History of Gage County, Nebraska; a narrative of the past, with special emphasis upon the pioneer period of the county's history, its social, commercial, educational, religious, and civic development from the early days to the present time, Part 31

Author: Dobbs, Hugh Jackson, 1849-
Publication date: 1918
Publisher: Lincoln, Neb., Western Publishing and Engraving Company
Number of Pages: 1120

USA > Nebraska > Gage County > History of Gage County, Nebraska; a narrative of the past, with special emphasis upon the pioneer period of the county's history, its social, commercial, educational, religious, and civic development from the early days to the present time > Part 31

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prevalent. With superb courage, they have successfully re-established themselves in a profitable farm-loaning business known as the Farmers Trust Company, but more important than all, through all reverses of fortune, they have retained the confidence and esteem of a community to whose material, social and re- ligious development they have so largely con- tributed.

The reader has now witnessed the begin- ing of the banking business in the city of Bea- trice and followed the history of its two pioneer banks to the present moment. It may be of interest, at least to those who come after us, to know that these two institutions are to- day stronger, more powerful and better than ever before. Since the death of Daniel W. Cook, in 1916, Wallace Robertson has been president of the Beatrice National Bank; R. J. Kilpatrick, vice-president ; Daniel W. Cook, Jr., cashier; J. H. Doll, assistant cashier. Frederick H. Howey is president of the First National Bank; M. V. Nichols, first vice- president ; William C. Black, second vice- president ; R. B. Clemens, cashier; H. A. Reeves, assistant cashier. With its other activi- ties the First National Bank, in 1909, organ- nized and is successfully carrying on a savings bank, under the name of First State Savings Bank of Beatrice, Nebraska.

Numerous other banking ventures have been made in the city, some achieving a great suc- cess, some a dismal failure. One that in the early '80s promised to reach a position of great usefulness was The People's Bank, or- ganized by John Ellis (a former county treas- urer of Gage county), Horace L. Ewing, War- ren Cole, Lafayette P. Brown, C. W. Collins and others, in 1882. Within a year after its organization Mr. Collins removed to Hebron. where he became the principal owner and president of the First National Bank of that city, an institution which he conducted to great prosperity. After the retirement of Mr. Col- lins, Ellis and his associates erected a splen- did four-story, stone building at the corner of Fourth and Court streets, now the property of Milburn & Scott Company, and reorgan- ized the bank into the Nebraska National

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17171317134

BEATRICE NATIONAL BANK

BANK

HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

BEATRICE NATIONAL BANK BUILDING

---

Sealrice National Bank

Beatrice State Bank>

Union State Bank

The Nebraska State Bank.

First National Bank

HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

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Beatrice Steel Tank Mfg. Co

THE BEATRICE IRON WOR IS INE WWW. MACHINE SHOP. ~.

Beatrice Iron Works

HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

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HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

Bank, with Ellis as president, Cole, vice-presi- dent, and Ewing, cashier. But the terrible financial panic of 1893-1896 found the bank unable to withstand the demands upon it, and it went down in a maelstrom of ruin. Its affairs were wound up by E. R. Fogg, the re- ceiver, who paid about fifty per cent of the indebtedness.

In 1881 William A. Wolfe founded the Ger- man National Bank. Associated with him were George Arthur Murphy, Andrew W. Nickell, Dwight Coit and the W. H. Thrift es- tate; capital $100,000. Wolfe was chosen president ; Nickell, vice-president ; and Coit, cashier. After nearly a quarter of a century of successful business this bank liquidated in 1912, sold its building at No. 411 Court street to the Union Savings Bank, and retired from business. In 1913, Mr. Wolfe, with Dwight Coit, Hugo Ahlquist and others, organized the Nebraska State Bank, with Wolfe, president, and Coit, cashier ; capital $50,000.

Another hopeful banking venture was that of the American Bank of Beatrice, organized in 1888 as the American Savings Bank, but soon changed to the American Bank, capital $100,000. The officers were: Charles E. White, president; Charles L. Schell, vice- president ; John Henderson, cashier. The in- stitution occupied the banking house owned by it at No. 110 North Fifth street, and now owned and occupied by the State Savings & Loan Association. This bank also was caught in the financial storm of 1893, and closed its doors on the second day of July of that year.

About the year 1889 L. E. Walker, Thomas Yule and others organized a bank known as the Union Savings Bank of Beatrice. After a few years Mr. Walker retired and Martin V. Nichols and John H. Penner became the leading stockholders of this concern, which then became a commercial bank, under the name of Union State Bank. This bank man- aged to exist until quite a recent date, when the stock was purchased by Robin B. Nickell, who about the same time purchased the stock of the German National Bank and consoli- dated the two into a strong financial institu- tion now known as the Union State Bank, and

owned by H. C. Arnold, John Anderson and others, with Arnold, president, and Anderson, cashier ; capital $50,000.

In February, 1892, the Farmers & Mer- chants State Bank was organized with a paid- up capital of $50,000, by William P. Norcross, Milo Baker, Eugene W. Wheelock, and others, and with Norcross, president; Baker, vice- president, and Wheelock, cashier. The bank was very conservatively managed and prom- ised a long career of usefulness in the com- munity. It opened with a fine patronage and this was continued until the great financial panic of 1893-1896, when banking had be- come so hazardous a risk as to be unattractive to capital. On the 31st of December, 1896. the Farmers & Merchants Bank went into voluntary liquidation, its depositors were paid in full and the stockholders' money returned to them dollar for dollar.

In 1908 the Beatrice State Bank was or- ganized by F. E. Allen, of Auburn, Nebraska, J. T. Harden, H. H. Waite, Frank Morrison, Alpha Graf and others ; capital $50,000. This institution has had a successful career and is ably and conservatively managed. F. E. Allen is president ; J. T. Harden, vice-presi- dent, and H. H. Waite, cashier.

The city of Beatrice may be said to have been a manufacturing center of consequence from the date of its origin, in July, 1857. The old steam saw mill set up by the Townsite Company, employed in the manufacture of lumber from native timber for their imme- diate use, was supplanted in the early '60s by Fordyce Roper's water-power saw and grist mill and shingle and lath machines, all doing custom work and finally drawing trade from considerable distances. From these early days and crude beginnings to the present time Beatrice has steadily advanced until, in a trifle more than three score years from the date of her founding, she has gained first place as a manufacturing center amongst the cities of her class in Nebraska, as respects both the variety and the value of her manufactured products.

The mere enumeration of these forms an impressive and eloquent tribute to the genius

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........

THI JUHH H. -** STEEN CQ

..........

CONPANS

Jno. H. von Steen Company

HARDWARE.

MHFG. Co G.F. D. KEES . MFG. CO. M

F. D. Kees Mfg. Co

HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

Beatrice Cold Storage Co.

Swift & Co.

IF FF FF

NCC

Beatrice Creamery Co.

HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

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Looking Sou

5th St. Looking North from Grant St

5th Street Looking North

7th St. Looking North

HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

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HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

and enterprise of her citizens. The list in- as a wholesaling point. Here are located the cludes valuable agricultural implements, wind great Sonderegger Nurseries & Seed House, the Pease Grain & Seed Company, the E. S. Stevens wholesale grocery, and the Blue Val- ley Mercantile Company, also a wholesale grocery house. mills, gasoline engines, pumps, machinery for handling hay, irrigating and ditching machin- ery, well-drilling devices, galvanized steel tanks, burial vaults, portable corn cribs and granaries, woven-wire fencing, wire and slat fencing, cigars, ice cream, butter, tombstones and monuments, electricity, flour, meal and other cereal products, cement building blocks, bricks and tiling, blank books, corn-husking pegs and other hardware specialties, shirts, and many other articles of daily use and con- sumption.

The figures are not at hand to show the value of the manufactured products of the city as a whole; but since the great Dempster Mill Manufacturing Company stands at the head of the manufacturing industries of the city, perhaps of the state, some idea may be gained of the value of its products from the fact that it has a present capital and surplus of more than one and one-fourth million dol- lars, that it has over five hundred employes, exclusive of its Memphis plant, and an annual pay roll of over half a million dollars.

Several of the other factories of the city make a creditable and an impressive showing. Some of the more important concerns are the Beatrice Steel Tank Manufacturing Com- pany, Beatrice Iron Works, the John H. von Steen Company and the F. D. Kees Manufac- turing Company.

In addition to its manufacturing concerns Beatrice has several allied institutions. These are the Lang Canning & Preserving Com- pany, the Beatrice Cold Storage Company, Swift & Company's poultry house, and the Beatrice Creamery Company.

The limitations of this work make a fur- ther enumeration or description of the manu- facturing interests of the city inexpedient. It is sufficient to say here that as a manufactur- ing and distributing center Beatrice has ac- quired a prestige and a momentum that as- sure her future growth and prosperity.

Not only has the city acquired reputation as a manufacturing center but in recent years she has also set the pace for her competitors

Beatrice has latterly come to occupy an en- viable position as a retailing center. Her mer- chants are enterprising and accommodating, their stocks large and varied, and trade is at- tracted to the city from long distances. With her attractive business houses and her mag- nificent system of street lighting, Beatrice cer- tainly in its business district approaches the "City Beautiful."

But however attractive the business portion of the city, visitors never tire of traversing the residence districts, where there are found some of the most beautiful homes in the west. The extensive paving of the streets in recent years has greatly added to the charm of Beatrice as a residence city, and latterly attention has been given to architectural form and beauty in the erection of private resi- dences. With the constant increase of wealth, the advancing years will witness a continual accession of artistic dwellings.

Both time and space forbid extended notice of the secret societies and benevolent orders. As it has been the aim of the author to avoid anything like a directory feature in this work, it must suffice here to say that almost all the societies and different orders found in the west are represented in Beatrice. He feels constrained, however, to give place here to an organization which all delight to honor and which is not a secret society nor is it to be classed with the benevolent orders. It is a list of the living members of Rawlins Post, No. 35, Department of Nebraska, Grand Army of the Republic, which was chartered in 1880, dropped in 1881, reorganized and chartered December 27, 1882.

Avey, Samuel, Co. A, 10th Ohio Cav. Armstrong, Thomas, Co. I, 39th Ill. Inft. Armstrong, R., Co. F, 180th Ohio.

Arnett, Jeff (colored), Co. F, 125th U. S. Inft. (colored).

Bull, Stephen, Co. C, 186th N. Y. Inft.

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Court St.Looking West from 6 TH

Court St. Looking West from 5TH

Court St. of Night

Sixth St. Looking North from Court

HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

Peter Jansen

S. D Kilpatrick

.R. J. Kilpatrick

W HL Kilpatrick

HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

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Brother, Ferd, Surgeon 8th Mo. State Mil- itia Vol.

Bress, S. W., Co. F, 18th Iowa Inft.

Black, W. H. H., Co. I, 42d Ind.

Brewster, A., Co. L, 15th N. Y. Engineer Brigade.

Brock, C. A., Co. F, 34th Ill. Inft.

Bell, William, Co. C, 1st Tenn. Inft.

Bevins, S., 1st Ohio Heavy Art.

Buck, George, Jr., Co. H, 2d Vt. Inft. Brewster, A. W., Co. E, 128th Ind. Inft.

Calkins, D. K., Co. E, 34th Ill. Inft.

Craig, J. R., Co. B, 10th Ill. Inft.

Calland, H. S., Co. D, 92d Ohio.

Carmichael, John, Co. H, 46th Ill. Inft.

Carter, Frank, Co. A, 102d U. S. Vol. (col- ored).

Crangle, W. F., Co. A, 42d Ill. Inft.

Colby, L. W., Co. B, 8th Ill. Inft.

Coulter, R., Co. I, 104th Ohio.

Cousins, James, Co. G, 2d Iowa Inft. Died Feb. 23, 1917.

Confer, Daniel, Co. A, 34th Ind.

Claypool, J. W., Co. K, 143d Ill.

Davis, Samuel, Co. B, 8th Ill. Cav.

Dunn, Payson, Co. F, 37th Wis. Inft. Decker, George, Co. E, 2d Conn. Davis, George W., Co. A, 16th Kan. Cav. Evans, G. D., Co. B, Wis. Inft. Forbes, J. A., Co. F, 42d I11. Inft.

Fletcher, J. C., Co. I, 3d Iowa Cav. Fielder, William, Co. I, 72d Ill. Inft. Frederick. John, Co. F, 82d Ill. Inft. Gilmore, R. G., Co. D, 83d Penn. Gray, L. D., Co. I, 13th Iowa Inft.

Geddes, Charles, Co. I, 16th Iowa Inft.

Gardner, R. E., Co. K, 3d Iowa Cav.

Glazier, N. Newton, Co. G, 11th Vt. Vol. (Lost left arm.)

Hemphill, R. C., Co. F, 13th Penn. Cav. Died Jan. 24, 1918.

Hutchins, T. E., Co. H, 20th Ind. Inft.

Hartwell, R. B., Co. G, 28th Iowa.

Jackson, J. W., Co. G, 124th Ill. Inft.

Kimmerly, D. J., Co. A, 13th N. Y. Died Jan. 19, 1918.

LaSelle, H. A., Co. D, 114th N. Y. Inft.

Lash, S. P., Co. H, 87th Ind. Inft.

Lilly, W. S., Co. H, 19th Mich. Inft.

Miller, S. T., Co. A, 34th Ill. Inft. Mayborn, Thomas, Co. A, 14th N. Y. Meeker, George, Co. G, 5th Iowa Inft. Munson, Z., Co. H, 3d Mich. Cav.

McCrea, Ed., Co. C, 10th Mo. Cav. Died Nov. 10, 1917.

McCollery, Orvin, Co. C, 28th Mo. Died Jan. 19, 1916.

McKinney, William, Co. H, 27th Iowa.

Olsen, Iver A., Co. A, 88th Ill. Inft.

Pease, G. L., Co. F, 28th Conn. Inft.

Pfefferman, S., Co. B, 129th Ill. Inft.

Pagles, John, Co. K, 65th Ill.

Pape, Abraham, Co. F, 92d Ill. Inft.

Rice, Dr. A. T., Co. B, 91st Ind.

Randell, C. W., Co. I, 13th N. H.

Ramsey, J. H., Co. I, 3d Iowa Cav.

Reedy, A. J., Co. H, 1st Mo. Cav.

Roller, J. T., Co. D, 110th Penn. Inft. Died March 18, 1917.

Sterne, W. W., Co. K, W. Va. Cav.

Shafner, J. F., Co. B, 2d Minn. Cav.

Shottenkirk, W., Co. C, 113th Ill.

Sample, A., Co. C, 8th Iowa Cav.

Shaw, John, Co. K, 99th Ind.

Spiker, T. L., Co. G, 118th Ill. Inft.

Salts, Peter, Co. G, 76th Ohio Inft.

Smith, Charles A., Co. C, 17th Mich. Inft.

Smith, Edward, Musician 20th I11. Inft.

Seymour, S. A., Co. E, 189th N. Y. Inft. Thomas, Hiram, Co. D, 4th Ill. Cav.

Taylor, W. M., Co. A, 22d Pa. Cav.

Tucker, Robert, Co. H, 19th Mich. Inft.

Wilson, Charles, Co. F, 26th Ill. Inft. Died July 8, 1917.

Webb, John, Co. I, 118th Ill. Inft.

Walker, W. H., Co. E, 93d I11. Inft.

Weston, William, Co. B, 161st Ohio Inft.

On the first day of July, 1868, there oc- curred in the little village of Beatrice an event of unusual significance. It was the appear- ance of the Blue Valley Record, the first news- paper published in Gage county. The pro- prietors of this paper were Joseph R. Nelson and Nathaniel Howard. It was a sorry little affair, judged by any standard of newspaper excellence, yet it is doubtful if any newspaper was ever more joyfully welcomed by any

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HISTORY OF GAGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA

community. Mr. Nelson, in writing of this venture years afterward, says :

There were, I think, not a thousand people in the county, and not half of them in Beatrice.

Nat Howard and I were talking of the ad- vantage to be gained by having a newspaper published in Beatrice, and as I had some money and Nat the brains, we concluded to go into the newspaper business. When a boy I had played often in the office of the Pough- keepsie (N. Y.) Telegraph, thereby gaining the only real knowledge we had with which to start our paper.

We took a sheet of wrapping paper and marked out places for ads ; then we went out to find thein. We found everyone interested. All subscribed and some took several copies to send to friends east. Nat went to Nebraska City and I to Brownville, and each got a few more ads. We then sent to the Adams Press Company, of New York, for a press, and on May 27, 1868, they shipped us our little press (called now Armny press), which arrived in Nebraska City sometime in June.

We hurried to the city to get it, as well as the other materials, which we had bought of Tom Morton, who owned and ran the Nebras- ka City News, Sterling Morton being the edi- tor. As we did not know the boxes, and being in a hurry, we concluded to have the cases with paper between them, and loaded them into our wagon (wagons then being the only means of transportation between Nebraska City and Beatrice) and started for home.

When we arrived in Beatrice we found our type somewhat mixed, and it took us several days to sort it out. The only way we knew the boxes was by the ones that had the most of one kind in. We worked early and late, copied from Nebraska City and Brownville. papers, and when we got stuck we slipped out of town to see Tom Morton, who kindly helped us, and finally we launched our first paper on the waves, and were more proud of it than a father of his first-born.

We expected encouragement from the papers, and the Nebraska City News and Press and Brownville Advocate gave us a good "send-off," but the galoot that ran the Marysville Locomotive said our paper looked as though it had been set up by a coal-heaver. That made us mad and I wanted him thrashed, for I had set it up myself, with the help of Nat Baker, a young boy, and thought I had done it extra well, but in after years concluded he was more than half right.

We printed one page at a time and had to pull type from one ad. to fix up others and

sometimes made a mixed-up mess of it. We sent Warren Chesney to Nebraska City to col- lect, and he told us that when he presented the bill to one man he ordered him out, with a promised thrashing, - said he did not order that ad., and another thing he would not pay for one with another man's name to it. We looked over the paper and found the wooden reglet had slipped, and in putting it back we had got it in the wrong place. Warren said that when we wanted any more bills collected we could do it ourselves.

We sent Silas Harrington to Meridian to collect from a man who ran a saw mill, and told him to take it out in lumber. We did not see him for several weeks after his return, till meeting him one day and asking him where the lumber was, he pointed to his new house, and said, "There it is," and there it was, nailed fast.

We had many such trials and tribulations, with plenty of hard work, for nine months, when we sold a half interest to Mr. Hogshead. We next sold out to Theodore Coleman, and thus ended my newspaper experience.

Upon the sale of the half-interest in the Blue Valley Record to J. M. Hogshead, the name of the paper was changed to the Be- atrice Clarion, the first number of which ap- peared Saturday, May 8, 1869, with the motto "Hew to the line, let the chips fall where they may." The publishers' names were given as J. M. Hogshead & Company, and the company consisted of J. M. Hogshead, Joseph R. Nel- son, Nathaniel Howard, and Captain William H. Ashby. Of these owners all but Nelson had seen service in the Confederate army, but Howard, Hogshead, and Ashby were all fine- looking, courtly gentleman, and were a wel- come addition to the social and business in- terests of Beatrice. The biography and por- trait of Joseph R. Nelson appear in Chapter XVII of this volume, entitled "A Roll of Honor."

Theodore Coleman, who in 1870 purchased the Beatrice Clarion, gives for this history the following narrative of his newspaper ex- perience in Beatrice :

"After having, at the age of twenty years, broken into the newspaper game in northern Wisconsin and carried on the same for sev- eral years with a measure of success that stopped short, to be sure, of illuminating the

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northwestern horizon with its glow, I heeded a suggestion conveyed by a letter from Joe Nelson (pardon the colloquialism touching Mr. Nelson's name), and went to Beatrice for an inspection of journalistic conditions there. My entry into Gage county was not exactly of a triumphant character, since I had to tarry three days in Iowa before the running ice in the Missouri river would allow the primitive ferry to operate across to Nebraska City ; and upon finally arriving in that metropolis, it was

THEODORE COLEMAN Founder of the Beatrice Express

found that transportation to Beatrice was lim- ited to a loaded farmer's wagon, returning to his home ten miles north of my objective point. However, the walking was good and no difficulty was found in negotiating the ten miles.

"This was in 1870. The Gage County Clar- ion was the one newspaper of Beatrice at the time, - published weekly and carrying on its title page the rather startling motto (for a clarion) "Hew to the Line, Let the Chips Fall Where they May." The ownership of the Clarion was divided among several embryonic

Greeleys and Danas and Hearsts and North- cliffes, including my friend Nelson, Mr. John Hogshead and Mr. Nathaniel Howard. Whether Captain Ashby was of the syndicate I do not know, but he had had some connection with newspaperdom in Beatrice, as I remem- ber. I suspect there was a holding concern back of these gentlemen, for when it came to negotiations for the purchase of the Clarion the proposed payment of something like five hundred dollars for it on my part caused such a flurry in newspaper financial circles that fre- quent consultations with an unknown party to the deal seemed necessary.

"However, it went through and I acquired the property and with it the services of Mr. Hogshead, the only printer of the dissolved corporation. Changing the title of the paper to the Beatrice Express did not wound the feelings of the retiring proprietors, and this was done. At that time the home of the paper was the stone building on Market street near Fourth, where the newly christened Express was published until removal to the classic precincts of the old frame school-building then standing on Fifth street, north of Court. There we remained until the transfer to the second story of a business building on Court street.

"Certain primitive conditions obtained in Nebraska in the early '70s that somewhat hampered the production of high-class jour- nalistic work. In the first place, mechanical facilities were so limited that in the necessary task of casting inking-rollers for our four-page forms I was on more than one occasion obliged to make a stage trip to Brownville for glue. The Clarion did not boast a job press among its assets, but its fonts of type included a few that could be used in setting up simple handbills and the like, to be worked off on the same hand-lever press from which the paper was issued in weekly installments to a waiting constituency of some three hundred or more. I soon added a rotary job-press and concomi- tants, and its manipulation was put into the hands of a young southerner named Bailey, who, as I recall, was an old friend of Messrs. Howard and Hogshead. The former seemed

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to be at the editorial helm of the Clarion (if the mixed metaphor may be used), with Mr. Hogshead as chief officer. John was a good printer, but it pains me to have to acknowledge that the sole etfusion of his pen that sticks in my memory in connection with the last days of the Clarion was to the effect that a darky exclaimed as he fled from an angry bull : 'Millions for de fence.'

"It may be said without egotism that the Express grew apace with the growth of Be- atrice, and that it was always generously sup- ported by the people who constituted the rap- idly developing community. Of these there remain with me after the elapsed half-century no memories that are not pleasant to dwell upon. Among them, I visualize now (using the familiar vernacular of that early period), Pap Towle, J. B. Weston, John and Sam Smith, Lige Filley, Judge Parker, Joe Saun- ders, Gil Loomis, Dan Freeman, Uncle Jimmy Boyd, Volney Whitmore, Jack Pethoud, Charley and Carl Emery, Joe McDowell, Nate Blakely, N. K. Griggs, Joe Fletcher, Colonel and Captain Presson, Oliver Townsend, Dr. Reynolds, George Hurlburt, Thacker, Dan and Alvin Marsh, Pemberton, Willard, George and Charley Dorsey, Ford Roper, Dean, Davis, et al. If Tom Shubert had been able to read and if "Old Man Chrisman" could have re- mained sober long enough to have achieved the same accomplishment, it is certain they would have been among the readers of the Express.

"Mentor A. Brown came into the office in 1873, I think, first as a most competent printer, and later as one of my successors in the pro- prietorship of the paper. His successful ca- reer as a newspaper man for these many years is generally known to Beatrice people. It is a matter of no little personal satisfaction that during all these forty and more years, his paper - first the Express and then the Kear- ney Hub - has reached my home each publica- tion day, with his compliments. Another early employe on the Express now lives and thrives as a master printer in Los Angeles, ten miles from my own residence - John Burke. Anent John, let this digression, if you will, creep into

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History of Gage County, Nebraska; a narrative of the past, with special emphasis upon the pioneer period of the county's history, its social, commercial, educational, religious, and civic development from the early days to the present time, Part 31

Author: Dobbs, Hugh Jackson, 1849- Publication date: 1918 Publisher: Lincoln, Neb., Western Publishing and Engraving Company Number of Pages: 1120

Author: Dobbs, Hugh Jackson, 1849-
Publication date: 1918
Publisher: Lincoln, Neb., Western Publishing and Engraving Company
Number of Pages: 1120