed of dry straw. Before putting on the bandage anoint the wound with the eint -. ment recommended for scaly leg or coat it with iodine.
GAPES, caused by the gape-worm, a parasite that attaches itself to the wind- pipe, filling it up and causing the bird to gasp for breath. The worm is about three-fourths of an inch long, smooth and red in color. It appears to be forked at one end, but in reality each parasite is two worms, a male and female, firmly joined together. This parasite breeds in the common earth worm. Chicks over three months old are seldom affected. If kept off of the ground for two months after hatching, or on perfectly dry soil, or on land where affected chicks have never run, chicks will seldom suffer from the gapes. Old runs and infested soil should have frequent dressings of lime.
In severe cases the worms should be removed. To do this put a few drops of kerosene in a teaspoonful of sweet oil. Strip a soft wing feather of its web to within an inch of the tip, dip in the oil, insert feather in windpipe, twirl and withdraw. Very likely some of the para- sites and mucus will come with it. The rest will be loosened or killed, and event- ually thrown out. It may be necessary to repeat the operation.
To kill the worm in its lodgment, gum camphor in the drinking water or pellets of it as large as a pea forced down the throat is recommended. Turpentine in the soft feed, as advised in the treatment Cor worms in the intestines, is said to be Tective. Pinching the windpipe with ne thumb and finger will sometimes loosen the parasite.
When broods are quartered on soil known to be infested, air-slacked lime should be dusted on the floor of the coop, and every other night, for two or three weeks, a little of the same should
be dusted in the coop over the hen and her brood. To apply, use a dusting bel- lows and only a little each time.
CHOLERA is due to a specific germi, or virus, and must not be confounded with common diarrhea. In genuine cholera ligestion is arrested, the crop remains full, there is fever and great thirst. The bird drinks, but refuses food and appears to be in distress. There is a thickening of the blood, which is made evident in the purple color of the comb. The dis- charges from the kidneys, called the urates, which in health are white, become yellowish, deep yellow, or, in the final stages, a greenish-yellow. The diarrhea grows more severe as the disease pro- gresses. A fowl generally succumbs in two days. The virus of cholera is not diffusible in the air, but remains in the soil, which becomes infected from the discharges, and in the body and blood of the victims. It may be carried from place to place on the feet of other fowls or animals. Soil inay be disinfected by saturating it with a weak solution of sul- phuric acid in water. Remove at once all well birds to new and clean quarters and wring the necks of all sick birds and burn their carcasses and disinfect their quarters.
For cases not too far gone to cure give sugar of lead, pulverized opium, gum camphor, of each, 60 grains, pow- dered capsicum (or fluid extract of cap- sicum is better, 10 drops), grains, 10. Dissolve the camphor in just enough al- cohol that will do so without making it a fluid, then rub. up the other ingredients in the same bolus. mix with soft corn meal dough, enough to make it into a mass, then roll it and divide the whole into one hundred and twenty pills. Dose, one to three pills a day for grown chicks or turkey, less to the smaller fry. The birds that are well enough to eat should have sufficient powdered charcoal in their soft feed every other day to color it slightly, and for every twenty fowls five drops of carbolic acid in the hot water with which the feed in moistened.
Rour .- The first symptoms are those of a cold in the head. Later on the watery discharge from the nostrils and eyes thickens and fills the nasal cavities and throat, the head swells and the eyes close up and bulge out. The odor from affected fowls is very offensive. . It is contagious by diffusion in the air and by contact with the exudations from sick fowls. To disinfect houses and coops burn sulphur and carbolic acid in
17.5
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
them after turning the fowls out and keep closed for an hour or two. Pour a gill of turpentine and a gill of carbolic acid over a peck of lime and let it be- come slaked, then scatter freely over the interior of houses and coops and about the yards.
For the first stages spray the affected flock while on the roost or in the coop with a mixture of two tablespoonfuls of carbolic acid and a piece of fine salt as big as a walnut in a pint of water. Re- peat two or three times a week. Or, if a dry powder is preferred, mix equal parts of sulphur, alum and magnesia and dust this in their nostrils, eyes and throat with a small powder gun. The nasal cavities should be kept open by injecting with a glass syringe or sewing machine oil-can a drop or two of crude petro- leum. A little should be introduced also through the slit in the roof of the mouth. Give sick birds a dessertspoon- ful of castor oil two nights in succession, and feed soft food of bran and corn meal seasoned with red pepper and pow- dered charcoal. A physician advises the following treatment: hydrastin, 10 grains ; sulph. quinine, 10 grains; capsi- cum, 20 grains. Mixed in a mass with balsam copaiba and made into twenty pills; give one pill morning and night ; keep the bird warm and inject a satu- rated solution of chlorate potash in nos- trils and ahout 20 drops down the throat.
PIP, so-called, is not a disease but only a symptom. The drying and hardening of the end of the tongue in what is called "pip" is due to breathing through the mouth, which the bird is compelled to do hecause of the stoppage of the nostrils. By freeing the natural air passages the tongue will resume its nor- mal condition.
DIPHTHERIA is a contagious diseasc. The first symptoms are those of a com- mon cold and catarrh. The head he- comes red and there are signs of fever, then the throat fills up with thick, white mucus and white ulcers appear. The bird looks anxious and stretches its neck and gasps. When it attacks young chicks it is frequently mistaken for gapes. When diphtheria prevails. impregnate the drinking water with camphor, a tea- spoonful of the spirits to a gallon of water, and fumigate the house as recom- mended for roup.
Spray the throat with peroxide of hydrogen or with this formula: 1 ounce glycerine, 5 drops nitric acid. 1 gill water. To treat several birds at once with medi-
cated vapor, take a long box with the lid off, make a partition across and near to one end and cover the bottom with coal ashes. Mix a tablespoonful 'each of pine tar, turpentine and sulphur, to which add a few drops, or a few crys- tals, of carbolic acid and a pinch of gum camphor. Heat a brick very hot, put the fowls in the large part and the brick in the other, drop a spoonful of the mixture on the brick and cover lightly to keep the fumes in among the patients. Watch carefully, as one or two minutes may be all they can endurc. Re- peat in six hours if required.
CROP-BOUND .- The crop becomes much distended and hard from obstruction of the passage from the crop to the giz- zard by something swallowed; generally, it is long, dried grass, a bit of rag or rope. Relief may sometimes be af- forded by giving a tablespoonful of sweet oil and then gently kneading the crop with the hand. Give no food, ex- cept a little milk, until the crop is emptied. Wet a tablespoonful or more of pulverized charcoal with the milk and force it down the throat. Should the crop not empty itself naturally pluck a few feathers from the upper right side of it and with a sharp knife make a cut ahout an inch long in the outer skin. Draw this skin a little to one side and cut open the crop. Remove its con- tents, being careful not to miss the oh- struction. Have a needle threaded with white silk ready, and take a stitch or two in the crop skin first, then sew up the outer skin separately. Put the pa- tient in a comfortable coop, and feed sparingly for a week on hran and meal in a moist state, and give but little water.
SOFT OR SWELLED-CROP arises from lack of grit, or from eating soggy and unwholesome food. The distended crop contains water and gas, the bird is fever- ish and drinks a great deal. By holding it up with its head down the crop will usually empty itself. When this is donc give teaspoon doses of charcoal slightly moistencd twice at intervals of six hours. Restrict the supply of water and feed chopped onions and soft feed in moder- ation.
EGG-BOUND, DISEASES OF THE OVIDUCT. Overfat hens are often troubled in this way. Forcing hens for egg production will sometimes hreak down the laying machinery Give green food, oats, 'little corn, and no stimulating condiments. Let the diet he plain and cooling in its
170
MACOMB COUNTY
nature. To relieve hens of eggs broken in the oviduct, anoint the forefinger with sweet oil and deftly insert and draw out the broken parts. When the hen is very fat and the egg is so large it cannot be expelled, the only way to save the hen is to break the egg and remove it as above directed.
WHITE-COMB OR SCURVY, caused by crowded and filthy quarters and lack of green food. The comb is covered with a white scurf. This condition some- times extends over the head and down the neck, causing the feathers to fall off.
Change the quarters and diet, give a dose of castor oil and follow this with a half a teaspoonful of sulphur in the soft food daily.
RHEUMATISM AND CRAMP caused by cold and dampness. Chicks reared on bottom-heat brooders are particularly subject to these troubles. Damp earth floors and cement floors in poultry houses produce it in older birds.
Give dry and comfortable quarters, feed little meat, plenty of green food, and soft feed seasoned with red pepper. DIARRHEA of chicks with clogging of the vent. Remove the hardened excre-
tion and anoint the parts. Chamomilla is useful in this complaint, a few drops in drinking water.
FROSTED COMB AND WATTLES .- As soon as discovered bathe with compound tinc- ture of benzoin.
FOR. LICE on perches, walls and coops, use kerosene or lime wash. To make the lime-wash more effective, pour a little crude carbolic acid on the lime before slaking or mix with plenty of salt.
For use in nests, pour crude carbolic acid on lime and allow it to air-slake. Put one or two handfuls of the car- bolized lime dust in the nest box.
Pyrethrum powder kills by contact and is effective for dusting in nests, and through the feathers of birds. Its judi- cious use in the plumage and nests of sitting hens will insure immunity from lice for the hen and her young brood.
Chicks and poults are often killed by large lice that congregate about the head, throat, vent and wings. To de- stroy them, soak fish berries in alcohol, take the birds from under the mothers at night and slightly moisten the down of the infested parts with the poison.
How to Preserve Eggs
Now that eggs are dearer as a rule than they have been for years, many people are inquiring about the methods of preserving them. The old way was to pack them in salt or lime. This served the purpose, but it gave the eggs a very strong taste.
The approved method now is the one which calls for the use of "water glass," or silicate of soda. This is a thick. syrupy liquid which can be had at most drug stores for about 10 cents a pound, and a pound is enough to treat five dozen eggs, so that the cost of preserving is about two cents a dozen.
There are several grades of water glass, and it is wise to get the best. To prepare the solution, stir one part of the silicate of soda into sixteen parts of water which has been boiled, cooled and carefully measured.
It is essential to have the eggs fresh, or the experiment will not be a great success. Those over three days old should not be used, as the air has already had a chance to penetrate them. The very best way is to keep the solution made up ready and put the eggs into it just as soon as they are brought in from the nests, if you have your own chickens.
It is worse than useless to try to pre- serve eggs that are not fresh or that have been cracked or washed.
Incubation and Gestation Tables
Chickens 20-22 days
Geese 28-34 days
Ducks .28 days
Turkeys 27-29 days
Guinea fowls 28 days
Pheasants 25 days
Ostriches 40-42 days
The period of gestation in animals varies considerably, but the following is an average period based on a long series of observations :
Elephant 2 years
Camel 11-12 montlis
Ass 12 months
11 months
Mare Cow
9 months
Sheep
5 months
Goat
5 months
Pig 31/2 months
Bitch
9 weeks
Cat
8 weeks
Rabbit
30 days
Guinea pig 65 days
1×0
PLANTING TABLE FOR VEGETABLES AND BERRIES
VARIETY
For Horse Cultivation Have Rows
For Hoe or Wheel- Hloe Cultivation Have Rows
Distance Apart in the Row
Depth to Cover
Time to Plant in the North, Outdoors (See Foot-note)
ASPARAGUS, Seed ASPARAGUS, Plants
212 ft. apart
1 ft. apart
3 in. transplant in 1 year 1 in. 2 ft.
4 ft. apart
3 ft. apart
2 ft. apart
Thin to 4 in.
15 or 6 in. 2 in.
BEAN, String BEAN, . Lima
Pole, 4x4 ft. apart
Bush, 2/2 x 112 ft. apart 2 x 112 ft. apart
BEET
212 ft. apart
1 ft. apart 6 ft. apart
Thin to 5 in. 2 ft.
March-April April. Or in the fall
BLACKBERRY, Plants
. . 3 ft. apart
CABBAGE and CAULI- FLOWER, Plants
212 ft. apart
2 ft. apart
16-24 in.
Early kinds, April; late kinds, June
CARROT CELERY, Plants
3-4 ft. apart
2-3 ft. apart
Thin to 5 in. 6 in.
1/2 in.
March-April Early crop, May; late
crop, early July
CORN, Sweet
4 ft. apart
Same
2 in.
First sowing. early Ma: May 15
CUCUMBER
5 x 5 or 6x4 ft. apart
Same
8-12 in. Scatter 15 seeds in hill ; 12 in. thin out later
CURRANT and
GOOSEBERRY, Plants . . 5 x 5 ft. apart
April. Or in the fall June 1
EGGPLANT, Plants LETTUCE
212 x 215 it. apart
Thin to 6-10 in.
12 in.
March-April
MELON, Musk
212 ft. apart . 6 x 4 ft. apart
MELON, Water
8x 8 ft. apart .
5 x4 ft. apart 2 x2 ft. apart 112-2 ft. apart Same Same
Scatter 15 seeds in hill ; 12 in. thin out later
12 .in.
Mfay 15 May 15-20
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
March-April March-April May 10-15 May 20-25
212 ft. apart
4 x 3 ft. apart
Thin to 3 plants to a pole l in.
1 in.
121/2 ft. apart
1 ft. apart
141
PLANTING TABLE FOR VEGETABLES AND BERRIES-Continued
VARIETY
For Horse Cultivation Have Rows
For Hoe or Wheel- Hoe Cultivation Have Rows
Distance Apart in the Row
Depth to Cover
Time to Plant in the North, Outdoors (See Foot-note)
ONION, Seed
21/2 ft. apart
12-15 in. apart
Thin to 4 in.
1/2 in. 1/2 in.
March-April
PARSLEY
212 ft. apart
1 ft. apart
Thin to 6 in.
Early April
PARSNIP
212 ft. apart
1'ft. apart
Thin to 5 in. .
1/2 in.
March-April
PEPPER, Plants
21/2 ft. apart
2 ft. apart
20 in.
June 1
PEAS
3-4 ft. apart
21/2-3 ft. apart
Continuous row
3-5 in. + in.
March-April
POTATO
3 ft. apart
2-212 ft. apart
12-18 in.
Early, March-April;
RADISH
212 ft. apart
1 ft. apart
Thin to 3 in.
1/2 in.
March-April
RHUBARB, Plants
4 ft. apart
3 ft. apart
3 ft.
2 or 3 in.
March-April
RASPBERRY, Plants
6 ft. apart
5 ft. apart
Red, 2 ft.
Early spring
SPINACH
21/2 ft. apart
1 ft. apart
Thin to 5 in.
1 in. 12 in.
May 15-20
SQUASH-PUMPKIN
...
8 x8 ft. ( Bush Squash Same
4 × 4)
STRAWBERRY Plants
. 4 ft. apart
3 ft. apart
15-20 in.
Have crown|April. ( Pot-grownplants level with in August) ground
TOMATO, Plants
4 x 4 ft. apart
4 x 3 ft. apart
1
May 25-June 1
NOTE .- Planting trine varies according to season and locality; dates given above are only approximate, and are based on latitude of Pennsylvania: allow about five days difference for each 100 miles north or south of this State. Do not work soit in spring while it is very wet and soggy; wait. Plants set in autumn must be well mulched with strawy manure, leaves, etc., during first winter. Successional sowings of corn, peas, etc., may be made later than the dates given.
182
MACOMB COUNTY
late, May-June
Black, 212 ft.
March-April (or fall)
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
Handy Things to Know
A rod is 161/2 feet, or 51/2 yards.
A mile is 320 rods.
A mile is 1,760 yards.
A mile is 5,280 feet.
A square foot is 144 square inches. A square yard contains 9 square feet. A square rod is 27214 square feet. An acre contains 43,560 square feet. An acre contains 4,840 square yards. An acre contains 160 square rods.
A quarter section contains 160 acres.
An acre is 8 rods wide by 20 rods long.
An acre is 10 rods wide by 16 rods long.
An acre is about 20834 feet square.
A solid foot contains 1,728 solid inches.
A pint (of water) weighs 1 pound.
A solid foot of water weighs 621/2 pounds.
A gallon (of water) holds 231 solid inches.
A gallon of milk weighs 8 pounds and 10 ounces.
A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds. A barrel of salt weighs 280 pounds.
A barrel of beef weighs 200 pounds. A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. A barrel of fish weighs 200 pounds. A keg of powder equals 25 pounds.
A stone of lead or iron equals 14 pounds.
A pig of lead or iron equals 211/2 stone.
Anthracite coal broken-cubic foot- averages 54 pounds.
A ton loose occupies 40-43 cubic feet. Bituminous coal broken-cubic foot- averages 49 pounds.
Cement (hydraulic) Rosendale, weight per bushel, 70 pounds.
A ton loose occupies 40-48 cubic feet. Cement (hydraulic) Louisville, weight per bushel, 62 pounds.
Cement ( hydraulic) Portland, weight per bushel, 96 pounds.
Gypsum ground, weight per bushel, 70 pounds.
Lime, loose, weight per bushel, 70 pounds.
Lime, well shaken, weight per bushel, 80 pounds.
Sand at 98 pounds per cubic foot, per bushel, 1221/2 pounds.
18.29 bushels equal a ton. 1,181 tons cubic yard.
MEASURING HAY AND CORN
Hay is often sold in the mow or stack where the weight has to be estimated. For this purpose 400 cubic feet of hay is considered a ton. The actual weight of 400 cubic feet of hay will vary ac- cording to the quality of the hay, time of cutting, position in mow, etc. For making an estimate in a given case multiply together the length, breadth and height of the mow or stack in feet and divide the product by 400. The quotient will be the number of tons.
Corn is measured by the following rule : A heaped bushel contains 2,748 cubic inches. To find the number of bushels of corn in a crib it is therefore necessary merely to multiply together the length, width and height in inches and divide the product by 2,748. The number of bushels of shelled corn will be two-thirds of the quotient. If the sides of the crib are slanting, it will be necessary to multiply together one- half the sum of the top and bottom widths with the height and length.
The legal weight of a bushel of shelled corn in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia is 56 pounds.
In Pennsylvania, Virginia and Mary- land 32 pounds constitute a bushel of oats; in New Jersey, 30 pounds.
A bushel of wheat is placed at 60 pounds by most of the states of the Union.
Pennsylvania recognizes 56 pounds as a bushel of white potatoes. In Mary- land, New Jersey and Virginia the legal weight is 60 pounds.
A bushel of clover seed in Pennsyl- vania must weigh 60 pounds; in Mary- land, 60 pounds; in New Jersey, 64 pounds ; in Virginia, 60 pounds.
A bushel of timothy seed in Pennsyl- vania must weigh 45 pounds, and the same weight in most adjacent states.
To estimate the amount of land in different fields under cultivation use the following table :
5 yards wide by 968 yards long, 1 acre
10 yards wide by 484 yards long, 1 acre
20 yards wide by 242 yards long, 1 acre
40 yards wide by 121 yards long, 1 acre
70 yards wide by 69 1/7 yards long, 1 acre
80 yards wide by 601/2 yards long, 1 acre
60 feet wide by 726 feet long, 1 acre
110 feet wide by 396 feet long, 1 acre
120 feet wide by 363 feet long, 1 acre
220 feet wide by 198 feet long, 1 acre
240 feet wide by 1811/2
feet long, 1 acre
440 feet wide by 99
feet long, 1 acre
183
MACOMB COUNTY
Seed Per Acre
It requires less seed per acre to sow in hills or rows than to sow broadcast. The hill or row system permits of after cultivation, which is not possible with a broadcasted crop. In all calculations for hill and drills it must be remembered that an acre of land contains 43,560 square feet. A square piece of land, 209 feet on a side, contains about an acre. The following figures are merely suggestive, as practice varies
with locality :
ALFALFA, 25 to 30 1bs, broadcast.
ASPARAGUS, 4 to 5 lbs. in drills; 1 oz. to 50 feet of row.
BARLEY, 112 to 2 bushels drilled; 2 to 212 bushels broadcast.
BEANS, bush, 112 bushels in drills.
BEANS, pole, 10 to 12 qts., in hills. BEETS, 5 to 6 lbs., in drills.
BUCKWHEAT, 1 bushel, broadcast.
CABBAGE, 14 1b. in seed bed, to be trans- planted.
CARROT, 3 to 4 lbs., in drills.
CELERY, about 1 oz. for 2,000 plants; 1 lb. per acre.
CLOVER, red, 8 to 10 lbs., broadcast.
CLOVER, crimson, 15 lbs., broadcast.
CLOVER, white, 6 lbs., broadcast.
CORN, field and sweet, 8 to 10 qts.
CORN, ensilage, 12 qts., in drills.
Cow PEAS, 1 bushel, in drills ; 112 bush- els, broadcast.
CUCUMBERS, 2 lbs., in drills.
EGG PLANT, 1 oz. seed for 1,000 plants ; 14 lb. to the acre.
GRASS, lawn, 2 to 4 lbs., broadcast.
LETTUCE, 1 oz. of seed to 1,000 plants ; 1/2 lb. to the acre.
MELON, musk, 2 to 3 lbs., in hills.
MELON, water, 4 to 5 lbs., in hills.
MILLET, 1 bushel, broadcast.
OATS, 3 bushels, broadcast.
ONIONS, 5 to 6 lbs., in drills ; for sets. 30 to 50 lbs., in drills. PARSNIPS, 4 to 6 lbs., in drills. PEAS, 1 to 2 bushels, in drills.
POTATOES (cut) 8 to 10 bushels.
PUMPKINS, 4 to 5 lbs., in hills.
RADISHES, 8 to 10 lbs., in drills. RYE, 34 to 11/2 bushels, in drills. SPINACH, 10 to 12 lbs., in drills; run- ning sorts, 3 to 4 lbs.
SQUASH, bush, 4 to 6 lbs., in hills.
TIMOTHY, 15 to 20 lbs., broadcast, if used
alone; less if sown with other grasses. TOMATOES, Is lb. in seed bed, to be transplanted.
TURNIPS, 1 to 2 lbs., in drills; 2 to 3 lbs., broadcast.
WHEAT, 11/2 bushels, broadcast.
Suitable Distance for Planting Trees
Apples-Standard .. 25 to 35 feet apart each way Apples-Dwarf
(bushes) 10
Pears-Standard .. 10 to 20
Pears-Dwarf
10
Cherries-Standard .18 to 20
Cherries-Dukes and Morrellos 16 to 18
Plums-Standard
15 to 20
Peaches
16 to 18
Apricots
16 to 18
Nectarines
16 to 18
Quinces 10 to 12
Currants
3 to 4
Gooseberries
3 to 1
Raspberries
3 to
5
..
Blackberries
6 to 7
..
Grapes
8 to 12
Shingles Required in a Roof
Double the rafters and multiply by length of building. Multiply this by 9 if exposed 4 inches, by 8 if exposed 41/2 inches, and by 7 1/5 if exposed 5 inches to the weather.
One thousand shingles, laid 4 inches to the weather, will cover 100 square feet of surface.
Eight hundred shingles. 5 inches to the weather, will cover 100 square feet.
One thousand shingles require 5 pounds of four-penny nails.
Five to ten per cent. should be al- lowed to these figures to cover waste and shortage.
One thousand laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and take 11 pounds of nails. Two hundred and fifty pickets will make 100 lineal feet of fence.
Nails Required
For 1,000 shingles, 31/2 to 5 pounds 4d .. or 3 to 31/2 pounds 3d.
For 1.000 laths about 7 pounds 3d. fine, or 8 pounds 2d. fine. For 1,000 feet clapboards (siding). about 18 pounds 6d. box.
For 1,000 feet covering boards, about 20 pounds 8d. common, or 25 pounds 10d.
Nails-Common
Size
3d
4d
6d 8d 10d 12d
Length
11%
2
212 3
No. to 1b.
.500 300
165
90
62
45
Size
16d
20d
30đ
40d 50d 60€
Length
.. 314
1
412
5 514 6
No. to lb .. : 35
24
18
13 10 8
Eighteen to twenty-five pounds
of nails are required per 1,000 feet of lumber.
Grease a nail and it won't split wood.
184
14
W. B. Hubbard & Son
Mt. Clemens
Funeral Directors
Est. 1875
Phone 717
Chapel in Connection
Duncan B. Hubbard
Mt. Clemens
Monuments
Estimates given upon request
Phone 717 Office: 71 North Avenue
HARDWARE For Hard Wear-Shelf and Heavy Hardware, Paints, Oils, Glass, Fencing, Etc.
PLUMBING Everything from a brass bibb to the most complete water or sewage system.
HEATING Steam, Hot Water and Warm Air Heating. Sterling Stoves and Ranges. Engineers' Supplies.
The has .S.Ferrin G. 10-12. NEW ST.
MT. CLEMENS, MICH.
AUTOMOBILES
Agents for "Cadillac" "Chalmers" "Dodge" We will be glad to demonstrate either.
Complete line of Tires and Accessories
Automobile Salesroom
- 77 N. Gratiot Avenue
HECKMAN BINDERY INC.
JAN 91 N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA
فوري
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.