USA > Missouri > Greene County > Past and present of Greene County Missouri, early and recent history and genealogical records of many of the representative citizens, Volume I > Part 2
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McKerall, William
1000
McLinn, Albert S. 1452
McMaster, Cyrus J
1426
McMaster, Walter Weir McMehen, John A
1396
McMehen, William
1158
Mc Millan, Otho D. 958
McMurtry, James Gilmer 1353
McNabb. John T 1488
McNeill, E. B.
1289
Mc Quiston, Brandt 1118
Mack, Clarence S 1087
Mack, Clyde B. 1260
Mack, J. W. D. L. F 458
Mack, Rowan E. M
996
Lincoln, Azariah W
1230
Linney, William Burts 1387
Lloyd, Charles Lee.
1929
Lloyd, Samuel Mack 1422
Love, Robert 1048
Love, D. V. S., Robert B 1051
Love, Thomas B 784
Love, Col. Thomas C. 784
Lowe, M. D., H. A 1490
Luper, James E. 1810
MacElveny, Andrew W 1647
McAfee, Judge Charles 922
McCammon, John P 1351
McCarty, Luther Q
1056
McClernon, Hugh
1515
McCluer, James H. 755
Mills, Andrew D 1287
Ming, Emmett M 1068
Minto, Robert 1775
Mitchell, Harry H 901
Mitchell, Obadiah
C.
1192
Moomaw, H. M. 1152
Moon, James 1518
Moore, Anderson T 1916
McCurdy, Thomas 1121
McGuire, Guy H 1139
McHaffie, M. D., Charles H 735
McIlvin, James 1018
McIntire, Cyrus B. 830
McJimsey, Elmer E. E 1345
McKay, Elmer A 1926
McKee, Roy 1379
Knox, Alexander
1024
Kohler, Edward F
1557
Kucker, L. S. 1038
La Bounty, Charles F 1918
LaFollette. Ransom S 1763
Lane, John M. 1157
Langsford, John
1565
Langston, Jackson P. C.
1218
Lee, Bert S. 1666
Leedy, Joseph W. 766
Leeper, George 1590
Lehr, John Henry 1122
Levy, M. 1685
Lilly, Rev. Father John J. 621
Maddox, Elisha B 1780
Magill, James G 1860
Major, Will J. 1014
Malley, John P. 1301
Martin, Harry 1205
Mason, James H 1717
Mason, John F 1831
Mason, Robert T 1717
Massey, Frank
1914
Massey, Richard
Maxwell, William
M
1624
Mellon, Henry
919
Mercer, Carver O
1541
Meyer, B. E ..
1372
Meyer, John F. 1816
Miller, William S. 1797
McCluer, John 756
McCollum, George 826
McConnell, John Aaron 1568
Mc Connell, Milton 1713
McCraw, Gabriel 1735
McCrory, James 1729
McCroskey, Charles W 1904
Moore, George W
1105
Kirkpatrick, Robt. A 1770
Kissick, Robert F 1029
Mccutcheon. L. C 847
1927
1165
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
'vore, Robert - 980
corelel, Charles W. 1921
Morgan. Harry C. 1000
Morice, L.con 1635
Morton, William M 1549
Moser, John A 1329
Murry, Harvey 1223
Murray, Thomas 1404
Murphy, William 1480
Murray. William Pen
1080
Murphy, Lawrence J 744
Murphy, Michael J. 1285
Nee, Daniel Martin 1241
Nelson, Marion A 1183
Newbill, John Glenn
1433
Newton, Edward F 1360
Newton, Job
1786
Nichols. A. D. 763
Nichols, Capt. Danton H 760
Nichols. George W 883
Nichols. Matthias H. 760
Niederhuth, George W 1135
Noland, George 1
1450
O'Bryant, George W 1456
O'Bryant, James H. 973
O'Byrne, James
1178
Olendorf, George F
1270
O'Neal, Andrew J 1694
O'Neal, George W 1686
O'Neill, Rev. Father Francis 622
O'Reilly, Rev. Father J. J 629
Ormsbee, M. D., James L
725
Orr, W. J 480
Orr, William J 866
Ott, Theodore 1146
Owen, Charles 1605
Owen, John S.
1878
Owen, Joseph
1592
Owen, Stephen A. D 1596
Owens, Jerry W 1919
Page, Judge Alfred. 1350
Patterson, M. D., Wm. P 746
Paxson, Ely
1016
Peak, M. D .. Oscar I 1062
Pepperdine. George
467
Perkins, Leonard B 858
Perkins, Judge Wm. H 1339
Peterson, Harvey E. 953
Phelps, Hon. John S. 1175
Phillips, Lorenzo 1039
Pickering, Charles 13 1893
Pickering, Clayton R 1801
Pierce, M. D., Charles E 1693
Pigg. Herbert W
1653
Pike, M. 1)., Columbus J 1212
Pipkin, Lewis F 1853
Pollack, Calvin 1545
Porter, Henry Webb 1654
Potter, M. D., Ambrose. 1474
Potter, James Elmer
1358
Potter, Nicholas 1479
l'otter, W. C. 1368
Potter, W. H. F.
878
Powell, William P.
1311
Preston, 1. W 1659
Price, Isaac 1321
Price, Thomas W 1867
Price, W. C. 44.4
Proserpi, Henry 1136
l'rugger, August F 1507
Pursselley, M. D., Walter L
1524
Putman, Mansel
1160
Quinn, John
1600
Quinn, James
1600
Race, Edward F. 1865
Ragsdale, Howard 1012
Ramsey, James A 1608
Ramsey, Robert L 979
Rathbone, B. F 1163
Rathbone, William
1468
Rathbun, Col. George S 889
Rauch, Fred William 1022
Raum, Egmont 1493
Raymond, George E
1880
Redfearn, Jesse O 1851
Rebori, Louis L 1680
Reed. Samuel A 1398
Reilly, James 1211
Renshaw, Moses
M
1553
Rhodes, Clarence
J
1275
Rhodes, C. L 1256
Rhodes, Eugene J. 1107
Rhodes, Jr., Eugene J 1263
Rhodes, Ira G.
1107
Ricketts, Lemuel C. 1002
Risser, Omer E 1190
Ritter, Aaron M. 1864
Ritter, David M.
1832
Robberson, M. D., Edwin 718
Robberson, Walter
B
713
Roberts. John
1046
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Roberts, Prof. John R 1348
Robertson, Charles L 1232
Robinson, David H 832
Robinson, Henry D 1343
Roper, William Fry 1513
Rosback. John 1772
Rose, John W. 1277
Rose, Reuben R. 1684
Ross, Bennette J 801
Ross, David Edward 1443
Ross, J. B. 926
Ross, LaFayette A.
1248
Ross, M. D., Leonidas C. 1242
Roudebush, Marshall 959
Ruffin. J. B. 1114
Rule, Charles W 1577
Rullkoetter, William 1638
Rupprecht, George C
1086
Russell, Columbus B.
1678
Ryan, Rev. Father James
625
Salts, Robert A 1823
Sanders, Emiel 1434
Sanford, William
B
800
Sanford, Wyatt
801
Sartain, James S
983
Scharff, Max 1180
Schofield, Albert L 1320
Schofield, Thomas
1143
Schreiber, William
H
1910
Scott, Andrew J.
868
Self, William R 1773
Shackelford, John H
1236
Sheedy, Mike
1269
Shelton, W. B.
916
Shepard, Edward M.
728
Shepard, Harriett E. 732
Sherman, M. D., David U. 1662
Sheridan, Rev. Father J. M. 636
Shumaker, George M.
754
Sidman, Wesley C.
1225
Sidman, Rev. Wm. D 1202
Sisk, John M 1616
Sjoberg, John 1486
Skelley, William W 1312
Small, George W
1217
Smith, David
1282
Smith, Harrison Milton 1416
Smith, Isaac N 1777
Smith, James E 1084
Smith, James M. 810
Smith, M. D., John R 1280
Smith, Mitchell C. 1383
Smith, M. D., Onas 1.3^-
Smith, Russell G.
Smith, William F 1306
Smith, M. D., William M. 1234
Smith. William
1673
Snider, Otis Everett 1438
Southworth, Marvin H 1724
Spandri, John 1072
Spencer, Edward A. 875
Spencer, George W. 940
Spencer, James D.
888
Squibb, Elmer D. 1829
Squibb, James Caleb 1581
Stafford, Bertha 1758
Stafford, S. R 1757
Stahl, Charles H. 1252
Stahl, William F. 1251
Staley, Weldon E. 1543
Stancill, Godfrey C.
1266
Starks, Charles L 708
Steinert, John 1721
Stemmons, F. B.
1173
Stephens, John G.
1742
Stephens, William M.
1906
Steury, Rudolph 1615
Stewart, William R 1446
Stone, M. D., Murray 727
Stoughton, James A
886
Studley, Joseph
1903
Stutzman, Frank P 1272
Tatlow, W. D. 472
Tefft, M. D., J. E. 487
Tegarden, Benjamin F 1883
Terry, M. D., Norman F 714
Thompson, Abner D.
1458
Thompson, William E 1547
Thurman, George W 1689
Tillman, Joseph A. M. 1731
Tillman, Samuel T
1731
Tracy, Isaac
1869
Trenary, Alvin B 1279
Trevitt, Claudius E
1728
Triece, George 1035
Trogdon, John Parker 1504
Trogdon, William
1528
Tucker, Edward G ..
1822
Turk, Joseph Henry.
1030
Turner, Granville W.
1078
Turner, M. D., William 1657
Underhill, John F.
1730
Underwood, Flavius J.
1082
Underwood, John J
1814
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Van Bibber, Alfred 11. 1572
Van Bibber, James D. 1563
Wilder, Frederick C. 1025
Vaughan, Judge James R 449-1413
Wiley, George P. 807
Vestal, Charles W 837
Vinton, Madison C. 1112
Vogel, Rev. Father William 628
Waddell, James S 1637
Waddill, John S. 446
Wadlow, Charles E 1466
Wadlow, Elijah G 775
Willier, Thomas E 1913
Wadlow, Elmer G. 774
Wingo, Irvin W.
1155
Wadlow, John W. 1454
Winters, George FF 1198
Walker, James T. 1392
Wilson, Alfred H
914
Walker, Leonard
1400
Wolf, David
1750
Walker, Robt. 11 1754
Wolf, Martin V
1750
Wallis, John A 1870
·Wood, Albert
1204
Walsh, James T 1421
Wood, James G
816
Washburn, Mason C 1579
Wood, John 816
Watson, Gilbert R. 779
Watson, James
928
Watson, M. D., Lorenzo
813
Watson, William R 1792
Woodruff, John T 473
Watts, Henry T 1181
Wooldridge, Edward W 1140
Watts. James
812
Watts, James
820
Wright, Marion I) 1603
Wear, A. H
462
Wrightsman, Timothy J 1003
Wear, Sam M 1930
Wygal, Frank 1201
Weaver, Samuel 768
Weaver, Maj. Wm. M. 768
Westmoreland, H. H.
1264
Whalen, Jr., Richard F 1326
Whaley, William W 1261
Yeakley, Thomas 1482
Young, Henry C 1794
Young, Walter B 1710
Whitlock, Lambert I.
1097
Youngblood, James P 747
Whitlock, Thomas J 1096
Youngblood, Theodric B 748
Wilhoit, Sidney Edwin 1268
Wilkerson, M. D., James M 1462
Williams, Elwood A. 1019
Williams, Frank B. 1200
Williams, John W
750
Williams, M. D., N. C .. 1243
Williamson, John 1855
Woodson, James A 1126
Woodward, Jacob 1836
Woodward, Ransom B 1835
Wright, Foster 444
Yancy, Charles S 444
Yeakley, George 1491
Yeakley, John 1483
White, J. 972
Whitlock, Arthur 1096
Whitlock, Williamson P 861
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1
GREENE COUNTY COURT HOUSE.
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HISTORICAL
CHAPTER I.
PREHISTORIC RACES IN GREENE COUNTY.
By Edward M. Shepard.
In every inhabited part of the world we find abundant evidence of occu- pation by more than one race of people. In many cases, there has been a series of occupants, each passing through a cycle of settlement, growth and matur- ity, followed by a gradual decay, a migration or an absorption into the body of some more powerful race.
Everywhere in Greene county, as well as throughout the State of Missouri, we find evidences of prehistoric dwellers. The earliest instances of such, in the section now known as Greene county, exist, probably, in some of the caves of this region. That a race of people called Cave Dwellers once in- habited parts of the Ozarks is undisputed by archaeologists, and that they antedated another race known as Mound Builders, is also very generally believed.
Caves abound in Greene county, and in at least one of them is seen ob- scure evidence of human occupancy. Some years ago the writer's attention was called to the fact that in the southeast of section 35, township 30, range 22, a cave had been discovered in which many strange bones were found. Excavations were made which uncovered numerous other bones that bear evi- dence of belonging to the Quaternary Period, and some traces of charcoal were observed. The bones were not gnawed, as would have been the case in a wild animal's den, and most of the thigh bones were broken, as for the obtaining of marrow, of which the aborigines were very fond. Some of these remains may now be seen in the Museum of Drury College.
In Butternut Canyon, on the Winoka Lodge property, southeast of the town of Galloway, a shallow cave exists which was walled up with loose stones, as a place of burial would have been, though, on investigation, it dis- closed no human remains. As the Osages, who were known to that region by the whites, buried their dead only on bluffs and sightly places, covering their bodies with flat stones, the inference that this cave was used by a race antedat-
.
26
GREENE COUNTY, MISSOURI
ing them is a natural one. In the cave east of the town of Ozark, just over the Greene county line, remains of ashes and charcoal, intercalated with cave de- posits, and indicating prehistoric occupancy, have been found. While it has not been possible to pass, with absolute certainty, on the character of the remains found in the above locations, or in caves reported on from time to time in various parts of the county, the evidence favoring the presence of a race of Cave Dwellers here is strengthened by the fact that adjoining counties present undisputed proof of their prehistoric existence, one instance of which will serve for illustration of the point in question. Conant* describes very fully the exploration of such a cave in Pulaski county, to the east of Greene. In this cave, beautifully situated in a bluff overlooking the Gas- conade valley, considerable excavation was made in the floor deposits, which were found to be composed of earth and ashes, in which was much broken pottery, with fragments of human bone and flint chips. The excavation was carried on to a depth of six feet, when the rough, reddish clay of the natural formation was reached. The depth of the successive lay- ers of debris indicated a long occupancy. In the farther recesses of the cave. several human skeletons were found, in such a position as to indicate that they had been buried there. In the shallower parts of the cave, many mussel shells were mingled with the bones of birds and mammals-probable remains of funeral feasts held in honor of the dead.
MOUNDS ARE NUMEROUS.
The race of Cave Dwellers was apparently followed by that of the Mound Builders, who left traces of their occupancy in the numerous mounds widely scattered throughout the whole state. The writer has supplemented his own list of these elevations by that given by Mr. Louis Houck,* who enumerates three hundred and fifty-four as located in Greene county.
These mounds are sometimes so low as to be hardly noticeable, and they are rarely elevated more than from two to four feet above the surrounding country. They are often twenty and thirty feet in diameter, usually arranged in irregular groups numbering from half a dozen to fifty or sixty, and stand- ing from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet apart. They are rarely more than a quarter of a mile away from water, being mostly located in irregu- lar groups, or rows, in the narrow valleys sloping toward springs or water courses. They are seldom found in the broader and lower valleys, either be- cause of the fear of overflow, or for the reason that more dense forests cov- ered the river bottoms in primitive times than now prevail. The originally slight elevation of some of these mounds has caused them to be often unrecog-
* "The Commonwealth of Missouri." C. R. Barnes, p. 49.
* "History of Missouri," Louis Houck, Vol. I, p. 81.
27
GREENE COUNTY, MISSOURI.
nized, and the agriculturist, by plowing and harrowing, has demolished many of them or greatly reduced their size. They are frequently marked, in a field of grain, as little islands of more luxuriant growth.
Notable examples of these mounds are found in Hickory, Dallas, Polk, Webster, Christian and Taney counties, as well as in Greene. It is estimated that there are ten thousand of them in Greene county alone. Some of them may be seen on Drury College campus, east of the president's house. They are also abundant east of Springfield. on the Division street road ; in the city of Springfield, on the St. John's church property ; northeast corner of Benton and Division streets; the northeast corner of Jefferson and Division streets ; on Wabash, between Nichols and Webster streets; on Harrison street in the neighborhood of the Glenwood road ; near Blaine and Spencer streets ; around the old fort; along the Nichols road; and in the northwestern part of the county, about Cave Spring, Walnut Grove and Willard.
Houck ** locates the following :
North part of sec. 3, twp. 29, r. 20, seven mounds.
Middle part of sec. 5, twp. 29, r. 20, nineteen mounds.
Southeast of northeast of sec. 22, twp. 29. r. 22, site of Kickapoo village.
Southwest of sec. 29, twp. 29, r. 21, eleven mounds.
West part of secs. 6 and 7, twp. 28. r. 21, forty-three mounds and arrow- heads found.
East part secs. 1 and 12, twp. 28, r. 22, forty-eight mounds and arrowheads found. Northwest of sec. 6, twp. 29. r. 22, twelve mounds and arrowheads.
Southwest part sec. 18. twp. 29. r. 22, fifteen mounds and arrowheads.
Central parts of secs. 13 and 14, twp. 29. r. 23, fifty-five mounds.
Secs. 23, 24, 25. 26. 35 and 36. twp. 28, r. 23, battlefield of Wilson's Creek.
East part of sec. 34. twp. 31. r. 20, twenty-two mounds.
All of sec. 35, twp. 31. r. 20, fifty-three mounds.
Southwest of sec. 2, twp. 28. r. 23, four mounds.
Northeast part sec. 1, twp. 29, r. 21, eight mounds.
Northwest part sec. 5. twp. 29, r. 21, eight mounds.
Southwest part sec. 33, twp. 30, r. 21, seventeen mounds.
South part sec. 35. twp. 30. r. 20, ten mounds.
North part sec. 20, twp. 30, r. 20, thirteen mounds.
Southeast part sec. 31, twp. 29. r. 20, nine mounds.
Northwest half sec. 20. twp. 29. r. 23, fifteen mounds.
As to the purpose of these elevations, it is most probable that they were not funeral mounds, since, so far as the writer is aware, no human remains or ashes have been found to indicate that they were used for burial purposes, and it is the general belief that they were constructed by an unknown race of Indi- ans for domiciliary purposes-probably as elevations on which to build their tepees, or wigwams, to render them drier and more healthful. An attempt has been made to account for them by natural causes on the theory that they might be the result of the upheaval of trees by tornadoes, the dirt and soil
** "History of Missouri," Louis Houck, Vol. I, p. 81.
28
GREENE COUNTY, MISSOURI.
lifted by the roots finally dropping as the organic matter decayed and left the earth to form these elevations in irregular groups. Such mounds, however, can usually, though not always, be determined by their different shape, being slightly oval in outline, and often with a slight depression on one side.
Another class of mounds, very difficult to be distinguished from those of artificial origin, are those formed by the differential weathering of material around bosses or masses of hard, silicious line or cherty layers, where the wearing away of the softer strata of rocks leaves the harder layers, covered with dirt and rising above the surrounding country in shapes that suggest the agency of human beings in their formation. Such examples are found in Polk county, just over the edge of Greene, east of Asher creek, about two miles south of where that stream empties into the Sac.
Another type is found in cases where a harder stratum of rock protects softer layers beneath, forming buttes which are a striking feature in the scenery of some of the more western states. In the northeast of section 27, township 31, range 22, a quarter of a mile east of Presley Hill, in Greene county, is quite a noted elevation commonly called the "Great Indian Mound," and referred to as such in the earlier history and traditions of the county. A vivid imagination has discovered remains of a race track around the mound, and many attempts at excavation have been made in the vain hope of finding buried treasure, bones or pottery. This feature of the landscape is, however. but a striking example of a small butte, a case in which a harder stratum of worm11-eaten sandstone (Hannibal sandstone) has protected the softer shales below, and erosion, having cut away everything around it, has left this precipi- tous butte, about 40 feet high, 100 feet long, and 50 feet wide on the top, which is capped by the hard, protective sandstone. This natural feature the geologist calls "a mound of circumdenudation."
There is little doubt that the mounds scattered about Greene county that cannot be accounted for by any of the foregoing theories must owe their origin to human agencies. From the few instances in which excavations have been made, they seem to be built up of soil, free from stones of any size, with no evidence of stratification, and, where cross-sections have been made, show- ing a line indicating the general level of the surrounding country upon which the mound was built.
The reader must not confuse these elevations with the noted mounds of southeast Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio, which are frequently of great size and height, and often moulded in the form of some living creature. Those were burial and ceremonial mounds, which contained pottery, and fre- quently human remains-evidences of a type of prehistoric man unknown in this part of the state.
While it is difficult to satisfactorily classify the mounds under discussion, there is no doubt on the part of archaeologists that many of them are the
29
GREENE COUNTY, MISSOURI.
result of human handiwork, but there is difference of opinion in regard to their antiquity, some arguing that they were built by the Osages, and others that they antedate that tribe.
As the early white explorers had ample opportunity of knowing how the Indians whom they found in this region built their homes and buried their dead (customs which will be described later), the writer is strongly inclined to the belief that the mounds in question represent a race that existed previous to the occupation of the Osages, and different also from the race which built the great mounds of the Mississippi valley, though possibly contemporane- ous with them .*
INDIAN IMPLEMENTS.
The abundance of flint arrow-points, axes, spear-heads, chisels, mortars and pestles and flint chips that are found all over the county indicate a long occupancy by aboriginal races. The exposure of Lower Burlington limestone over various parts of the county, especially in the east half, made possible
* Dr. J. W. Blankenship, of Berkeley, California, a former resident of this county, who has made a somewhat extensive study of this subject, says, in a personal letter : "They (the mounds) are unquestionably the remains of human habitation- the villages of the Mound Builders, and appear to have been 'adobe' huts of mud wall structures of the same general type as those of the Mandan Indians, described by Lewis and Clark. Sectioning such mounds. usually a line of mould about the level of the ground is indicative of the floor of the building and often remains of charcoal mark the fireplace in the hut, which appears to have been built round. not square, and the gen- eral absence of any bones or other human remains show they are not burial mounds. The material of construction was sun-dried mud bricks, the same as the adobe houses of the Southwest are yet built of, and the source from which they came is still shown in the great number of artificial 'ponds' still found in Greene county and the district adjacent-not the ponds formed by the stoppage of limestone sinks, which are also frequent. There is some indication of irrigation, which means agriculture, but the long time that has since elapsed makes this difficult to determine with certainty, thoughi some ponds-there is one about a mile due north of Willard, and another about two miles-that lie on relatively high land, so they could have been used as irrigating reser- voirs. and I have seen another about half-way between Willard and Springfield. on the main road. from which well-defined ditches appeared to run. The older inhabitants of Greene county will remember that the prairies were usually dotted with small clumps of timber, often at considerable distance from the forest, though most of these have now been cut down, on account of their occupying some of the best lands for agricul- ture. It seems to me probable-and the abundance of the ancient mounds within the clumps of timber (or groves). as they were usually called, appears to indicate, that the groves originated from the acorns brought in for food by this primitive people. I know of no other animal that would carry acorns thus miles from the forest and drop them to form the nucleus of these groves, the van of the approaching forest.
"The general absence of any flint or domestic utensils from these mounds in Greene county would indicate a people unwarlike and relatively low in the general civilization of the period of the Mound Builders, a sort of outlying community on the west bordering a much higher civilization along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, from which the character of the mounds seems to separate them."
30
GREENE COUNTY, MISSOURI.
numerous quarries where, in the upper beds of this horizon, the Indians worked the hard flint that accompanies this limestone and which is especially adapted for arrow-points. One of these flint quarries is noted on the Winoka Lodge property, in section 15, township 21, range 28, where this flint is exposed in deep gorges, easily accessible, and where large quantities of arrow-points as well as flint chips have been found.
The proximity of this property to large springs, as well as its nearness to the James river, made it especially attractive to the Indians as a camping ground. as is evidenced by the recent finding there of great numbers of arrow- points (some of them of exceptional beauty), innumerable flint chips, and the mortars and pestles with which they ground their corn for use. This is evidently the location of an old Osage camp, possibly also a later Delaware village, and is close to where the old Osage hunting trail toward the White river crossed the James.
Another noted quarry was at Percy Cave, on the Sac creek, in sections 33 and 29, township 30, range 22. Others are found along the Sac river; at Ritter's mill ; along the bluffs of the James cast of Winoka Lodge ; and extend- ing up the James into Webster county.
The great abundance of these flints, scattered throughout the whole county, and locally exposed by every rain and fresh plowing, causes one to be astonished at the industry which produced so many. Yet the making of an axe, we are told, occupied but a few hours, and to chip out an arrow-point from a piece of flint probably required, relatively, little time in the hands of an expert. Half-formed objects are numerous, and point to frequent failure to succeed in the making, while arrow-points of various sizes, shapes and outline give an idea of the numerous purposes for which they were made. Some are massive, and suggest the killing of a deer or buffalo; some of diminutive size, with finely serrated edges, seem fashioned for the smallest victims of the bow ; and some show that even artistic instincts were not absent from the mind of the savage workman. When one remembers the centuries of aboriginal occupation before the coming of the white man, and the various causes for the scattering and disappearance of their simple weapons, implements and utensils, it is easy to understand why every new clearing of land or upturning of old pastures may be made the occasion of new discoveries concerning these people, about whom both history and tradition have joined in the attempt to bring within the grasp of modern understanding the story of their life and customs.
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