USA > Minnesota > Hennepin County > Minneapolis > Personal recollections of Minnesota and its people : and early history of Minneapolis > Part 27
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Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39
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OF MINNESOTAA ND ITS PEOPLE.
first public position held by Mr. Pillsbury, and his earnest labors in behalf of the business interests in this neighborhood at that early day plainly indicated a brilliant future was in store for him.
FORT SNELLING PROPERTY SOLD.
Franklin Steele and others purchased the Fort Snelling property, which caused an excitement of some magnitude. An investigation of the sale was ordered by congress, the result of which proved Mr. Steele to be the honorable man he was known to be by all his acquaintances. Subsequently Mr. Steele and those associated with him transferred to the gov- ernment the buildings and the necessary amount of land required by the government for parade-grounds, gardens, hay-lands, and building purposes, outside of the garrison.
The early year was attended with large revivals in both cities. Joel B. Bassett and Otis Bradford were appointed county commissioners in place of Geo. W. Chowen and Mr. Thorndyke, resigned. Geo. A. Brackett, who has since become such a useful and prominent citizen, opened business in Minneapolis early this year, on the corner of Second and Minnetonka streets (now Second avenue south). This was Mr. Brackett's first business venture in Minneapolis.
The United States land-office was moved from Minneapolis to Forest City, in Meeker county.
A bill was introduced into the Legislature in February in favor of the state issuing five million dollars in bonds to be used in building the land-grant railroads. At first this bill met with serious opposition in Minneapolis by such able men as Colonel Cyrus Aldrich, M. S. Olds, F. R. E. Cornell, W. D. Washburn, Chas. E. Vanderburgh, Geo. A. Brackett, Judge E. B. Ames, C. A. Tuttle, Edwin Hedderly, Henry S. Birge, R. J. Baldwin, D. Morrison, Dr. J. S. Elliott, Geo. E. Huy, Wyman Elliott, Leonard Day, D. M. Coolbaugh, P. H. Kelly, and W. P. Ankeny. On the other hand, Senator Bates, rep- resentative Geo. H. Keith, and many others, approved of the measure.
Margaret, daughter of Joseph Tuay, was burned to death at her father's house in St. Anthony.
The legislature passed the bill establishing an agricultural college at Glencoe. Rev. J. C. Whitney, in the early spring
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of this year, retired from the pastorate of the First Presby- terian church to accept a similar position at Forest City. Orin Curtis was elected Mayor of St. Anthony. W. W. Wales, who had so acceptably filled the mayor's chair in that city during 1857 refused to be a candidate for re-election.
At the election April 15th in regard to the five million loan bill, the citizens of St. Anthony and Minneapolis voted in favor of the measure by over fifteen hundred majority.
The steamers running above St. Anthony on the Mississippi this year were the H. M. Rice, William Harmon, owner, Enterprise, Levi Cosset, owner, and North Star, J. M. Gil- man, owner. The Young brothers, A. R. and J. B., were the masters of the last two boats.
Sixty-four of the business men published a notice that they would receive state script at par for debts or for goods.
ยท IMPROVEMENTS AND CHURCHES.
Richard Chute purchased of L. M. Ford this spring two thousand shade trees, with which he lined the streets of St. Anthony. By this act alone Mr. Chute became a public ben- efactor. The different churches in Minneapolis were repre- sented as follows : Baptist, Rev. Amory Gale pastor ; S. A. Jewett, James Sully, and Joshua Draper, deacons ; Geo. H. Keith, and C. B. Goodyear, clerks ; Joseph S. Johnson, treasurer ; J. C. Weld, collector ; James Sully, S. A. Jewett. Geo. H. Keith, H. Fletcher, and J. P. Abrahams, trustees. Plymouth, Rev. Norman McLeod, pastor ; Charles Clark, Samuel Hidden, D. R. Barber, J. H. Spear, Dr. William H. Leonard, B. F. Baker, S. P. Chase, A. Walcott, and Charles E. Vanderburgh, trustees; W. H. Leonard and Cyrus Snow, deacons ; Erastus N. Bates, clerk. Free-will Baptist, Rev. A. D. Williams, pastor ; Allen Harmon, deacon ; Henry C. Keith, Edwin S. Jones, and Henry Hill, trustees ; Rufus Cook, clerk ; Charles Sherburne, sexton. Gethsemane, Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker, rector ; Henry T. Welles and Captain John C. Reno, wardens ; Judge I. Atwater, Dr. A. E. Ames, W. S. Phinney, W. J. Parsons, C. H. Wood and Alfred Mur- phy, vestrymen ; M. B. Horton, clerk; S. W. Phinney, treas- urer. Presbyterian, Rev. F. A. Griswold officiated occasion- ally as pastor after the removal of Rev. J. C. Whitney to Forest city ; Joseph LeDuc, elder ; D. M. Anderson, S. S.
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Crowell, J. L. Tenney, and J. T. Grimes, trustees. Methodist, Rev. T. M. Gossard, Rev. J. D. Rich, pastors ; Rev. J. W. Dow, local elder ; Solomon Weill, E. J. Scrimgeon, A. Jackson Bell, R. W. Plummer, J. Oadhoudt, J. Cyphers, and T. S. Bibbins, stewards ; Joseph Dean, S. Weill, and A. J. Bell, leaders.
W. P. Day commenced supplying the residents of Minne- opolis with milk this spring. He was the city's first dairyman.
On April 17th, Emily Mygatt, the only child of Hon. R. J. Baldwin, died
THE UNION SCHOOL AND BISHOP KNICKERBACKER
The union school opened for the spring and summer under the most favorable conditions. As this was the first regular term with a full corps of teachers, their names are given : George B. Stone, superintendent and principal ; Miss S. S. Garfield, Mrs. Julia A. Titus, Miss H. E. Harris, and Miss Adeline Jefferson, teachers. Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker, now Bishop of Indiana, was secretary, and one of the directors of the union schools, and to that gentleman is the public indebted to a great extent for the success of those schools. Perhaps no one man contributed more in every possible way for the benefit of Minneapolis, and it was a great loss, not only to the city, but to the state, when he became Bishop of Indiana. His good works in the ministry for more than a generation in Minneapolis, will be lasting for all time to come.
Minneapolis had six good hotels at this time-the Nicollet, the Cataract, the Bushnell, the American, the Wilber, and the Minnesota ; while St. Anthony led off with the large Winslow, Jarrett, St. Charles, Revere, Union, and the Cheever.
Dr. Philo L. Hatch arrived in Minneapolis from Dubuque, this early summer, and from that time to this has had much influence in the city.
At the first Minneapolis election held this summer, Henry T. Welles was elected president of the corporation, and Charles Hoag, William D. Garland, Isaac I. Lewis, and E. Hedderly, trustees ; William A. Todd, clerk ; John Murray jr., treasurer ; C. C. Berkman, marshal ; and David Charlton, city engineer. These officers were elected under the new corporation act granted to the city by the first legislature. It was deemed better that the affairs of the city should be
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governed by a president and board of trustees, rather than a mayor and city council.
Hon. E. M. Wilson was appointed by the President United States attorney for the new state of Minnesota.
Dr. S. H. Chute was married in St. Anthony May 8th to Miss Helen E. H. Day.
The state being admitted into the Union, the new law of township organization was carried into effect. On the 13th of May the several townships elected new officers. In St. Anthony James B. Gilbert was selected for chairman, Richard Fewer and James C. Tuffts, supervisors ; Dan M. Demmon, town clerk ; James A. Lennon assessor ; James W. Ellis, collector ; and James Holmes, overseer of the poor. Minne- apolis elected R. P. Russell, chairman ; Daniel Bassett, D. B. Richardson, Edward Murphy and I. I. Lewis, supervisors ; Geo. E. Huy and Henry Hill, justices of the peace.
St. Anthony and the country generally sustained a great loss in the death of Judge S. M. Tracy, on the 13th of May. Judge Tracy was one of the most prominent young men in the state.
Henry H. Sibley and the other state officers were sworn into office May 24th. .
The Nicollet house was opened by a banquet on May 26th. Judge E. B. Ames presided, with Colonel Aldrich, Judge Cornell, D. Morrison, W. W. Eastman, Judge Atwater, Joel B. Bassett, Edward Murphy, Henry T. Welles, James R. Lawrence, B. F. Baker, and J. B. Gilbert, vice-presidents. Speeches were made by the above, and by Governor Sibley, E. M. Wilson, and others.
Anson Northrup purchased the steamer North Star for the navigation of the Mississippi from Fort Ripley to the falls of the Pokegema. This was the first boat ever placed in the trade above Sauk Rapids.
The first editorial convention ever held in Minnesota con- vened in St. Paul June 3d. Most every paper published in the boundaries of the state at that time was represented. C. Stebbins of the Hastings Independent occupied the chair, and David Blakely of the Bancroft Pioneer was chosen secre- tary. The executive committee consisted of Marshall Robin- son of the Glencoe Register, A. J. Van Vorhis of the Still-
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OF MINNESOTA AND ITS PEOPLE.
water Messenger, Thomas Foster of the Minnesotian, Mr. Dodge of the Free Press, Mr. Hensley of the Mankato Inde- pendent, and Mr. Brown of the Brownsville Herald.
In pursuance of adjournment the state legislature met June 2d, Governor Sibley's message being delivered that day. This was the first message delivered to the legislature by the governor after the state was admitted into the Union.
Eliza, wife of Deacon John S. Mann, died at the residence of the family June 24th. She was one of the pioneer women of Minnesota, and was greatly respected by the whole com- munity. She was the daughter of Deacon Joshua Draper, and was thirty-seven years old.
A grand celebration was held on Nicollet Island July 4th, Colonel Aldrich presiding. This was followed by observing the anniversary of the West India emancipation on July 31st. Speeches were made on that occasion by Samuel C. Gale, Rev. C. G. Ames, Prof. G. B. Stone, Geo. A. Nourse, and others. This was the first appearance of Mr. Gale before a Minneapolis audience. A more eloquent effort had never been made in the city.
On the 16th of August news was received of the successful landing of the Atlantic cable.
A beautiful flag was presented to James M. Winslow, pro- prietor of the Winslow hotel, St. Anthony, by the ladies of that city. The committee who officiated on that occasion was composed of Mrs. Sumner W. Farnham, Mrs. Isaac Atwater, Mrs. R. B. Graves, and Mrs. S. H. Chute.
On the 18th of August Geo. A. Brackett was married at Excelsior, by Rev. Chas. B. Sheldon to Miss Annie M. Hoyt of Minneapolis.
W. P. Ankeny was appointed postmaster of Minneapolis early in the fall, in place of Samuel Hidden, resigned.
Several British noblemen arrived in St. Anthony, and spent several days in visiting the upper country. Among them were the Earl of Shaftsbury, Lord Cavendish, Lord Grosvenor, Sir George Simpson, and Rt. Hon. H. Ellis. They were accompanied by Dr. John Rea, the celebrated Arctic explorer.
On September 14th it was decided that it would not be desirable to hold a state fair this fall There was no response to the executive committee from the different cities and towns
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in behalf of the fair. The fact is there was no money in the hands of the citizens to contribute for such a purpose.
HENNEPIN COUNTY ELECTION.
At the first annual election after the organization of the state government of Minnesota, which was held in Hennepin county in October of this year, the following gentlemen were elected a county board of supervisors : Bloomington, Hon. Martin McLeod; Brooklyn, E. T. Alling ; Corcoran, Israel Dorman ; Dayton, A. C. Kimball; Eden Prairie, Aaron Gould ; Excelsior, R. B. McGrath ; Hassan, S. Finical ; Independence, Irvin Shrewsbury ; Maple Grove, A. C. Austin ; Minneapolis township, R. P. Russell ; Minnetonka, Fred Bassett ; Plymouth, Francois Huot ; Richfield, Joel Brews- ter ; St. Anthony township, Captain J. B. Gilbert ; Green- wood, N. D. Fennell ; Minnetrista, S. L. Merriman. At the same election, Messrs. Nelson S. Hoblit, G. D. Rich, Colonel Aldrich, and Daniel Bassett, were elected supervisors of Minneapolis ; Richard Strout, sheriff of Hennepin county ; Geo. W. Chowen, register of deeds ; H. O. Hamlin, auditor ; A. C. Morrill, county attorney ; and Franklin Cook, county surveyor. In St. Anthony David Heaton was elected senator, S. Lawrence, and R. S. Alden, members of the house of rep- resentatives. In Hennepin county Williem D. Washburn, Aaron Gould, R. B. McGrath, and A. C. Austin, were elected to the house ; the senators holding over.
On September 25th a herd of buffaloes made their appear- ance on the Amos James farm, near Hutchinson, in McLeod county.
On the 26th John Baxter of Dayton was married to Miss Mary E. Nettleton ; and on the 4th of October George W. Chowen was married to Miss Susan E. Hawkins.
C. H. Pettit's paper, the Journal, made its appearance late in September.
On the 19th of October Prof. S. H. Folsom, recently of Maine, opened a select school in St. Anthony. Over four hundred resident children of Minneapolis attended the union school at the fall term, ranging from four to twenty-three years of age, and not one of them was born in the city.
The population of Minneapolis this fall was a little over four thousand ; that of St. Anthony was a little larger.
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OF MINNESOTA AND ITS PEOPLE.
On the 1st of November Rev. E. D. Neill was appointed Chancelor of the University of Minnesota. The appointment was a popular one. No one had contributed so much to the educational interests of the territory. He was an earnest friend to all that would benefit the people. He had been a constant visitor to St. Anthony, preaching to the citizens in the early days without pay. He gave the first lecture in the old town before the library association, and has always been faithful to every trust. A Christian minister, eloquent, tal- ented, energetic, his hands are full of good work. He was one of the originators and promoters of of the early organiza- tions that have so greatly benefitted the north star state.
The first lodge of good templars was established in St. Anthony late in the fall of this year. Geo. A. Camp, Miss Hannah C. Stanton, Rev. J. F. Chaffee, Mrs. Calista Chaffee, A. P. Connelly. Kate H. Hall, Henrietta Murphie, L. P. Foster, Miss Jane Morrison, and Miss Sarah G. Cleveland, were the first officers of the organization.
James P. Howlett of Minneapolis was married in Tecumseh, Michigan, on the 9th of November, to Miss Sarah Graves.
Hard as the times were, there were two hundred buildings erected in St. Anthony during the season of 1858, at a cost of $310,000 ; and in Minneapolis one hundred and seventy, at a cost of $275,000. No one could imagine where the money came from necessary for the erection of these buildings.
As the winter set in it was determined by the citizens of Minneapolis to organize a lecture association. Samuel Hid- den was chosen president of the association ; Samuel C. Gale, secretary ; and John C. Williams, H. D. Beeman, and Dr. Geo. H. Keith, executive committee. The object of the asso- ciation was intellectual improvement during the long winter evenings. Through the wise management of Mr. Gale and the other officers of the association, the citizens were favored with many choice lectures during the winter.
The practicing physicians at the Falls at the end of Decem- ber this year were Dr. J. H. Murphy, Dr. A. E. Ames, Dr. M. R. Greeley, Dr. J. S. Elliott, Dr. W. H. Leonard, Dr. B. Jodon, Dr. A. Ortman, Dr. W. D. Dibb, Dr. C. W. Boutillier, Dr. C. L. Anderson, Dr. P. L. Hatch, Dr. J. B. Sabine, and Dr. Simon French Rankin.
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Most of the physicians belonged to the allopathic school, though Dr. Elliott's practice was herbal, and Dr. Hatch's homeopathic. The latter was the pioneer in his practice in Minneapolis, as Dr. Elliott was in his ; though Dr. Ira Kingsbury, the primitive physician in St. Anthony, belonged to the same school. Dr. Leonard, at that time, was a member of what is termed the old school class of physicians.
Financially the year ended as it commenced, under a cloud, and yet there was much that made life enjoyable. Thomas Hale Williams, C. M. Cushman, and Charles H. Clarke, sup- plied the citizens with choice books and the magazines of the day. Several matrimonial alliances were effected at the close of the year. Among them were D. B. S. Johnson, editor of the Express, to Miss Hannah C. Stanton ; Mark T. Berry to Miss N. J. Rowell, and George Davis to Miss Helen M. Coulliard. Mr. Johnson assumed the editorial chair of the Express on the elevatien of Isaac Atwater to the supreme bench of the state.
Frank L. Morse, a prominent citizen of the county, arrived in St. Anthony, and S. C. Robinson made Minneapolis his home this year. So did Jacob A. Wolverton and H. D. Rockey.
The merchants and business men were constantly on the alert, devising ways and means to continue in trade under the depressing circumstances that surrounded them. H. M. Carpenter, a resident of St. Anthony since 1854, exhibited a good deal of tact in conducting a large trade throughout the hard times.
As the new year approached the weather became extremely cold, but there was plenty of fuel at cheap rates.
CHAPTER XIL.
LOCAL EVENTS OF EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY-NINE.
On the third of January a union commercial association was organized in the interest of the merchants and business men of the city. The object of the association was to aid in every possible way the business men of the two cities during the stringency in money matters that prevailed in the north- west. Colonel William M. Kimball was elected president of the union ; Mayor O. Curtis, and Edward Murphy, vice- presidents ; S. W. Farnham, treasurer ; William D. Wash- burn, corresponding secretary ; Henry Reynolds, recording secretary ; W. D. Washburn, John S. Pillsbury, Samuel Hidden, John C. Reno, and Colonel Cyrus Aldrich, were appointed the board of directors. This organization was the source of a good deal of benefit to all classes of citizens. Its labors were on the mutual aid principle. Through the instrumentality of W. D. Washburn the citizens on both banks of the river held a series of meetings the first part of January to devise measures to induce the building of rail- roads leading to and concentrating at the Falls. These meet- ings were largely attended. Dorillus Morrison and many other prominent men participated in the deliberations.
On the 10th of January a daily stage line from the Falls to LaCrosse was established by Colonel A. Allen, and his part- ner Chas. L. Chase ex-secretary of the territory. This was a much-needed movement. Subsequently it was united with J. C. Burbank's line of stages.
A lodge of good templars was established in Minneapolis at this time. The officers were Rev. A. D. Williams, Paul
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Fitzgerald, Miss Nellie Elliott, A. C. Weeks, D. M. G. Mer- rill, James F. Bradford, Hiram Van Nest, and Miss E. A. Towne. This was the first organization of the order in Min- neapolis.
The iron foundry of Messrs. Scott & Morgan, in St. Anthony, was now in full operation. This was the first iron works of moment at the Falls. Mr. Morgan, one of the proprietors, afterwards became a general in the Union army. He died from the effect of injuries received in the war.
On the 14th of February Chas. K. Sherburne of Minneap- olis was married to Miss Lucy, the eldest daughter of the pioneer, Deacon Allen Harmon.
NOTABLE SOCIAL GATHERING-THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
The residents at the Falls, natives of the middle, western, and southern states, celebrated the first of March with a grand banquet at the Nicollet. O. Curtis, Mayor of St. Anthony, represented Iowa ; Dr. B. Jodon, Maryland ; Wm. McHerron, and Chas. E. Vanderburg, New York ; David Charlton, Indiana ; Geo. W. Wilson, Virginia ; J. E. Past, Delaware; Deacon A. M. Oliver, Missouri ; Robert W. Brown, South Carolina ; Wm. Carathuers, Tennessee ; Levi Estes, Oregon ; L. C. Walker, 'Illinois ; A. B. Herman, Michigan ; W. Howell Robinson, California ; Calvin A. Tuttle, Wisconsin ; Wm. K. McFarlane, and Robert W. Cummings, Pennsylvania ; C. H. Pettit, Ohio ; Captain Gonzales, Texas ; R. J. Mendenhall, North Carolina ; H. D. Beeman, Georgia ; ex-Governor W. A. Gorman, Kentucky ; Harvey Officer, Mississippi ; and Dr. J. H. Murphy, New Jersey. Socially this was a grand meeting.
Money was so scarce that the teachers in the public schools were unpaid for their services. They all resigned. This was more than the patrons of the schools could endure. A public meeting was called the last day of February to consider the matter. Judge E. B. Ames was called to the chair, and Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker acted as secretary. After active efforts by Henry T. Welles, Dr. Fletcher, Colonel Aldrich, J. B. Bassett, Dr. Ames, Charles Hoag, D. M. Coolbaugh, Deacon James Sully, A. Bradford, H. S. Plummer, Deacon Harmon, Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker, Prof. Stone, F. R. E. Cornell, and Edward Murphy, the school was relieved of its
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OF MINNESOTA AND ITS PEOPLE.
financial difficulties. Even at this early day the union school was the pride of Minneapolis.
Lumbermen were made happy by the cheerful news, early in March, that pine logs would bring seven dollars per thousand in the lower markets. This was a considerable advance over the prices of the previous year.
A union gathering in Minneapolis was held February 14th, Hon. Martin McLeod in the chair. Most of the prominent citizens were present. Speeches were made by Messrs. Cornell, Vanderburgh, E. M. Wilson, Henry T. Welles, and others.
A novel organization was perfected in St. Anthony on the 13th of March, by the young folks. It was known as the juvenile society. The officers were L. P. Foster, Hattie Hea- ton, Frank O'Brien, Aggie Day, Rachel M. Chaffee, James Fall, Chas. H. Slocum, Samuel A. Lewis, and G. B. Whedden-
On the 31st of March Harlow A. Gale was appointed county auditor, in place of H. O. Hamlin, resigned. This was the commencement of Mr. Gale's public services in Minnesota. He has been true to every trust, and and all his labors have been in the interests of the city, county and state, as well as in the interest of morality. All classes are better for Mr Gale's advent into this city in 1856, from which period he. has made his home in Minneapolis.
In consequence of the hard times, the news of the gold discoveries at Pike's Peak was received this early summer with delight by many citizens at the Falls. They sent Isaac I. Stevens over to the mines to make a thorough examination of the mines and report. The result was that from sixty to one hundred persons left the Falls for the new El Dorado. Most of them, in time, returned to this state.
At the Annual municipal election in St. Anthony O. Curtis was re-elected Mayor by a small majority over D. E. Moulton. J. B. Gilbert, Richard Grover, and J. C. Foster, supervisors ; J. H. Pearl, clerk ; the other town officers elected were Dr. S. H. Chute, David Edwards, and Wm. M. Lashelle.
In Minneapolis Colonel Aldrich, A. J. Bell, and J. S. Malbon, were elected supervisors. The other officers were H. C. Keith, Collin Hamer, Cyrus Snow, G. D. Richardson, Amos Clarke, and J. C. Williams.
The dreadful state of affairs in the financial world made the
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people, in some instances, desperate. Suicides were frequent. Murders were committed, and murderers were lynched, in Wright and LeSueur counties. Fatal accidents frequently occurred. Executions against property for debts were numerous. Richard Strout, sheriff of Hennepin county, had placed in his hands judgments for eighty thousand dollars from the time he assumed his office on January Ist up to April 10th, against debtors. Of this amount he collected twenty thousand dollars.
Two new papers were established in Minneapolis this spring, the Atlas, by Col. Wm. King ; and the Plaindealer, by H. E. Purdy. The Atlas was Republican, and the Plaindealer Democratic. Both were conducted with talent. It was a fortunate thing for this city, and for the state, when Colonel King made his home in Minneapolis.
Dr. A. E. Ames was appointed this spring associate com- missioner of the court of claims for Minnesota.
The fourth session of the annual Methodist conference was convened in St. Anthony May 4th, Bishop Baker presiding. Rev. J. O. Rich was assigned to Minneapolis, and Dr. Cyrus Brooks to St. Anthony.
On the 24th of May Bayard Taylor commenced a series of lectures in the two cities.
The Minneapolis postmaster, Wm. P. Ankeny, was married May 11, in Schellsburg, Pennsylvania, to Miss E. M. Schell.
Ginseng suddenly became an important article of commerce this spring. That root was about the only commodity in Minnesota that readily brought cash. Large quantities were sold in the Minneapolis and St. Anthony markets. The big woods was full of the plant, and the gathering of it enabled the farmers to pay their taxes. It also enabled them to pay their debts to the merchants. It afforded quite a relief to the citizens during the trying times of the panic. Benj. S. Bull, a resident of Minneapolis since 1855, erected a commodious dry-house with the proper conveniences for preparing the ginseng for the Chinese market.
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