USA > Minnesota > Illustrated album of biography of Southwestern Minnesota : containing biographical sketches of hundreds of prominent old settlers...:History of Minnesota, embracing an account of early exploration...and a concise history of the Indian outbreak of 1862 > Part 1
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5M 10-1-54 W. P.CO.
The Benralagiral priety Library
No
52885
Date
Aug. 1955
GEN
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01944 9757
Gc 977.6 IL58
ILLUSTRATED ALBUM OF BIOGRAPHY OF SOUTHWESTERN MINNESOTA
1
28-01
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018
https://archive.org/details/illustratedalbum00unse
AUG 23 1955
LLUSTRATED ALBUM BIOGRAPHY . . OF ..
-OF-
SOUTHWESTERN MINNESOTA
CONTAINING BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF HUNDREDS OF PROMINENT OLD SETTLERS AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS, WITH A REVIEW OF THEIR LIFE WORK, THEIR IDENTITY WITH THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THIS REGION ; AND REMINISCENCES OF PERSONAL HISTORY AND PIONEER LIFE.
HISTORY OF MINNESOTA,
EMBRACING AN ACCOUNT OF EARLY EXPLORATIONS, ORGANIZATION, A REVIEW OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY, AND A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE INDIAN OUTBREAK OF 1862.
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES,
EMBRACING BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND A FULL-PAGE PORTRAIT, OF EACH. GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE CHILD OF JESUS CHRIST
ILLUSTRATED. OF LATTER DAY SAINTS
52885
CHICAGO : OCCIDENTAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 1 1889
977.6 Min: tto
Allen County Public Library Ft. Wayne, Indiana
"Biography is the only true history."-EMERSON.
I
COPYRIGHT, 1889, BY OCCIDENTAL PUBLISHING CO. CHICAGO, ILL.
PRINTED AND BOUND BY DONOHUE & HENNEBERRY, CHICAGO.
ONTENTS
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
PAGE.
PAGE.
George Washington. 9
John Adams. 14
Thomas Jefferson 20
James Buchanan. 80
James Madison. 26
Abraham Lincoln 84
James Monroe.
32
Andrew Johnson. 93
John Quincy Adams 38
Andrew Jackson 47
Martin Van Buren. 52
Wm. Henry Harrison
56
Chester A. Arthur. 113
John Tyler.
60
Grover Cleveland.
117
Benjamin Harrison.
1
120
HISTORY OF MINNESOTA,
CHAPTER I.
LOCATION, TOPOGRAPHY, &C. 123
Location. 123
Resources. 123
Topography
123
Railroads.
124
Population Statistics.
124
CHAPTER II.
HISTORY FROM 1660 TO 1889. 125
Early Explorations 125
During the Seventeenth Century. 126
During the Eighteenth Century. 128
During the Nineteenth Century
129
Organization as a Territory.
131
Organization as a State
131
Chronological Events
132
CHAPTER III.
THE INDIAN MASSACRE
133
Indian Tribes. 133
Bloodshed. 135
Battles ..
138
Surrender of Indians.
138
Execution of Thirty-eight Indians.
139
CHAPTER IV.
TERRITORIAL AND STATE OFFICERS.
. ..
140
CHAPTER V.
REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS AND CREATION OF COUNTIES. 143
Senators 143
Representatives.
143
Creation of Counties.
144
James K. Polk.
64
Zachary Taylor
68
Millard Fillmore. 72
Franklin Pierce. 76
U. S. Grant. 96
Rutherford B. Hayes 102
James A. Garfield. 109
Southwestern
Minnesota
DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL INTRODUCTORY.
PAGE
PAGE
SURFACE FEATURES. 149
SOIL, DRAINAGE, ETC 150
FIRST SETTLEMENTS 151
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
153
BIOGRAPHICAL.
PAGE
PAGE
PAGE
Abbott, S. J. 721
Bennett, John L. 380
Bugbee, Dr. L. H. 765
Ackerman, L. V. 734
Bennett, Charles H. 651
Burdette, F. F 789
Bussey, Fred. 216
Butman, Eugene S. 263
Anderson, Lars.
252
Bergstrom, Gustof. 670
Bullard, Charles H. 291
Anderson, H. C. 660
Becker, M. J 689
Budd, William H. 308
Anderson, Gustaf. 697
Bitley, W. D 778
Butts, Jacob M. 354
Butts, R. J 453
Burger, Nicholas. 417
Buell, John E. 436
Buss, Oscar E. 533
Carr, Dr. E. M. 774
Carnegie, G. A. 771
Campbell, Robert. 721
Campbell, William C 358
Carpenter, A. H. 637
Carpenter, Fred J. 514
Carson, James R. 304
Cadwell, Mason N 30℃
Canfield, E. H.
409
Bartley, Adam. 751
Brandt, A. G 703
Cass, John L
429
Barker, Ezra P. 198
Broun, Andrew, G. T 192
Casperson, Hans
499
Bathrick, Jeff.
300
Bradley, William H. 199
Chapman, W. A. 208
Baldwin, Fred H.
327
Barlow, William W
360
Briggs, Henry E. 381
Chadderdon, Chas. 321
Christensen, Jens H. 389
Christenson, Chas 565
Christman, C. C. 704
Bernardy, J. B. 763
Brown, Lorenzo W 516
Chase, Allen F. 562
Benbow, Wyatt H. 227
Bressler, C. N. 446
Clark, Hon. John 157
Berdahl, Anfin J 362
Bristol, Joseph
672
Clark, James H.
457
Baxter, Nathan 402
Brown, Hon. W. B. 402
Baxter, George. 545
Brown, F. P. 667
Brown, T. M. 551
Barr, Myron. 430
Boulton, John P. 601
Boomhauer, Roswell. 611
Boomhower, C. M. 646
Barrows, S. 719
Blaisdell, H. M. 443
Blackmun, Hon. S. 445
Aslakson, Ole
749
Blackmun, W. M. 625
Austin, Seth 386
Bloom, Fred 459
Avery, Samuel. 585
Bailey, Z. 583
Blenkiron, Alfred. 755
Arneson, E. J. 790
Armstrong, John A. 424
Black, Thomas A. 162
Armstrong, M. K 678
Ash, Caleb D
245
Bigham, Jos. A 420
Annis, A. W
673
Arvesen, Gotfred 527
Bigham, E. D .. 533
Anderson, A. W. 703
Bisbee, John. 276
Billings, Joseph A 408
Anderson, A. O 775
Bernard, John I. 400
Agnew, Robt. Vans. 261
Ahsenmacher, Henry 249
Bentley, Edgar M. 482
INDIAN TROUBLES 151
"GRASSHOPPER TIMES "
152
Bronson, Rev. E. H. 356
Cheadle, Chas. B 247
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Cleaveland, James R. 404
Cleveland, G. E 687
Eickholt, Theodore. 618
Elg, Charles. 773
Grass, Henry C. 271
Grau, Hans T. 442
Greenman, D. S 571
Grant, Jacob F 591
Grant, Angus 791
Gray, W. W 662
Gross, John. 714
Grinager, Capt. Mons. 680
Graling, Henry. 725
Gurley, Geo. H. 282
Gunsolus, M. M. 573
Gunn, Rev. D. G 654
Haug, John P. 674
Hart, Isaac L. .. 200
Hamlin, James G. 232
Halbert, William H. 286
Haberman, F. K 330
Halsey, P. D. 713
Harrison, William
502
Hagedorn, W. F 733
Hammcro, H. N 784
Hanson, John. 786
Hanson, Simon. 676
Hanson, Henry E 378
Haney, Herman H. 535
Hawes, Hon. Philo. 539
Haight, W. Z. 592
Heilig, Charles 206
Hemenover, Albert 228
Hedman, Daniel 234
Herrick, Seth F 332
Herrick, Nelson A. 781
Heineman, Henry 716
Henton, G. H. 727
Heathficld, Charles. 785
Heck, Wendelin. 448
Heggerston, E. E
480
Heath, Caleb. 497
Herren, Robert. 589
Hiles, Gideon W 183
Hills, T. E 204
Hill, Ira C. 279
Hinkly, Dr. B. H 207
Drew, Charles C. 181
Drew, Oliver.
437
Drueke, Anton H.
592
Dressen, M. 715
Dunn, Hon. A. C. 158
Dustin, Geo. W. 352
Dyer, Francis M. 388
Eastwood, Carl S.
343
Easland, M. J.
440
Edwards, John B.
284
PAGE
PAGE
Edward, Charles. 467
Goodell, R. S 699
Grout, Thadeus P. 264
Cone, Hcman A 198
Cowin, James. 211
Coyle, William.
372
Engebretson, E. A. 397
Enke, Henry. 695
Cooper, Henry
511
Cook, John H.
519
Cook, Edward B
530
Cook, Moses. 764
Coburn, Larned
580
Constans, H. P
244
Crane, Geo. W.
392
Crofoot, John C
405
Cronin, Patrick.
745
Currie, Sr., Archibald.
257
Currie, Neil.
247
Curtis, John H.
382
Cutler, Jerome
517
Cullen, Michael.
577
Dawson, William H
172
Day, Edwin W. 175
Day, Zadok.
260
Day, Hon. F. A. 392
Day, D. A.
630
Daly, Francis
544
Daly, Peter
762
Davis, Williamn M. 452
Davis, Charles P.
184
Davis, Geo. W 493
Davis, D. C ..
638
Davies, E. W. 299
Danielson, H. B 515
Detienne, John P
224
DeMong, Jacob.
348
Dean, William E
596
Dean, E. Carter. 428
DeWolf, M. T 711
Denhart, D. J. 741
Dibble, Geo. W 226
Disch, John B
636
Dickson, J. M. 691
Dorwin, M. L.
481
Gilmore, William B.
444
Gilbert, Eli.
608
Gibson, F. S
645
Gilronan, James
488
Gilronan, John.
706
Gieselman, Heinrich.
600
Goodrich, Judge James A.
218
Goodrich, Hon. D. F 382
Goertz, H. P. 479
Goble, William W. 384
Gowin, Mrs. E. A. 601
Goss, Howard M
604
Gorecki, Jacob
633
Iloag, N. P.
383
Erickson, Andrew E. 476
Erickson, Halgrum 532
Erredge, W. T. W.
622
Eyland, Jr., George C. 505
Fairbairn, D. M. 503
Fehring, F. W. 231
Fering, John L .. 425
Ferguson, Carlisle. 463
Fiddes, Hon. Alex 161
Fjeseth, L. I. 718
Fling, Lewis. 339
Flage, Lars. 351
Fletcher, A. C. 681
Foote, Allen. 267
Forbes, Charles H. 296
Forbes, Dudley 403
Fowser, Daniel F. 575
Fowser, Edwin T.
432
Foster, Brigham. 597
Freeman, Hon. O. W 184
Francisco, Georgc E ..
217
French, Professor H. E. 259
French, W. S 626
Fry, William B. 688
Funk, William A. 193
Fuller, Levi H. 328
Gardner, Mrs. E 547
Gatcs, George
582
Gerber, J. W. 450
George, D. H. 707
Gilson, Oscar T.
341
Gillam, Charles W 364
Gillam, Samuel S. 523
Gilham, Edwin.
748
Gildea, Patrick.
491
Gilmore, Horace H. 421
Doak, James E 498
Doeg, Geo. W. 559
Hinkly, Ray B. 238
Hildreth, Chas. W 288
Hinds, U. F ,09
Hines, James 761
Hiebert, Jacob G. 758
Hirschy, Louis.
Hitchcox, Jairus 409
Hodge, Squire S. G. 191
Hodgman, James HI
377
Embury, Charles W 609
Cox, Dr. Albert J 483
Vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
PAGE
PAGE
Howe, Charles 337
King, Selah S 352
Marcellus, G. L. 493
Holden, John J 365
Kirk, Dr. T 347
Marshall, John C ... 518
Hoffman, John. 772
Kiester, Hon. J. A. 643
Mazany, M. A. 557
Macomber, John L. 586
Mc Arthur, Hon. Daniel. 671
McNaughton, Alex. 677
Mckinstry, A. P. 685
Hutton, John .. 172
Huntington, Simon. 202
Knudson, Ole O 779
Mckenzie, John. 661
Huntington, E. C.
370
Kroeger, John 236
McHench, Hon. James 170
Humiston, Edwin Ray.
306
Krall, Peter. 698
McCready, James.
784
Humes, Dr. J. P
316
Kurth, Adam H .. 242
McNair, Daniel W.
179
Husselton, A. S 335
Kurth, Fred H. 274
McDonald, Prof. Wm.
221
Humphrey, Hosea J 546
Kurth, Henry J. 369
McColley, Nathaniel.
253
Hubbell, Wheelock 583
Kufus, John C. 376
McVey, James. 255
McQuoid, Francis 320
Hynes, John 549
Kutchin, D. W 710
McIntyre, S. P
331
Ingebretson, Ira.
485
Lange, L. M. 272
McHarg, John .. 538
Jacger, Edward J. 570
Lang, M. E 534
Lane, Charles
579
McCarter, Warren
617
Janes, F. L. 416
Lavesson, Hans 363
Larrabee, Erick 471
Larson, Arnt. 504
Mennie, Frank L.
524
Janzen, John.
44-4
Lahart, Richard. 613
Merrill, Dr. H. W.
712
Jackson, Mrs. M. E. 634
Lamport, H. E 632
Meinzer, Fred. 506
Milne, Andrew 675
Miller, John G. 678
Jaycox, Abraham 736
Lagerwall, A. R. 782
Leland, Hon. M. N. 167
Miller, Herbert J 160
Jenness, Thos. L. 297
Le Suer, Erastus P. 314
Miller, Hon. S. A. 416
Miller, William A 475
Miller, Uri D. 537
Minion, N. P 565
Mihin, John J 585
Minet, Nelson. 603
Mills, Edward S 215
Mikkelsen, Dr. M. 726
Morse; James P 663
Mott, Victory G. 238
Mott, Orrin 248
Mohl, Fred. 241
Moberly, R. W
243
Jones, Harvey 513
Jonas, John C. 738
Low, Hon. B. M. 350
Lott, . 490
Lunder, Anton O 515
Mahoney, M. C.
743
Morrill, Thomas.
593
Murphy, Capt. W. W 188
Myers, W. F. 185
Mylius, Charles. 656
Nason, Orrin. 281
Naramore, J. S. 463
King, William O 214
Mason, Lorain.
298
Naramore, Chas. S
464
Nelson, Lewis S.
260
King, William V. 275
Livermore, F. S
189
Johnson, John G 687
Lindquist, Frank D 615
Lincoln, A. 791
Lounsberry, F. M. 243
Loveless, Capt. C. B. 311
Lock wood, William 627
Lowry, Andrew J
346
Moe, Seward J 225
Moore, P. W 268
Morton, Richmond. 391
Moulton, Hon. J. P. 164
Kendall, Philo. 209
Keegan, Peter. . 235
Marsh, Z. W. 754
Matthews, A. C 165
Matthews, Joseph V 558
Maxwell, Jesse A. 190
Kellom, H. S. 700
Mackay, Fraser. 294
Macredie, H. S. C.
390
McCollum, Madison 598
McPhail, Col. Samuel 639
Jahnke, John A. 418
Jahnke, Lewis. 542
Jacobsen, William 657
Laveson, John 758
Jacobs, Peter. 723
La Due, Jay. 769
Lewis, Chester N 616
Lewis, Washburn. 621
Lewis, Hans P. 683
Johnson, Andrew. 290
Johnson, John B. 315
Leder, Heinrich 767
Johnson, John A 606
Lemon, Thomas. 690
Johnson, Albert. 666
Johnson, Peter. 540
Johnson, John E 770
Johnson, E. E 781
Jones, David. 373
Jorgenson, Mads 578
Kaupp, Otto 702
Kenety, William H. 482
Kervick, Rev. F. P 521
Kennen, Richard. 567
Kikul, Godfrey 716
Holley, Hon. H. W. 456
Klaassen, Jacob 760
Howard, Elias 512
Knowles, John. 423
Hosford, J. F 631
Kniss, Hon. P. J 509
Kniss, Geo. W. 500
Mckinstry, Henry 435
Hyslop, Robert. 205
Kurz, Ferdinand. 462
Hyke, Frank A 717
Laing, Geo. N. . 663
McDowell, N. V 494
Mennie, Geo. P. 413
Miller, Joseph K. 702
Jajeski, Rev. H. 776
Jenness, Robert R 338
Jennings, E. O. 426
Jeffers, Albert N 438
Lee, Shepard. 667
Jaeger, Philip A. 305
Houghtaling, J. A 393
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Nelson, John (Pipestone Co.) 278
Nelson, Herman. 283
Nelson, Peter. 498
Ramlo, C. J. 552
Rees, George.
556
Smith, Charles. 374
Smith, William H. 560
Smith, I. B. 612
Snook, Geo. W. 486
Southwell, Oran M. 427
Sorenson, B. H
674
Spaulding, William P.
394
Spornitz, H. E.
423
Springer, A. E. 737
Stow, George F. 361
Story, William S. 374
Start, Asa A. 705
Stegner, W. J. 706
Stegner, John A 461
Stedman, Guy S. 574
Stedman, Squire B 315
Straw, Dr. Daniel. 211
Stauffer, William.
340
Stoughton, A. L. 431
Stevens, William H. 448
Stevens, John L. 504
Stone, J. W. 478
Stine, William B. 525
Stilson, S. F. 569
Stoddard, W. E 574
Stringer, Joseph
607
Swan, John 759
Swartwout, B. A 708
Sweet, D. E ..
779
Sweet, Lorenzo L.
432
Taarud, Nils S. 285
Talbert John A 381
Taylor, J. H. 436
Taylor Dr. W. J 746
Taylor, W. L. 766
Tainter, John. 451
Tarbot, Benjamin 686
Terry, Alfred.
547
Terry, Frank.
670
Tesmer, Charles. 747
Thompson, Daniel. 223
Thompson, Seth W 313
Thompson, B. B 602
Thorndike, David. 227
Thorsness, John H
458
Thorson, Thomas 742
Thorson, Helga. 771
Tilford, Dr. J. H 349
Torjuson, Thorb 610
Topel, Earnest. 750
Toresdahl, B
755
Ramsey, Wm. W
334
Skyberg, P. O.
330
PAGE
Smith, Henry. 712
Smith, Hon. C. H. 169
Smith, Clark W 230
Nelson, John (Murray Co.,). 629
Nelson, Nels
684
Nisbet, Wheeler.
578
Reynolds, Thomas H. 288
Renshaw, C. M. 692
Reek, Julius. 465
Reipke, Chas. H. 508
Rempel, Wm. P. 732
Ring, Christian I. 492
Riee, Hon. Henry N
526
Riee, Ezra. 554
Rivers, John N. 553
Richardson, L. P. 568
Richmond, O. T. 730
720
Orvis, Myron. .
566
Parrott, William
605
Parker, J. H. 635
Paulson, H. P
739
Paulson, Peter
441
Paul, Hugh.
371
Pcek, A. K.
239
Pcck, William D. 322
Peterson, Carl.
241
Peterson, Hon. P
342
Peterson, Carolus.
293
Petersen, C. N
250
Pearson, John.
366
Pcarsall, Powell. 412
Pemberton, Hon. John. 555
Pease, Charles M.
581
Perkins, Hon. A. D. 658
Perrigo, Dr. E. Stella. 600
Phipps, David L.
543
Picket, John Q.
552
Pickering, Joseph
614
Plank, F. L. 691
Plotts, R. B. 318
Pooeh, Chas. G. 326
Poorbaugh, John M. 359
Poorbaugh, P. F. 385
Potter, William A.
403
Potter, Wilber.
696
Porter, Amos
624
Pratt, David. 223
Pride, C.F. 759
Pumpelly, Samuel D. 324
Quaekenbush, Albert.
599
Quevli, Andres 695 Sigvaldson, Arni. 608
Sinclair, H. W. 354
Raph, H. H.
668
Sinelair, John 1.
278
Silvernale, Floyd.
251
PAGE
Ramage, John B. 398
Rakness, Peter O 473
Redding, J. G. 684
Oker, William
548
Olson, Mathias
220
Oleson, Gilbert B.
536
Olson, John A.
734
Olsen, Amund
419
Oliver, C. E.
728
Oliver, Myron H 323
Olin, Rev. D. P. 471
Open, Ole.
458
Ostrom, P. N.
730
Orton, John W
270
Richmond, T. C.
Riekerman, Geo. L. 570
Robinson, Edward.
192
Robison, Geo. F. 395
Robertson, John S. 236
Ross, Angus. 521
Runals, Maj. D. E. 194
Rueker, Prof. Eugenc.
719
Savage, Joseph ..
676
Satterlee, Dr. N. D 507
Safely, Miss Agnes E.
460
Scott, Thomas.
743
Sehroeder, William
233
Seriven, Albert C.
266
Sehwartz, Joseph F. 359
Schwieger, J. A. F.
450
Schwieger, F. W
595
Searf, Robert. 664
Selleck, Francis 729
Seeor, Hon. David. 177
Searles, David P. 179
Scvatson, Hon. E.
389
Shell, Daniel ... 669
Shoemaker, Hon. J. F. 693
Sherman, Paul F 724
Sherin, John H. 230
Sherin, Robert.
262
Shaver, J. A. 757
Shawver, James B.
302
Shepard, Dr. N. P
399
Shields, James
541
Shattuck, C. T. 654
Sicmund, Henry
528
Siverson, Ole.
576
Rank, Calvin. 254
Randall, F. M.
310
Torgerson, Knute.
756
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
PAGE
PAGE
Tobert, Jacob 769
Walker, Sarah J.
561
Winzer, Charles. 186
Toevs, Franz. 777
Walshe, Edward. 590
Wing, H. C. 768
Turner, Israel. 317
Welch, John H. 203
Williams, W . 787
Turner, S. H. 752
Webb, Dr. W. S. 233
Willman James.
629
Twiss, Dr. A. H. 722
Weld, Chas. E. 280
Wickersheim, Jacob.
529
Underwood, W. D. 389
Weld, Zebina. 325
Works, Frank .. 329
Works, Charles H.
365
Vanderwarker, Isaac. 587
Weeden, Royal C .. 628
Wollaston, Percy.
410
Van Nest, Robt. A. 622
Werner, John W. 735
Woolstencroft, B. W 466
Vine, Peter O 609
Weber, Nicholas
745
Woodman, D. R. 682
Woodman, Albert E. 522
Way, Daniel E. 222
Whitehead, Job.
646
Woodard, Major Francis 619
Walkup, Chas. C. 254
Whitehead, H. O. 468
Woodruff, A. E.
780
Wait, Geo. S 257
Whipple, John G. D. 476
Wornson, Thomas O. 564
Wakefield, Hon. J. B. 383
Whitman, Charles. 659
Young, Jr., James 379
Warner, Elias
399
Whigam, Daniel B 474
Young, John D
496
Warner, G. M. 669
Wilson, George W. 187
Young, Stewart. 665
Zarn, Louis. 487
Zimmerman, J. J. 531
Znel, William W 212
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE.
Adams, John 15
Adams, John Quincy. 39
Arthur, Chester A. 112
Hayes, Rutherford B. 103
Jackson, Andrew. 46
Jefferson, Thomas. 21
Johnson, Andrew 92
Lincoln, Abraham
85
Madison, James.
27
Monroe, James.
33
Pierce, Franklin 77
Polk, James K. 65
Taylor, Zachary
69
Tyler, John 61
Van Buren, Martin.
53
Washington, George.
8
Grant, U. S.
97
PAGE.
PAGE.
Harrison, Benjamin 121
Harrison, Wm. H. 57
Buchanan, James. 81
Cleveland, Grover 116
Fillmore, Millard. 73
Garfield, James A.
108
Wilson, W. H. 468
Warren, Chas. F. 407
Ware, Deacon D. N. 423
Wilson, Jr. Clinton 624
Vans Agnew, Robert. 261
Wells, Hamilton 470
Vories, B. F. 679
White, Colonel Harrison 344
9
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
GEORGE
ASHINGTON.
EORGE WASHING- TON, the "Father of his Country" and its first President, 1789- '97, was born Febru- ary 22, 1732, in Wash- ington Parish, West- moreland County, Virginia. His father, Augustine Wash- ington, first married Jane But- ler, who bore him four chil- dren, and March 6, 1730, he married Mary Ball. Of six children by his second mar- riage, George was the eldest, the others being Betty, Samuel, John, Au- gustine, Charles and Mildred, of whom the youngest died in infancy. Little is known of the early years of Washington, beyond the fact that the house in which he was born was burned during his early child- hood, and that his father thereupon moved to another farm, inherited from his paternal ancestors, situated in Stafford County, on the north bank of the Rappahannock, where he acted as agent of the Principio Iron Works in the immediate vicinity, and died there in 1743.
From earliest childhood George devel- oped a noble character. He had a vigorous constitution, a fine form, and great bodily strength. His education was somewhat de-
fective, being confined to the elementary branches taught him by his mother and at a neighboring school. He developed, how- ever, a fondness for mathematics, and en- joyed in that branch the instructions of a private teacher. On leaving school he re- sided for some time at Mount Vernon with his half brother, Lawrence, who acted as his guardian, and who had married a daugh- ter of his neighbor at Belvoir on the Poto- mac, the wealthy William Fairfax, for some time president of the executive council of the colony. Both Fairfax and his son-in-law, Lawrence Washington, had served with dis- tinction in 1740 as officers of an American battalion at the siege of Carthagena, and were friends and correspondents of Admiral Vernon, for whom the latter's residence on the Potomac has been named. George's inclinations were for a similar career, and a midshipman's warrant was procured for him, probably through the influence of the Admiral; but through the opposition of his mother the project was abandoned. The family connection with the Fairfaxes, how- ever, opened another career for the young man, who, at the age of sixteen, was ap- pointed surveyor to the immense estates of the eccentric Lord Fairfax, who was then on a visit at Belvoir, and who shortly after- ward established his baronial residence at Greenway Court, in the Shenandoah Valley.
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Three years were passed by young Wash- ington in a rough frontier life, gaining ex- perience which afterward proved very es- sential to him.
In 1751, when the Virginia militia were put under training with a view to active service against France, Washington, though only nineteen years of age, was appointed Adjutant with the rank of Major. In Sep- tember of that year the failing health of Lawrence Washington rendered it neces- sary for him to seek a warmer climate, and George accompanied him in a voyage to Baradoes. They returned early in 1752, and Lawrence shortly afterward died, leav- ing his large property to an infant daughter. In his will George was named one of the executors and as eventual heir to Mount Vernon, and by the death of the infant niece soon succeeded to that estate.
On the arrival of Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia in 1752 the militia was reorganized, and the prov- ince divided into four districts. Washing- ton was commissioned by Dinwiddie Adju- tant-General of the Northern District in 1753, and in November of that year a most important as well as hazardous mission was assigned him. This was to proceed to the Canadian posts recently established on French Creek, near Lake Erie, to demand in the name of the King of England the withdrawal of the French from a territory claimed by Virginia. This enterprise had been declined by more than one officer, since it involved a journey through an ex- tensive and almost unexplored wilderness in the occupancy of savage Indian tribes, either hostile to the English, or of doubtful attachment. Major Washington, however, accepted the commission with alacrity ; and, accompanied by Captain Gist, he reached Fort Le Bœuf on French Creek, delivered his dispatches and received reply, which, of course, was a polite refusal to surrender the posts. This reply was of such a character
as to induce the Assembly of Virginia to authorize the executive to raise a regiment of 300 men for the purpose of maintaining the asserted rights of the British crown over the territory claimed. As Washing- ton declined to be a candidate for that post, the command of this regiment was given to Colonel Joshua Fry, and Major Washing- ton, at his own request, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel. On the march to Ohio, news was received that a party previously sent to build a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela with the Ohio had been driven back by a considerable French force, which had completed the work there be- gun, and named it Fort Duquesne, in honor of the Marquis Duquesne, then Governor of Canada. This was the beginning of the great "French and Indian war," which con- tinued seven years. On the death of Colonel Fry, Washington succeeded to the com- mand of the regiment, and so well did he fulfill his trust that the Virginia Assembly commissioned him as Commander-in-Chief of all the forces raised in the colony.
A cessation of all Indian hostility on the frontier having followed the expulsion of the French from the Ohio, the object of Washington was accomplished and he re- signed his commission as Commander-in- Chief of the Virginia forces. He then pro- ceeded to Williamsburg to take his seat in the General Assembly, of which he had been elected a member.
January 17, 1759, Washington married Mrs. Martha (Dandridge) Custis, a young and beautiful widow of great wealth, and de- voted himself for the ensuing fifteen years to the quiet pursuits of agriculture, inter- rupted only by his annual attendance in winter upon the Colonial Legislature at Williamsburg, until summoned by his country to enter upon that other arena in which his fame was to become world wide.
It is unnecessary here to trace the details of the struggle upon the question of local
II
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
self-government, which, after ten years, cul- minated by act of Parliament of the port of Boston. It was at the instance of Virginia that a congress of all the colonies was called to meet at Philadelphia September 5, 1774, to secure their common liberties-if possible by peaceful means. To this Congress Colonel Washington was sent as a dele- gate. On dissolving in October, it recom- mended the colonies to send deputies to another Congress the following spring. In the meantime several of the colonies felt impelled to raise local forces to repel in- sults and aggressions on the part of British troops, so that on the assembling of the next Congress, May 10, 1775, the war prepara- tions of the mother country were unmis- takable. The battles of Concord and Lex- ington had been fought. Among the earliest acts, therefore, of the Congress was the selection of a commander-in-chief of the colonial forces. This office was unani- mously conferred upon Washington, still a member of the Congress. He accepted it on June 19, but on the express condition he should receive no salary.
He immediately repaired to the vicinity of Boston, against which point the British ministry had concentrated their forces. As early as April General Gage had 3,000 troops in and around this proscribed city. During the fall and winter the British policy clearly indicated a purpose to divide pub- lic sentiment and to build up a British party in the colonies. Those who sided with the ministry were stigmatized by the patriots as " Tories," while the patriots took to them- selves the name of " Whigs."
As early as 1776 the leading men had come to the conclusion that there was no hope except in separation and indepen- dence. In May of that year Washington wrote from the head of the army in New York: " A reconciliation with Great Brit- ain is impossible. When I took command of the army, I abhorred the idea
of independence ; but I am now fully satis- fied that nothing else will save us."
It is not the object of this sketch to trace the military acts of the patriot hero, to whose hands the fortunes and liberties of the United States were confided during the seven years' bloody struggle that ensued until the treaty of 1783, in which England acknowledged the independence of each of the thirteen States, and negotiated with them, jointly, as separate sovereignties. The merits of Washington as a military chief- tain have been considerably discussed, espe- cially by writers in his own country. Dur- ing the war he was most bitterly assailed for incompetency, and great efforts were made to displace him; but he never for a moment lost the confidence of either the Congress or the people. December 4, 1783, the great commander took leave of his offi- cers in most affectionate and patriotic terms, and went to Annapolis, Maryland, where the Congress of the States was in session, and to that body, when peace and order prevailed everywhere, resigned his com- mission and retired to Mount Vernon.
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