USA > North Carolina > New Hanover County > New Hanover County : a brief history > Part 10
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Several reasons have been advanced for the decline of touring theatrical companies, but none perhaps explains it more than the competition of motion pictures. This form of entertainment had appeared before 1900 and the first "movie" theater in Wil-
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The top photograph shows City Hall-Thalian Hall, several times re- paired and renovated since its cornerstone was laid in 1855; it is still one of Wilmington's most prized buildings. In lower picture is the U.S.S. North Carolina, now a memorial to World War II servicemen and scene of a dramatic production recounting the ship's history and presented to the public during the summer months. (Photograph courtesy of Travel and Promotion Division, State Department of Conservation and Development.)
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mington, the Bijou, was opened in 1906, followed within a few years by the Royal, the Victoria, and the Grand. For some years the quality of movies was very poor, but by the 1920s films were so improved that more and more patrons were attracted to them. This, of course, drew support away from the legitimate theater. This trend intensified toward the end of the decade when sound pictures first appeared, followed in a few years by color pictures. By that time radio was competing with both the legitimate theater and moving pictures. More serious competition came later with the appearance of television. The first radio station was estab- lished in Wilmington in 1928; the first television outlet, in 1954.
The Fight Against Disease
Medical science has not yet eliminated disease, but during the past hundred years it has done much to reduce the pain, suffer- ing, and terror that people once endured. A century ago and less, epidemics still struck with devasting results. Yellow fever rav- aged Wilmington in 1863, and the smallpox outbreak of 1866- 1867 with its accompanying cholera took a heavy toll. A half century later, in 1918, there was the terrible influenza epidemic that swept through the county and claimed almost 200 lives. At other times, threats of such dread diseases as poliomyelitis have materialized in varying degrees. Dedicated doctors of New Hanover County and intelligent public officials have worked long and hard to improve health conditions.
A major step in health care was taken by the state of North Carolina in 1877 when the General Assembly created the State Board of Health to look to the physical well-being of the people. This progressive move was due chiefly to the efforts of a Wil- mingtonian, Dr. Thomas F. Wood, who was secretary of the board from 1879 until his death in 1892. Possibly reflecting the influence of Dr. Wood, there is some evidence that the county had a health board from 1879 to 1895. Later, the city had a similar board. In 1913 the city and county joined in forming the Consolidated Board of Health which is still in operation.
In the meantime the city and county had joined in establishing and operating the Wilmington City Hospital which was com- pleted in 1892 and served the community until it was replaced by the James Walker Memorial Hospital. Located at Tenth and Red Cross streets in the northeastern section of the city, the James Walker Memorial Hospital, founded in 1900, was made
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possible by the generous and civic-minded spirit of Mr. James Walker, a Wilmingtonian by adoption. Thanks to other bene- factors, including Mr. James Sprunt, the hospital was expanded from time to time to meet the increasing need. Nevertheless, more adequate and modern facilities eventually became necessary for the community. As a result, the impressive New Hanover Memorial Hospital was built on the southeastern edge of Wil- mington. When the building opened in 1967, it assumed the functions of James Walker Memorial and Community hopsitals. The latter institution, located at Eleventh and Church streets, had been serving the Negro citizens since 1920.
New Hanover County also has a number of smaller private hospitals. One that is still in operation is Cape Fear Memorial Hospital. Another is Babies Hospital which was founded in 1920 by the late Dr. J. Buren Sidbury. Located from its inception at Wrightsville Sound, this institution has been modernized and enlarged through the years and has gained widespread fame for its care of the very young.
The Growth of Wilmington
According to the first federal census taken after Pender County became separate the 1880 population of New Hanover County was 21,376 persons. By 1970, less than a century later, the number had grown to 80,718. At the same time, the popu- lation of Wilmington increased from 17,350 to 45,067. This population growth, combined with other variables of an ever- changing world, has necessitated constant alterations in the way of life of New Hanover people.
As Wilmington increased in population, it also increased in physical size, expanding outward in all directions except on the river side. From time to time the legal bounds of the city have been extended, but there still are many who live in suburban areas just beyond the bounds. This expanse has been accom- panied by a corresponding need for improved local transporta- tion. The addition of a street commission to the municipal govern- ment in 1909 indicated an awareness of this problem. Some city streets were improved at the time, but others remained little more than sandbeds. The automobile which had already made its appearance on city streets made the problem more pressing. The answer lay in paved streets.
An early paving material was oyster shells-satisfactory for
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horse-drawn vehicles but unable to withstand the wear of the automobile. Oystershell bases are still to be found under many of the older streets. Another early material was the cobble- stone, or Belgian block. Brought in as ship ballast, a cobblestone was a small cube of granite which made a solid if somewhat rough
Two factors which encouraged the development of Wilmington, Wrights- ville Beach, and Carolina Beach in the 1900s were the roads made of crushed oyster shells such as the one here shown and the "Wilmington and Sea Coast Railway Train" shown in lower photograph. (McKoy.)
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surface. By about 1900 the downtown streets were paved with this material. Brick was also being used to surface some streets, while still others were being covered with macadam. Many streets remained without paving of any sort.
The improvement of the city sidewalks was roughly parallel with that of the streets. From the earliest days the sidewalks were nothing more than sandy walkways running along each side of the streets. In many places the sand was quite deep and unpleasant to walk over. This condition was alleviated, in part, by the laying of modern sidewalks in selected locations. By about 1900 most of those near the city center were of brick, while in the business district some were of slate or stone slabs. A few wooden walks extended into the outlying areas. The first concrete sidewalk in the city was laid soon after 1900, and concrete has since come into almost exclusive use.
In the late 1800s some Wilmington streets were lighted by gas as they had been before the Civil War. Others, primarily in the outlying areas, were lighted by kerosene. In either case, the lamp- lighter made his regular rounds each day at dusk to light the individual lamps. In 1886 a dramatic innovation in street light- ing came to Wilmington with the installation of an electric arc system. The earliest of these lights was placed at the corner of Third and Orange streets, and its first use was celebrated by an outdoor dance held under the light. Not all Wilmingtonians, however, were so elated by this sign of progress; some com- plained that the lights were a menace to the health of the com- munity because they attracted water bugs from the river.
Wilmington acquired its first "White Way" in 1909. On No- vember 9 of that year, President William Howard Taft visited the city, and in honor of the occasion arches of electric light bulbs were strung across Front Street from the railroad depot to Orange Street. To intensify the effect, a metal reflector was placed over each light. This "White Way" remained in use until large permanent lights were placed along the street.
Commercial transportation came to the streets of Wilmington in 1869, when the Sea Side Street Railway Company established a system of horse-drawn cars which carried passengers from Ninth and Market to the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad depot on North Front Street. Apparently, the city was not yet large enough to support such an enterprise because the com- pany soon went out of business. By 1887 the promise of success was greater, and the Wilmington Street Railway was chartered.
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By July of 1888 the company was operating horse-drawn cars in the city, cars that were enclosed in winter, open in summer. In 1892 a group of northern capitalists acquired the company, and soon thereafter the cars were being operated by electric power.
Electricity had been in limited use in Wilmington since the inception of the Wilmington Electric Lighting Company in 1886. The competition of this new enterprise became a matter of such concern to the Wilmington Gas Light Company, which had been in business since 1851, that it purchased the electric company in 1889. Soon afterwards the gas company began supplying incandescent lighting to the community.
The Story of Wrightsville Beach
The Wilmington Sea Coast Railway Company was chartered in 1887 to provide service between Wilmington and Wrightsville Sound. By April, 1888, the completion of the line was marked by the arrival of the first engine at Wrightsville Sound. It was a steam-operated line from the beginning, and its depot was located first at Tenth and Princess and later moved to Ninth and Orange. In the early summer of 1888, a trestle across Wrights- ville Sound was completed, making possible the passage of trains to the Hammocks, as Harbor Island was then called. Soon after- ward, the Island Beach Hotel was constructed on the Hammocks. Unfortunately, after only a short existence, the very popular hotel was destroyed by fire.
Just across Banks Channel from Harbor Island, the low profile of Wrightsville Beach stretched along the edge of the sea. Known over the years as "the Banks," it has long had an unusual appeal with the ocean on one side to provide surf bathing and the channel on the other side for swimming and boating. Few lo- cations along the entire east coast match this combination; yet few people ventured there because it was almost inaccessible.
Those who went to the Banks in early days found little in the way of comfort. Access was gained only by crossing over in a small boat ; and once there, the visitor could find fresh water only at a single spring near the southern end. Also, there were no bathing facilities for those hoping to enjoy the surf. Hence, several enterprising men joined forces and built a small club- house at an ideal location for bathing about midway along the strand. In 1853 this building became the Carolina Yacht Club, one of the earliest organizations of its kind in the nation. For
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many years the clubhouse was the only building there, but the extension of the Sea Coast Railway to Harbor Island aroused an increased interest in the Banks. For this reason, the Railway Company built a walkway across Banks Channel.
Once they could get there easily, people began to go to the Banks in larger numbers; the Banks' development into the great resort of Wrightsville Beach had begun. The Railway Company encouraged this interest by running "moonlight excursions." For these special occasions, the trains left Wilmington about eight o'clock in the evening for Harbor Island. From there the participants continued on foot to the beach where they would engage in turtle egg hunting and other light-hearted activities. The merriment of the occasion was enhanced by a band of musicians. The cars returned to Wilmington about midnight.
As time passed, various individuals built summer cottages at Wrightsville Beach; by 1897 more than fifty houses and several hotels, as well, stretched out along the strand. Among the early hotels were the Seashore, built in 1897 on the site of the present Blockade Runner; the Tarrymore (later Oceanic), to the north- ward; and the Mayo, to the southward. Another innovation was the narrow-gage railroad operated by Mr. Stacey Van Amringe. It extended from the Tarrymore Hotel to the Mayo, the portion of the beach that was then occupied. In 1899 the fast-growing community was incorporated as the Town of Wrightsville Beach.
In 1902 the Consolidated Railway Light and Power Company was formed by the merger of the Wilmington Gas Light Com- pany, the Wilmington Street Railway Company, and the Wil- mington Sea Railway Company. Another corporate reorgani- zation, the Tidewater Power Company, was formed in 1907, and it acquired the facilities of the Consolidated Railway Light and Power Co., first by lease and later by purchase. Mr. Hugh MacRae guided this merger by which the Tidewater gained control of the city and beach railway lines as well as the electric and gas systems of Wilmington and New Hanover County.
Soon after it changed hands in 1902, the beach railway line was electrified and extended across Banks Channel to Wrights- ville Beach. The trestle that carried the cars across ran parallel to the foot bridge, and the first stop the cars made on the beach at the end of the trestle was known as Station One. At intervals along the line, as it extended southward down the middle of the strand, other stops bore progressive station numbers up to seven. Needless to say, the extension of the rail line to the beach
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WILMINGTON
At top is pictured the Lumina at Wrightsville; Below, Captain Harper's steamer, the Wilmington. These were two popular attractions of bygone years. (McKoy.)
resulted in a building boom, and in time the line was extended to the northward and southward, almost to the two tips of the island.
At Station Seven there was erected the grandest building that ever stood on Wrightsville, or possibly any other beach-Lumina (Latin for "lights"). Other buildings have surpassed it in size and in cost but not in appeal. As a means of attracting car passengers to the beach, the promoters, in 1904, built a pavilion which proved so popular that it was replaced with a larger structure within a year or two. The lower level of the later build-
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ing had bathing facilities which attracted daytime visitors. As darkness fell, Lumina became worthy of its name. Thousands of brilliant electric lights outlined the exterior, while inside on the upper level an orchestra provided music for the young in heart, who glided over a huge dance floor. Those who preferred could sit outside and enjoy cool breezes while watching silent movies projected on a screen rising out of the surf. These dances, free before World War I and subject to a small fee afterward, were conducted with the strictest decorum. Lumina became a legend, and people from all over the South came to Wrightsville Beach. The building still stands, but the glitter and glamour have long since faded.
In 1924 Shore Acres Company was organized for the pur- pose of developing Harbor Island, which it acquired along with the adjacent marshland. The island was enlarged, lots were laid off, streets and sidewalks were put down, and out of a virtual wasteland an attractive and modern community emerged. The development of Harbor Island, then called Shore Acres, was further encouraged when, in 1926, a related company com- pleted the construction of a causeway across Wrightsville Sound which connected the island with the mainland and enabled resi- dents of the island to travel to and from their homes by auto- mobiles. Those who wished to continue to the beach could do so on foot or by trolley car.
On the afternoon of January 28, 1934, disaster struck Wrights- ville Beach when a fire swept over the northern end of the island. By the time the flames subsided, more than 100 buildings had been destroyed. Among them was the rambling and renowned Oceanic Hotel; another was the smaller but no less popular Kitty Cottage. After this terrible loss Wrightsville Beach built back, but it was never quite the same. In the same year, 1934, the state purchased the Wrightsville Sound causeway. The following year, the state extended the highway across Banks Channel and began the construction of a paved highway that in time ran the length of the strand. This road meant the end of the electric cars. Unable to compete with automobiles and trucks, the last beach car ran on April 27, 1940. Since then, public transportation has been provided by buses. In recent years, another causeway and bridge connecting the beach with the mainland has been built to the north of the old. Inevitably, the roadways have deprived Wrightsville Beach of the detached charm and quaint atmosphere it possessed when it was less accessible. On the other hand, they
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have brought growth and expansion that would otherwise have been impossible.
Wrightsville Beach is still a resort but it is also something more. Before World War II, it had only a few year-round residents. During the war the shortage of living accommodations in the area caused many to occupy beach cottages, summer and winter. Some remained as permanent beach residents and others have followed suit. A large number of permanent residents have been acquired by annexation. In 1964 the town limits were extended to encompass Harbor Island and the land between the two causeways as far west as the Intracoastal Waterway. The permanent population of the expanded community is now 1,593. In addition, there are numerous summer residents as well as temporary visitors who find excellent accommodations in a num- ber of motels and hotels. Wrightsville Beach is a modern com- munity of paved streets and walks, with a bank, a modern post office, and numerous shops. There are churches of several denomi- nations and an elementary school. An efficient police department protects the people, and a fine volunteer fire department protects their property.
A recent and interesting addition to the town water supply comes from the Sea Water Conversion Research and Develop- ment Test Station. Located within the town limits and near the Waterway bridge, this facility is the world center of saline water conversion engineering research. Another interesting though un- related project is International Nickel Company's Harbor Island Corrosion Laboratory, which is recognized as one of the most important places in the world in the fight against salt water cor- rosion. Nearby, at the Wrightsville Marine Bio-Medical Labora- tory, at Wrightsville Sound, important studies are being con- ducted on microscopic sea life, and the ability of man to with- stand water pressure.
Carolina Beach and Its Neighbors
Carolina Beach originated in the latter years of the nineteenth century when a number of Wilmington residents built summer cottages there. They became so enthusiastic over the advantages of the location that they decided to develop it into a resort. Since the success of the venture depended on attracting Wilmington people and Wilmington was fifteen miles distant, the major prob- lem was transportation. There was access by land, but it meant
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unpleasant hours in a horse-drawn vehicle passing over a primi- tive road. A more appealing way was found in a dwarf-size railroad and a magnificent river steamer.
In 1885 a few of the more enterprising citizens organized the New Hanover Transit Company, which built a narrow-gage rail line from Carolina Beach to a point on the Cape Fear River, about three miles away. The line ended on a pier projecting over the river where it connected with a steamer provided by Capt. John W. Harper.
Because of the poor roads of the 1800s, most traffic between Wilmington and Southport was by water, and this traffic was dominated by Captain Harper. He operated several boats be- tween the two communities, carrying passengers, freight, and mail, with stops along the way at several intermediate points. Upon its completion, the Carolina Beach pier became another regular stop. Of Captain Harper's various boats, the most popu- lar of all was the steamer Wilmington, which he acquired in 1890 after another vessel, the Silvery Grove, was burned. A gleaming white vessel of three decks, the Wilmington was a stirring sight as she moved up and down the river leaving a dark trail of black smoke behind her. To be aboard as she traveled was an unforgettable experience. The Wilmington left her dock in Wilmington in the morning and deposited her Carolina Beach- bound passengers at the railway pier while she continued on her way down the river. Those left at the pier would then board the tiny open cars, drawn by the tiny puffing steam engine, for the final leg of the trip to the beach. There they would find a pavilion, picnic areas, bathing facilities, and all the other things that made a day by the seaside so enjoyable. In the afternoon they would again board the train for the pier. There the Wilmington would stop by on its way upriver and pick up its passengers for the return to the city after a full and happy day.
Although travel by boat and train to Carolina Beach was exciting for the young and pleasant for their elders, it did little to promote the development of the beach. The growth during those years was slight. In 1920, however, an improved road was extended to Carolina Beach, and the result was an acceleration of growth that has continued. In 1925 Carolina Beach became an incorporated town with its own government. For thousands of summer residents and temporary visitors it now is an outstand- ing resort with fine hotels and motels, good restaurants, and numerous places of amusement. To its 1,548 permanent residents,
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the beach town is a pleasant community with churches, a school, ships, and many modern comforts and conveniences.
During the years in which Carolina Beach was growing into a mature town, the same natural advantages and the same con- ditions led to the development of several similar but smaller communities located to the southward of Carolina Beach: Wil- mington Beach, the incorporated town of Kure Beach, and Fort Fisher Beach. These four towns now form an almost unbroken area of developed beach for several miles along the coast.
Other Communities of the County
While Hugh MacRae did much to promote Wrightsville Beach, he did not confine his activities to that community. When the Wilmington Sea Coast Railway was built, there were a few resi- dents at Wrightsville Sound as well as along the shores of the various other sounds of the county. Between Wilmington and Wrightsville Sound, however, the line ran through country that was almost barren of human habitation. After the line was ex- tended to the beach, the cars operated with increased frequency and because of the greater convenience of transportation to and from the city, the land along the way became more desirable for residential purposes. This potentiality was not lost on McRae, and at intervals along the line he began the successful develop- ment of Oleander, Audubon, and Winter Park. He also en- couraged the expansion of population in other directions by ex- tending the city streetcar lines into Carolina Place, Carolina Heights, and Sunset Park. Through the years, other promoters have developed other areas; the ever increasing population of the county has spread out to its every nook and corner.
Present-Day New Hanover County
Less than 250 years ago the area that is New Hanover County was an uninhabited wilderness. Now it is the home of more than 80,000 persons and, along with the neighboring counties, throbs with economic activity, much of which has come since World War II and is evident in such new industries as Riegel Paper Corporation in Columbus County, Bladenboro Cotton Mills in Bladen, E. I. DuPont de Nemours in Brunswick, J. P. Stevens & Company in Pender, and Babcock & Wilcox Company, Timme Corporation, and General Electric Company in New Hanover.
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If space permitted, many others might also be listed which, along with numerous related and service businesses, would reflect the unusual diversity of the local economy. This variety is further indicated by the continuing agricultural pursuits, particularly the truck crops and flowers shipped to northern markets helping to provide employment for most of the local labor force. The result is an extremely low unemployment rate.
Wilmington, with more than half of New Hanover's people, is the metropolitan center of this area. As a major port and distribution point it has contributed much to the economic growth that has taken place. Conversely, the economic growth has been largely responsible for the growth of Wilmington. Its importance as the shopping center for southeastern North Caro- lina is indicated by the increasing volume of retail sales; also it is the cultural and medical center of the area. The city richly deserves and is justly proud of its designation as an "All- American City."
The Wilmington that is new is to be found generally in sub- urban areas of modern homes and spacious lawns. There is, however, much of the old town that survives, the Wilmington of tree-shaded streets and houses mellowed with the years. This old residential section possesses the charm that only age can bring and has been designated a Historic Area as a means of preserving its character. Maps that identify the most interesting buildings are available.
It is a rewarding experience to drive over the "Cape Fear Trail." This route leads southward from Wilmington to Fort Fisher, across the river by ferry to Southport and then north- ward along the west bank of the Cape Fear back to Wilmington. On the outskirts of Carolina Beach one may view the Blockade Runner Museum, a private enterprise which contains a graphic and exciting display of local Confederate history. Several miles farther along the way are the remains of old Fort Fisher and a museum operated by the state which displays many relics of the tragic battles. Across the river is Southport, a peaceful and pleasant fishing village; and not far away is Fort Caswell, now transformed into a Baptist retreat. Several miles to the north- ward of Southport, Brunswick Town State Historic Site sprawls along the edge of the river. A stroll along the streets of this abandoned village, past the church walls and the ruins of the homes of inhabitants long since dead, stirs in the individual a sense of history. Still farther upstream, directly across from
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Moores Creek
Battleground
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University of North Carolina At Wilmington
WILMINGTON
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CU-Historical District
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WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH
Greenfield Gerdene
Airlie Gardens
U.S.S. North Ceroline Bottlechip Memorial
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Snow's Cut State Pork
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Orton Plantation
Old Brunswick
Blockade Runner Museum
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CAROLINA BEACH
KURE BEACH
FT. FISHER
FL. Fisher Museum
SOUTHPORT
FL Ceswell
This suggested tour made available by the Greater Wilmington of Com- merce appears in Life around Wilmington, June 11, 1971. Features of New Hanover County and Wilmington are marked on the map.
Wilmington, the Battleship U.S.S. North Carolina is perma- nently berthed as a memorial to the many North Carolinians who served in World War II. The ship may be visited throughout the year, and in the summer months it is the scene of a spectacu- lar sound and light production.
One of the highlights of the "Cape Fear Trail" is Orton Plantation, located on the Cape Fear adjoining Brunswick Town. Orton's residence is a charming example of antebellum archi-
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CAPE FEAR RIVER "
Modern tourist attractions in- clude: upper left, the Blockade Runner Museum (State Depart- ment of Archives and History) ; upper right, springtime scene at Airlie Plantation (Sharpe) ; center left, Carolina Beach Yacht Basin (Sharpe) ; lower left, the world's largest Christmas tree, in Wil- mington (Travel and Promotion Division, State Department of Con- servation and Development).
tecture, and its expansive gardens are famous for their beauty and variety. Another outstanding floral display is to be found at Greenfield Gardens. Located on the southern edge of Wilming- ton, it includes a five-mile drive around a picturesque lake which is lined with millions of flowering plants, mostly azaleas, ca- melias, dogwood, roses, and wisteria. It also has picnic areas and an entertainment center. Greenfield is recognized by many to be one of the most beautiful municipal parks in the country. Yet another outstanding showplace is Airlie Gardens at Wrightsville Sound. Airlie boasts an unusual display of colorful azaleas set amid ancient, brooding oaks. All the gardens are open to the public throughout the year.
Pleasurable life in New Hanover County is enhanced by recre- ational facilties for all ages and inclinations. There are several golf courses, both public and private, tennis courts, numerous parks and ball fields, as well as two stadiums and three audi- toriums for athletic events. At the beaches and sounds there are
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swimming, water sports, and boating; good fishing is to be found in both fresh and salt water. Along the coast are a number of fishing piers projecting over the ocean, and the more venture- some may charter boats to take them offshore for bottom fishing or in search of the more exciting game fish. Through the fall and winter months there is excellent bird and small game hunting.
During the year several events are held that attract attention to the many wonderful resources of New Hanover County. The Azalea Festival comes in the spring when the flowers are in full bloom. This is a four-day period of parades and other special events which has drawn as many as 250,000 visitors. Of a like nature, the Feast of the Pirates is held in June and is a nine-day period of merriment that focuses attention on resort facilities. The highlight of the fall is the P.G.A .- sanctioned Azalea Open Golf Tournament which takes place at the Cape Fear Country Club. In attracting many famous golfers, the tournament also attracts numerous fans. For the very young and for many older citizens as well, the most exciting event of all comes with the lighting of the Wilmington municipal Christmas tree. Located at Hilton, on the northern edge of the city, the tree is a living oak of mammoth proportions and is widely known as the largest Christmas tree in the world. Its myriad and colorful lights burn throughout the Christmas season and shed a glow of good cheer over the entire community.
Visitors have long been drawn from near and far to enjoy New Hanover County and especially its beaches. Some come as individuals or in family groups. Others come as members of organizations meeting in convention. Whatever their purpose, every effort is made to receive them in comfort. The county now has almost 2,000 rooms for the accommodation of visitors, in establishments ranging from the small and simple to the large and luxurious. The continuing appeal is reflected in the ever increasing volume of tourist dollars that is coming into the county. This growth, however, is only one evidence of the fact that New Hanover is a county that is glowing with progress and prosperity. The same evidence gives promise of a future that will be even brighter.
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REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING
Barrett, John G. The Civil War in North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963.
Cochran, Hamilton. Blockade-Runners of the Confederacy. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1958.
Evans, W. McKee. Ballots and Fence Rails: Reconstruction on the Lower Cape Fear. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966.
Howell, Andrew J. The Book of Wilmington. N.p .: n.p., 1930.
Lee, Lawrence. The Lower Cape Fear in Colonial Days. Chapel Hill: Uni- versity of North Carolina Press, 1965.
Lefler, Hugh Talmage, and Albert Ray Newsome. North Carolina: The History of a Southern State. Revised edition. University of North Carolina Press, 1963.
McKoy, Elizabeth Francenia. Early Wilmington Block by Block From 1733 On. Wilmington: Privately printed, 1967.
McKoy, Henry B. Wilmington, N. C .- Do You Remember When? Green- ville, S.C .: Privately printed [Keys Printing Company], 1957.
MacMillan, Emma Woodward. A Goodly Heritage. Wilmington: Wilming- ton Printing Company, 1961.
Moore, Louis T. Stories Old and New of the Cape Fear Region. Wilmington : Privately printed, 1956.
Pictorial and Historical New Hanover County and Wilmington, North Carolina, 1823-1938. Compiled and edited by William Lord DeRosset. Wilmington: Privately printed by the editor, 1938.
Ross, Malcolm. The Cape Fear River. Rivers of America Series. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965.
Sprunt, James. Chronicles of the Cape Fear River, 1660-1916. Second edition. Raleigh: Edwards and Broughton Printing Co., 1916.
Waddell, Alfred Moore. A History of New Hanover County and the Lower Cape Fear Region, 1723-1800. Wilmington: Privately printed, 1909.
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STATE LIBRARY OF NORTH CAROLINA 3 3091 00589 9752
Date Due
APR 26 1996
JUL 7 1997
NOV 1 2 1997
OCT O. 6
20101
BRODART. INC.
Cat. No. 23 233
Printed in U.S.A
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