USA > Nebraska > Douglas County > Omaha > Omaha: the Gate city, and Douglas County, Nebraska, a record of settlement, organization, progress and achievement, Volume I > Part 23
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Governor Black was soon notified of what had taken place, and, fearing the Indians would attempt to avenge the death of their warriors, organized a force to assume the offensive by following the Pawnees and punishing them for their depredations. Most of those who participated in this great military movement have long since passed over to the silent majority, but when one reads of their elaborate preparations, if he has any sense of humor, he can hardly repress a smile. It it doubtful if Napoleon ever displayed more of the "pomp and cir- cumstance" of war in planning his campaigns. Governor Black, with half a dozen of his staff officers, repaired to the rendezvous on Maple Creek, near Fontenelle, and General John M. Thayer, who was selected to command the expedition, was plentifully supplied with orderlies, aides-de-camp, etc. Lieuten- ant Beverly H. Robertson came in with a small detachment of United States
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Dragoons and was immediately promoted to lieutenant-colonel. John McConihie, R. E. Bowie, A. S. Paddock, Samuel A. Lowe, Witt Black, Charles D. Wool- worth and Robert H. Howard, all of Omaha, served on General Thayer's staff.
The battalion was organized by the selection of William A. West as colonel; Beverly H. Robertson, lieutenant-colonel; Peter Reed, major; Samuel R. Curtis (afterward a major-general in the Civil war), inspector; Experience Estabrook, adjutant ; W. T. Clarke, quartermaster; A. U. Wyman, commissary ; Henry Page, wagonmaster; Doctors J. P. Peck and William McClelland, surgeons. The battalion was composed of the following companies :
I. The Omaha Gun Squad (with one brass six-pounder), of which James H. Ford was captain; E. G. McNeeley, first lieutenant; William Searight, sergeant.
2. The First Dragoons, with George F. Kennedy as captain; J. C. Reeves, first lieutenant; C. A. Henry, second lieutenant ; John S. Bowen, sergeant.
3. The Second Dragoons, R. W. Hazen, captain; William West, first lieuten- ant; H. C. Campbell, second lieutenant ; Abram McNeil, sergeant.
4. The Fontenelle Mounted Rifles, William Kline (the veteran of the "Cat- fish war"), captain; James A. Bell, first lieutenant; William S. Flack, second lieutenant; John H. Francis, sergeant.
It is said the Fontenelle Mounted Rifles were so called because the members of the company rode in wagons and were armed with shot guns and old army muskets, and a member of the expedition, in telling about it some years afterward, remarked: "Mixed up among this array of shoulder straps were a few privates."
Early in July the little army broke camp on Maple Creek and moved up the Elkhorn River. Near the mouth of a small stream (since called Battle Creek), which flows into the Elkhorn from the west, the scouts came upon the Indian encampment and reported. The Indians fled, closely pursued by the white men, and after a chase of some two miles were overtaken. A parley was then held, which resulted in six young braves being surrendered by the chiefs as the ones who had committed the outrages, and the chiefs also agreed that the expenses of the expedition should be paid out of certain funds due the Pawnee Tribe from the United States Government. On the way back to Omaha all but one of the prisoners escaped and that one was released after a short confinement in the Douglas County Jail. The United States authorities refused to recognize the agreement made with the chiefs regarding the payment of the expedition's expenses, and those who enlisted, as well as those who furnished horses, wagons and supplies, were doomed to disappointment.
Some time after the expedition, Experience Estabrook, who served as adju- tant, wrote the following verses commemorative of the event. These verses have been published before, but they are too good to be lost and are here reproduced.
THE PAWNEE CAMPAIGN
" Ye warriors from battle fields gory, Come listen a moment to me, While I sing of deeds full of glory In the war with the bloody Pawnee.
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" Beneath our commander's broad pennant, We marshaled our forces in line, And took Uncle Samuel's lieutenant, And made him a colonel so fine.
" The picked men, the wise, the respected, The flower of the country, were there ; From these with great care was selected The staff of the brave General Thayer.
" Their merits were tested severely- They were men from whom foes never ran- But, to give you my meaning more clearly, I will say 'the subscriber was one.'
" We had great men, but some didn't know it- Men of mark with the sword and the pen- The statesman, the scholar, the poet, And candidates-say about ten.
" Were we pained with a bruise, or a felon, The belly-ache, or a stiff neck, We had only to call on McClelland, Or our own faithful surgeon, Doc. Peck.
" There are many of water suspicious, Especially if it be cool, Let such quaff a potion delicious, Like us, from the green mantled pool.
"'Midst the slime where the buffalo wallows, Let him stoop, the potion to draw, And reflect, as the foul draught he swallows, On the julep, the ice and the straw.
" At meals, 'mid confusion and clatter, When halting at night, or at noon, Some five of us ate from one platter, And ten of us licked at one spoon.
" Our eyelids were strangers to slumber. We heeded not hunger or pain, While we followed them, days without number, Over sand-hill, and valley, and plain.
" No false one his treason was showing, No timid one wished to turn back, While along the dark trail we were going, We watched for the moccasin track.
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" At length, far away in the valley, The light of their camp-fires appeared, And the bugle notes, bidding us rally, With joyful emotions were heard.
" Pat, on a peck of petaties, Like Diedrich, on cabbage or kraut, So we, on those dangerous traitors Descended and put them to rout.
" Like rats, from a ship's conflagration, Like fleas, from a well littcred stye, So scattered the whole Pawnee nation At the sound of our rallying cry.
" And now, when the wars are all over, And peace and security reign, Let us bring forth the big bellied bottle And drink to the Pawnee Campaign."
Although the people now can regard the Pawnee war as a joke, and laugh with Judge Estabrook at some of its ludicrous features, it was no laughing matter in 1859, when the scattering settlements of Nebraska were surrounded by Indians. many of whom were incensed at what they regarded as the white man's encroach- ment upon their hunting grounds. The expedition had a salutary effect upon the Indians, as it taught them that the settlers would band themselves together for protection and defense, and after 1859 there were but few depredations com- mitted by the Pawnee tribe.
WAR OF 1861-65
The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854 was one of the principal causes that led to the organization of the republican party, which opposed the extension of slavery beyond the territory where it already existed. In 1860 the new party nominated Abraham Lincoln for President and during the campaign of that year some of the slave states announced their intention of withdrawing from the Union in the event of Mr. Lincoln's election. The people of the North regarded these declarations as idle threats, made solely for political effect. Through a division in the democratic party, Mr. Lincoln was elected and 011 December 20, 1860, a convention of delegates, chosen for the purpose, met at Charleston, South Carolina, and passed an ordinance of secession, in which it was declared that all allegiance on the part of that state to the Government of the United States was at an end. Thus South Carolina made good her threat to withdraw from the Union in case of a republican victory. Mississippi's state convention passed a similar ordinance on January 9, 1861; Florida seceded the next day ; Alabama, January 11th; Georgia, January 19th; Louisiana, January 26th, and Texas, February Ist. On February 4, 1861, delegates from six of these states (Texas was not represented) met at Montgomery Ala., adopted
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a tentative constitution, elected Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, provisional president, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, provisional vice president of the "Confederate States of America." Davis and Stephens were inaugurated on February 22, 1861, the anniversary of the birth of George Washington.
As a result of this action on the part of the Southern States, when Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, he found seven states, with an organized government, in open opposition to his administration. Yet, despite this serious condition of affairs, the President, his immediate advisers, and the people of the North generally, entertained the hope that the situation could be met without an open rupture between two sections of a country that had been at peace for three quarters of a century, and that the people of the seceded states could be per- suaded to return to their allegiance. Vain hope! Instead of the recusant states returning to their allegiance, four others-Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia-seceded and a hard struggle was required to keep the border states of Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri in the Union. The loyal people of Western Virginia refused to secede and organized a new state, now known as West Virginia.
About the beginning of the year 1861, Maj. Robert Anderson, then in com- mand of the harbor defenses at Charleston, S. C., decided to remove his garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, the latter place offering better opportunities for defense. The change was made secretly, after which the guns at Fort Moultrie were spiked, rendering them unfit for service. The secessionists claimed that Anderson's action was a violation of an agreement made with President Buchanan, who was still in office. On the other hand, the people of the North approved Anderson's conduct and the northern press was almost unanimous in demanding that supplies and reinforcements be sent to him at Fort Sumter. Deeming it unwise to ignore this demand, and thus invoke further criticism from the loyal North, Buchanan sent the steamer Star of the West, with 250 men and a stock of provisions, munitions of war, etc., to Fort Sumter. On January 9, 1861, the vessel was fired upon by a masked battery on Morris Island and forced to turn back. In the official records this incident is regarded as the beginning of the Civil war, but the popular awakening did not come until some three months later.
Early in April, 1861, General Beauregard, who was in command of the Con- federate forces at Charleston, opened negotiations with Major Anderson looking to the evacuation of the fort. Anderson's provisions were about exhausted and on April IIth he advised Beauregard that the fort would be vacated on the 15th, unless he received positive orders from the war department to remain and the needed supplies were sent to the garrison. This reply was not satisfactory to the Confederate commander, who feared that Anderson might be reinforced before that time. At 3:20 A. M. on Friday, April 12, 1861, he sent word to Anderson that fire would be opened on the fort within an hour. At 4:30 Capt. George Janes, in command of a battery at Fort Johnson, fired the signal gun, the shell bursting almost directly over Fort Sumter. A few minutes later a solid shot from a battery on Cummings Point went crashing against the walls of the fort. The war had begun.
The little garrison returned the fire and throughout the day the cannonading continued. Fire broke out in one of the casemates of the fort and the Confed-
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erates, seeing this, increased their fire, hoping to force a surrender. Anderson held out against desperate odds until Sunday morning, April 14th, when he was permitted to evacuate the fort with all the honors of war, even saluting his flag with fifty guns before hauling it down.
When the telegraph flashed the news of Sumter's fall through the North, all hope of conciliation was abandoned. Political differences of the past were for- gotten in the insult to the flag. Governors of loyal states sent assurances to the President and tendered troops to suppress the rebellion. On Monday, April 15, 1861, President Lincoln issued his proclamation calling for 75,000 militia and appealing to "all loyal citizens for state aid in this effort to maintain the laws, integrity, national union, perpetuity of popular government, and to redress wrongs long enough endured."
SENTIMENT IN NEBRASKA
Although Nebraska was only a territory and far removed from the seat of the trouble, the people were undivided in the sentiment that "The Union must and shall be preserved." Soon after the fall of Fort Sumter rumors became current in Omaha that the city was to be invaded by the secessionists of Missouri. These rumors occasioned some excitement, but about that time Colonel Miles came down from Fort Kearney with Companies E and F of his regiment-the Second United States Infantry-to await transportation down the river. The Omaha Telegraph, edited by Maj. Henry Z. Curtis, son of Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, said in its issue of April 25, 1861 :
"As the Omalla is almost hourly expected the two companies now here will probably join the four expected from Fort Randall, and it is hardly to be sup- posed that six full companies, well drilled and equipped, commanded by a brave and gallant officer, will allow themselves to be trifled with, or their orders go unfulfilled, in their own land by a parcel of rebellious rowdies of no patriotism and less judgment. We had the pleasure of meeting Colonel Miles, now in com- mand of the two companies here, and who will be by seniority of rank in command of the united six; and from his personal qualities and past history we would caution the people of St. Joseph against meddling with him or his men. Consider- able excitement prevails in the city to learn what has been really the fate of the Omaha, and what is to happen at St. Joseph to the troops on their way down the river. It is reported that the St. Joseph people will endeavor by mob violence to prevent the soldiers from obeying their orders and from garrisoning Fort Leavenworth, upon which point, we take it, the Missourians have an eye for plunder. We believe that the people of St. Joseph will not prove such desperate fools as to attempt so hazardous an undertaking, for we feel sure that mob violence, opposed to the drill of the regulars, must in any case result greatly to the damage of the former, and would be but amusement for the latter."
Colonel Miles and his command embarked on the steamer West Wind on April 28, 1861, but, in order to avoid any trouble at St. Joseph, the troops were disembarked at Forest City, Kan., and marched across the point, taking pas- sage on the boat again at Palermo. The steamer Omaha passed down on May 3, 1861. carrying the heavy equipage of three companies of the Fourth Artillery
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from Fort Randall, but the men were marched across the country to Eddyville, Iowa, at that time the terminus of the railroad.
The troops called for by the President's proclamation of April 15, 1861, were to be made up of militia and mustered in for three months. As Nebraska at that time had no organized militia, no volunteers were furnished under this call. Early in May President Lincoln issued another proclamation, calling for troops for three years' service, and on May 18, 1861, Governor Alvin Saunders issued the following :
PROCLAMATION
"Whereas, The President of the United States has issued his proclamation, calling into the service of the United States an additional force of infantry and cavalry to serve for a period of three years, unless sooner discharged, and the Secretary of War having assigned one regiment to the Territory of Nebraska, now therefore I, Alvin Saunders, Governor of the Territory of Nebraska, do issue this proclamation and hereby call upon the militia of the territory im- mediately to form in the different counties volunteer companies, with a view of entering the service of the United States under the aforesaid call. Com- panies, when formed, will proceed to elect a captain and two lieutenants. The number of men required to each company will be made known as soon as the instructions are received from the war department, but it is supposed now that it will not be less than seventy-eight men. As soon as a company is formed and has elected its officers, the captain will report the same to the adjutant-general's office.
"Efforts are being made to trample the Stars and Stripes, the emblem of our liberties, in the dust. Traitors are in the land, busily engaged in trying to over- throw the Government of the United States, and information has been received that these same traitors are endeavoring to incite an invasion of our frontier by a savage foe. In view of these facts I invoke the aid of every lover of his country and his home to come promptly forward to sustain and protect the same."
FIRST NEBRASKA INFANTRY
The work of recruiting was commenced at once and during the months of June and July, 1861, the First Nebraska Infantry was mustered into the United States service, with the following officers: John M. Thayer, colonel; Hiram P. Downs, lieutenant-colonel; William D. McCord, major; Silas A. Strick- land, adjutant ; John Gillespie, commissary; Enos Lowe, surgeon; William McClelland, assistant surgeon; Thomas W. Tipton, chaplain. Several changes were made in the field and staff officers, during the term of service. Colonel Thayer was promoted to brigadier-general on October 4, 1862, and was suc- ceeded by Robert R. Livingston. Lieutenant-Colonel Downs resigned in De- cember, 1861, and Major McCord was promoted to the vacancy. He resigned in April, 1862, when Captain Livingston, of Company A, was made major, afterward becoming colonel of the regiment. Doctor Lowe was transferred to the Curtis Horse on January 5, 1862, and was succeeded by Dr. James H. Sey-
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mour, who died at Helena, Ark., September 5, 1862, when Doctor McClel- land became regimental surgeon. Other promotions are noted on the muster rolls of the various companies.
Regimental Band-All the members of the band except one ( Benjamin Hem- ple, of Plattsmouth), were from Omaha, viz: Joseph Brown (leader), William Achter, Fred Bimmerman, Fred Boehm, Francis Brown, Emil Burmeister, Gustavus Eberdt, Andreas Frank, Ferdinand Rendelman, Augustus Saltzman, John Smith, Engelbert Wagner, William Wagner.
Company A-Most of this company came from about Plattsmouth. The Douglas County members were: Corporals George H. Dudley, Leonidas Rogers and James Bates; C. H. Catlin, blacksmith; Robert A. Collins, musician ; John W. Kirwin, farrier, and the following :
Privates-Edward W. Allen, William T. Billeter, Benjamin A. Brown, Will- iam R. Couch, James H. Harris, Jonas O. Johnson, Frederick Koup, Sylvanus S. Lockart, William R. Mellus, Lewis Teas.
Company B-This was a Douglas County company and at the time the regiment was organized was officered as follows: William Baumer, captain (promoted to lieutenant-colonel) ; Walter Peter, first lieutenant; Henry Koenig, second lieutenant; Ernest Bimmerman, first sergeant (promoted to first lieutenant) ; Charles Schmidt, C. N. Karstens, William Leugsfeld, sergeants; Jacob Kedenburg, Anton Althaus, Christopher Salzer, George Ram- stein, corporals (all promoted to sergeant except the last named) ; Henry Hand, wagoner.
Privates-Richard Barlow, William Battermann, Thomas Bauer, Joseph Roegle, Luke Boyce, Louis Buttron, Orin Dailey, William Ehlers, John J. Fess, Charles Friederich, Joseph Geschwind, Isaac Gillman, C. F. Goldammer, John Hansen, Philip Imhoff, John Jack, Edward Johnson, C. N. Karstens (promoted corporal), Fred Langtim, Fred Lauber, Joachim Lippold, William F. Mckinsey, John Mergen, Matthias Mergen, Henry Metting, Jacob Miller, John Miller, William Mohle, James Noonen, Henry Pfister, Christ. Retzloff, Frank Rittenhouse, John Roggensack, John Rumor, F. J. Rust, Frank Saltzman, Christian Schmidt, John Schwab, Samuel Shaw, Joseph Shipley, Charles Torrence, and Abraham Wirtz.
Company C was raised in the southeastern part of the territory, though the names of a number of Douglas County men appear upon the muster rolls. William W. Ivory served as first lieutenant after August II, 1862; John J. Mathews was a sergeant; Charles Cross was a corporal, and the following served as privates : Eli Caldwell, Jacob Canaga, Nathaniel B. Curtis, Patterson S. Martin, Smith N. Reed, Martin Ryan, Calvin L. Searl, Thomas Smith, Lewis Wallace, James C. Waugh, Albrecht Werth, Oliver Whitney, George S. Williams, Andre Wilson and Isaac V. Zook.
Company D was organized at Nebraska City and was mustered in at Omaha on June 15, 1861. Charles E. Provost, of Omaha, was mustered as second lieutenant and promoted to captain of Company B, May 1, 1862; Ellam Thomas served as corporal, and the following Douglas County men were enrolled as privates : Richard Birt, Charles E. Evans, Levi B. Folsom, Samuel M. Ford, William J. Ford, John J. Glendenning, George P. Hall, Christian Hartman, Calvin Heller, George Huff, Henry Huff (promoted corporal). John D. Joyce,
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Samuel Moran, William Schoeb, Wilson S. Shoemaker, Washington Stogden and John S. Ward.
Company E, which was mustered in at Omaha on June 18, 1861, contained quite a number of Douglas County men. At the time of muster in, William G. Hollis was captain; Sterrit M. Curran, first lieutenant (promoted captain) ; J. H. N. Patrick, second lieutenant (promoted to regimental quartermaster) ; Abijah S. Jackson (promoted second lieutenant), L. B. P. Bartholomew, George W. Reeves, Parson Sears, William O'Byrne, sergeants; Israel Harr, William T. Harvey, John H. Quinn, George F. French, Rufus P. Cady, Louis J. Boyer, William Harbin, John M. Hoey and Frank Parkinson, corporals (Harvey, Boyer, and Hoey were promoted to sergeant) ; L. P. Henry and Jared Norton, musicians; Isaae Gillman, teamster (transferred from Company B) ; Anthony Cole, blacksmith.
Privates-William Alsop, William Atkinson, Colvin P. Ball, Richard Bar- low, William L. Barnhart, James M. Bender, Luke Boyce (transferred from Company B and promoted corporal), J. F. Bremer, Alexander C. Brown, Thomas B. Carlin (promoted corporal), William Carliss, George B. Comey, Edward Crandall, John Crane, Lyman G. Crippen (promoted corporal), John D. Dailey, Orin Dailey (transferred from Company B), John Delany, James H. Derosset, Charles Donk, James Dougherty, Patrick Doyle, John Fitzgerald (promoted to quartermaster sergeant), Raymond Foster, Henry T. Fullerton, James Gosling, Lycurgus Grice, William H. Harrison, James Higgins, Thomas Jefferson, Ed- ward Johnson, George Johnson, William Johnson, Josiah Jordian, William Knoller, Fred Lauber, Richard Lindley, Josiah Logan, Owen Macenroo, William Mayberry (promoted corporal), William F. McKinsey (transferred from Com- pany B), Herman Mehrens, George H. Moore, William H. Mower (promoted corporal), John Mowry, Philip Mowry, Orris F. Odell, John O'Neil, William Osborn, Jackson B. Pierce, Joseph Rich, Frank Rittenhouse (promoted corporal), Arthur Rose, John Rose, Adam Shoemaker, Charles Smith (promoted sergeant), Orlando Smith (promoted commissary sergeant), Frank Staples, Charles H. Stewart, George W. Sweetland, Lemon Sweagar (promoted corporal), William E. Swihart, August Wadden, Firman C. Washburn (promoted corporal), Will- iam Watson, William Wickliff, Claiborne Wilkinson.
Company F, which was mustered in on June 24, 1861, consisted chiefly of men from about Clarinda, Iowa, and Plattsmouth, Neb. The Douglas County inembers of this company were as follows: William Evans (bugler), Dayton F. Fairchild, Jabez Fickling (promoted corporal), William H. Frank (pro- moted corporal), William Irvin, James Smith, Edward P. Talcott (wagoner), John Tucker, Amariah B. Wagner (promoted corporal).
Company G contained a number of men from Douglas County. It was mustered in at Omaha on the last day of June, 1861, with John McConihic, captain ; John G. Clopper, first lieutenant; Thomas J. Weatherwax, second lieutenant (promoted captain). The sergeants were: Luther M. Cook, Hance A. Morgan (promoted second lieutenant), Alexander J. Burke, Harvey W. Campbell, Michael Riley. Corporals, Mark Hanson (promoted sergeant), Wil- liam Millen (promoted sergeant), Nicholas Corrigan, Henry Erdman (pro- moted sergeant), Loraine Dutton, Daniel Murphy, George M. Gordon, George
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Larkins. Buglers, John Lennett and Leonidas Stout; musician, John W. Max- well; farrier, John Hahn; blacksmith, Harrison Martin.
Privates-Andrew Adams, Casper Arnold, George Arkle, Charles Barothy, Lewis B. Bartholomew, Samuel T. Bell, Lewis Benescheans, Joseph Blanche, Patrick Brady, Henry Bullinger (promoted corporal), Thomas Burns, John Butler (promoted sergeant), Timothy Calnan (promoted sergeant), James Col- lins, Richard Cox (promoted corporal), William B. Crawford, David P. Crawley (promoted corporal), Lewis Cunningham, Anthony Dailey, Charles W. Davis, Michael J. Davis (promoted corporal), John Devine, John H. Dixon, August Dock, James Donohue, Timothy Donohue, Charles Doty, Franklin Doty, Albert Engel, Dennis Farrell, Robert Fitzmorris, Francis M. Gibson, John Glenn, Charles Grady, William Hare, Gustave A. Hess, Thomas Hogan, U. V. Jeffries, George Johnson, John Kehoe, John Kelley, Thompson A. Kemmis, Horace Kent, Henry WV. Kuck, James Lane, Martin Larkins, Henry Laskowski, Frederick Lauber, Edward F. Lee (promoted sergeant), John H. Luce, John Lucy, William Maholla, Martin D. Marriman, Alexander K. Martin, James G. Mawson (pro- moted corporal), James W. Maxwell, Patrick McNertney, Charles E. Merritt, Omar Miller (promoted corporal), Joseph Motley, Westle Norton, John Orchard, John Reilly, George J. Reeves, Alexander Rice, Thomas Schollard, John Scratchley, Anthony Shershon, Dennis Shea, Henry Shelby, Arthur Short, John B. Sullivan, Timothy Sweeney, Michael Twiney (promoted corporal), Joseph Tucker, Lewis P. Wall (promoted corporal), Thomas A. Wallace, Daniel Web- ster, James Welch, Michael Welch, William Welch, George A. White, William A. Wicks, George Willis, John Woolums.
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