Warner's history of Dakota County, Nebraska, from the days of the pioneers and first settlers to the present time, with biographical sketches, and anecdotes of ye olden times, Part 4

Author: Warner, M. M
Publication date: 1893
Publisher: Lyons [Neb.] Mirror Job Office
Number of Pages: 394


USA > Nebraska > Dakota County > Warner's history of Dakota County, Nebraska, from the days of the pioneers and first settlers to the present time, with biographical sketches, and anecdotes of ye olden times > Part 4


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24


THE NORTHI NEBRASKA ARGUS.


was the next paper established at Dakota City, May 7, 1880, by C. D. Martin and J. B. Goshorn, the latter selling his interest to the former in September follow- ing. January 1, 1887, Will C. Dibble bought one-half interest in the Argus, selling back to Martin Jannary 1, 1888. The paper was sold to Engene B. Wilbur September 28. 1SS8, who, in his salutatory says:


"While the Argus will earnestly advocate the principles of democracy, its publisher will devole especial pains to making it a home newspaper."


Harry A. McCormick leased the paper from May 3, 1889, until January. 1891 when its owner took charge of the paper, and moved it to South Sioux City, Novem- ber 9, 1891.


In December, 1889, Will S. Jay moved some material to this place from South Sioux Cityand started THE SUN.


but after a few short weeks it sneenmbed to the inevit- able.


DAKOTA CITY IN 1893 .- Population seven hundred. Two general stores conducted by W. P. Rathburn & Co. and D. C. Stinson; one grocery store, E. A. Robin- son proprietor; two drug stores, E. J. Raymond and D. C. Stinson; one hardware store, Fred Schriever & Co .;


71


DAKOTA CITY.


one bank, M. O. Ayres; two hotels, William Foltz and Mrs. W. I. Broyhill; two agricultural implement stores. George Barnett and M. M. Ream; one tin shop, Frank Ayres: one meat market, Woodward & Smith; one restaurant, James Willis; one barber shop, C. E. Doolittle; two shoemakers, Peder Hammer and Henry Niebuhr; surveyor, Alex Abell; one livery barn, J. E. Easton; one blacksmith shop, William Hammett; two


physicians, C. II. Maxwell and D. C. Stinson; one bill- fard hall, William Foltz; three contractors, August T. Haase, Julius Messenhoeler and William Foltz: five carpenters, Howard Crozier, Daniel Hager, Edward Phillips, George and Henry Niebuhr; live stock and grain, E. H. Gribble and J. W. Fern, confectionery. Smith and Woodward; Dakota City feed mill, Atlee Ilart; one newspaper, Eagle, with Hart & Schmied as publishers; dressmaking, Misses Mamie Adair and Lettie Hammond; two draymen, William Bennett and Charles Phillips; three masons. A. H. Baker, B. Bates and O. C. Crone; windmills, and drive wells, M. M. Ream; monuments, Henry Niebuhr; sewing machine agent, Mrs. Mary R. McBeath; four music teachers, Carl Schriever, Nina M. Ream, Mell A. Schmied and D. W. Griffey; lumber and coal, Edwards & Bradford Lumber Co .; ocean steamer agency, Mell A. Schmied; manufacturer of patent corn planters. Adam Wenzel; real estate and live stock, Atlee Hart; insurance, J. N. Hamilton; three school teachers, J. S. Buckley,-prin- cipal, Miss Ethel Durgen and Mrs. Annie E. Frazer; two ministers, Revs. II. J. Ilapeman and HI. C. Myers; seven lawyers, Mell C. Jay and Mell C. Beck of the firm of Jay & Beck, John T. Spencer, Kelly W. Frazer, W. P. Warner, J. J. McAllister and John E. Kavanaugh; abstractors. Dakota County Abstract Co.


COVINGTON.


This town is situated on the Missouri river, five miles dne north of Dakota City and opposite Sioux


72


WARNER'S HISTORY OF DAKOTA COUNTY.


City, Iowa. It was first taken as a town site in 1856. by the old Sioux City Company, of which Dr. John K. Cook was president, and was called Harney City, after Gen. Harney, who at that time had charge of troops in this vicinity. The town site was jumped by a com- pany, consisting of Thomas L. Griffey, James Kelehan, John Feenan, J. M. White, W. W. Culver, William Rapp, Jacob Ludwig, Gustave Pecaut and John T. Copelan, and the name was changed to Newport, plotted January 19, 1857, located in sections 21 and 16, town- ship 29, range 9, east. But before it was filed for record February 4, 1857, the name was again changed to Covington, and was incorporated by the county com- missioners April 5. 1858, who appointed Thomas L. Griffey, Gustave Pecaut, James Hoy, Jacob Ludwig, and William Rapp as its first trustees, and at the first town election, May 3rd of the same year, all the above named trustees were elected except James Hoy, John Feenan taking his place. On the 1st of September. 1858, the county commissioners incorporated South Covington, with the following hmits: North-east quarter of the north-west quarter and the north-west quarter of the north-east quarter of section 21, town- ship 29, range 9, east, and appointed trustees, and at its first election, April 5, 1859, trustees were again chosen as follows: Thomas L. Griffey, Wm. Schmied, Gustave Pecaut, William Cobb, and James McKenna. The entire town was incorporated under the name of Covington, April 5, 1870, and Thomas Carter, William Bingham, Gustave Pecant, C. P. Heath and D. B. Dod- son were appointed trustees.


EARLY SETTLEMENT .- Gustave Pecaut was the first settler in Covington, who built a log cabin there in 1854, which is said to have been the earliest in that vicinity.


During the winter of '55 and '56, Horace Dutton and others wintered here and hauled wood to Sioux City.


73


COVINGTON.


Among the settlers of '55 to '59 were G. Pecaut. Thomas L. Griffey, J. Ludwig, James Kelehan, G. Hat- tenbach. Wm. Rapp, W. W. Culver, J. M. White, J. T. Copelan, John Feenan, James Farrell, D. Caughlin, Andrew Johns, J. Gillett, Charley Higgins, Charles Collins, R. Wilbur, George Griffey, Enos Whinnery. Henry Chapman, Thomas MeConehey, William Cope- lan, J. Brown, J. Pearson, John Yeoman, J. McCarty, William Smith, William Leach, William Brown, James Seaton, William Seaton, A. Baker, H. August. John Stranney and James McKenna; and in the vicin- ity of Covington resided James Stott, C. D. Martin, J. Fitzpatrick, R. R. Kirkpatrick, D. N. Pinkerton, Eugene L. Wilbur and William Frazier.


In 1856 William Rapp opened up the first hotel. the "Rapp Tavern," and John Virden brought a saw mill from Sioux City in July, In November of the same year C. D. Martin started a shingle mill on his pre-emption south-west of Covington. John Feenan operated the first ferry boat and in the fall of 1858 R. R. Kirkpatrick built a steam mill for grinding corn. The first child born in the town was John Quinn, in 1857; first marriage, John Feenan to Mar- garet Boyle; and first death was of an old man found dead near the river. The first schoo! was taught in 1857 by Mary Pinkerton, in a little old log school house situated near the site of the present school build- ing, which is still standing, although previons to this time Mrs. Charles Kent had taught school in Pacific City.


RELIGION .- The first sermon ever delivered in Cov- ington was by Rev. Thomas M. Chestnut, a Presbyter- ian clergyman of Sioux City, who preached here each alternate Sunday in the old school house which is yet standing north of the present school building. Rev. C. D. Martin also expounded Presbyterian doctrines to the early settlers.


The first and only church edifice erected in the


74


WARNER'S HISTORY OF DAKOTA COUNTY.


town was built in 1871, Rev. S. P. Vondoozer being the first minister to occupy its pulpit, although Rev. Dor- sey and others had previously conducted services in the school house.


HISTORY OF THE FERRY .--- In 1855 John Fennan Jannched a rnde looking flat boat upon the Missouri river and carried passengers between Sioux City and Covington. This was the first ferry of any kind to ply between these points. Ile took Harry ITuddleson in


as a partner in 1856. In 1857 Charles Howard and L. Robinson began operating the steamer "Robert Burns" as a ferry and continued to run the boat until 1864, when it sunk in the Missonri river. Charles Howard and E. L. Wilbur then run a flat boat until April 22, 1866, when James A. Sawyers and William Leach were granted a charter for six years. William Leach conducted the flat boat two years and Sawyers then managed the ferry himself, until April 10, 1873. when the franchise was granted to C. E. Hedges and James A. Sawyers for a period of six years. The steam- er "Undine," was then brought into service and there is not an old settler in Dakota county who does not re- member the "Undine" and especially the $2.00 a trip he had to pay to cross the river on her. April 1, 1879, Grant Marsh & Torinns were granted the ferry fran- chise for ten years from date. They began running the "Andrew S. Bennett," with C. Larson as captain. The next change in boats was April 17. 1878, when the "Dr. Burleigh" steamed across the river to Covington. On the 23rd of July 18SS, the county commissioners granted the franchise to Ebenezer Ayres and Win. Lu- ther until April 1, 1891. The "Andrew S. Bennett"" with Wm. Enther as Captain, continued to be used as means of transportation. The "Mary E. Bennett" was used as a passenger ferry and pleasure boat in 1888. In 1892 the franchise having been granted to Selzer Bros., of Sioux City, Iowa, for a period of ten years, the Sioux City & Covington Ferry Company was organ-


75


COVINGTON.


ized, composed of Nick Maher, John N. Peysen, James P. Twohig and Selzer Bros., who brought the "Vint Stillings" up from St. Louis and operated it for several weeks, but it soon ceased to be a paying investment and the boat was tied up.


In 1889 John M. Moan and others built a pontoon bridge across the river, which was opened for travel with a great celebration May 18th of that year. Six hundred teams crossed the bridge and ten thousand people witnessed the ceremonies. It cost about $20.000. Capt. Wm. Lnther had charge of the bridge until 1892 when the structure was sold to the Pontoon bridge company with Capt. Dick Talbot as manager. un- der whose supervision it now is. The rates for cross- ing are: Team and driver, with members of family, each way, 25 cents: foot passengers, each way, 5 cents.


In 1890 the general government was asked to pro- tect the river bank at this place, but no action being taken in the matter, the Pacific Short line Bridge Com- pany undertook the work as a protection to its pro- posed new combination wagon and railroad bridge, from Prospect Hill on the Iowa side of the river to Coving- ton on the Nebraska side. This protection to the banks was made of willow matresses, interwoven with steel wire and fastened to iron plates which were forced into the bank ten feet. At present extensive preparations are being made by the railroad companies to protect the banks from the Short Line Bridge down to the bridge of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha road.


Thousands of dollars have been expended to protect the Iowa shore along the town site of Sioux City, until to-day the banks are safe from the inroads of the Mis- sonri river.


As land increases in value and expensive bridges and buildings are endangered by the ever shifting enr- rent of the Missouri, greater efforts will be put forth to protect the shore.


76


WARNER'S HISTORY OF DAKOTA COUNTY.


The following are the dates of freezing and break- ing up of ice in the Missouri river at this point since the settlement of the county:


CLOSED.


OPENED.


December 24.


1855


March 26,


1856


December 9,


1856


March 27,


1857


December 23,


1857


March 8, 1858


November 25.


1858


March 20,


1859


December 15,


1859


February 27 1860


December 11,


1860


March 13.


1861


December 11,


1861


March 18.


1862


November 21,


.1862


March 1,


1863


November 19. 1863


February 23 1864


December 10. 1864


February 20, 1865


December 8. 1865


February 28, 1866


December 10. 1866


1867


February 23, 1868


1869


December 24, 1869


February 15.


1870


December 21


1870


February 22.


1871


November 26.


1871


February 24, 1872


November 28. 1872


March 3. 1873


December 3


1873


March 16.


1874


November 28.


1874


March 25


1875


November 22,


1875


November 30, 1876


February 16,


1877


November 29 1877


January 19 1878


December 18. 1878


March 6,


1879


December 11,


1879


January 11,


1880


November 19, 1880


March 24,


1881


December 18. 1881


February 11,


1882


December 8.


1882


March 4. 1883


December 19,


1883


March 15,


1884


December 18 1884


March 9,


1885


December 7


.1885


March 17


1886


December 5. .1886


March 9.


1887


November 27,


1887


March 17


1988


*


1888


*


1889


December 31, 1889


March 20


1890


December 30. 1890


March 31.


1891


November 25


1891


March 5, 1892


December 19


1892


March 11. .1893


April 2, .. 1867


December 18,


December 9,


1868


February 28.


April 2 .. 1876


*Did not freeze over during the winter of 1888.


77


COVINGTON.


THE PRESS .-- The Covington News was the first newspaper established in this town by B. L. North- rop, in 1870, who sold one-half interest to Erwin Wood, and the following year Wood bought the entire outfit, which expired the same year.


In 1 77, I. N. Taylor established the Covington Journal which did not live to celebrate the anniversary of its first birthday, expiring November 10, 1877.


John T. Spencer conducted the Dakota County Mail in Covington from December 21, 1877 to March 1, 1878, when it was moved to Dakota City and con- solidated with The Eagle.


The Covington Courier, a branch of the South Sionx City Sun, made its first appearance September 1, 1888. It was run in the interest of the liquor element, but soon afterwards ceased publication. After a four weeks demise J. L. Donham took hold of it and endeavored to do something, but failing in his efforts the paper was forced to give up.


The Clipper, another Covington enterprise, made its first appearance August 10, 1889, with Fred P. Herbert at the helm. Four long weary weeks through the heat was all that it could endure.


POST OFFICE .- A post office was established in the town in 1857 and its postmasters have been: Charles D. Martin, James Ogg, John Cavanaugh, William Cobb, John Riley, Henry Powers, J. V. Mellette, C. Yordy, Mrs. E. L. Osman, R. L. Grosvenor and John A. Williams, the last named holding the office when it was discontinued Jannary 1, 1890.


COVINGTON IN 1893 .- Owing to the ravage of the turbulent Missouri, about one-half of the town site of Covington has been wasted away by that stream and each year shows further marked inroads of the current.


Upon the passing of the prohibitory law in Iowa in 1888, the "him" element of Sioux City was driven across the river and they established themselves in this. heretofore gniet burg, and at one time the town con-


78


WARNER'S HISTORY OF DAKOTA COUNTY.


tained upwards of fifty saloons and nearly as many bawdy houses and gambling dens.


At present there is in the town one large two-story school house one of the finest in north-eastern Nebras- ka, costing $10,000, being erected in 1890. F. D. Fales is principal, and Miss Fern Stamm primary teacher. There are two general stores, Nick Maher and C. D. Shreve proprietors; one blacksmith shop, A. L. Saltsgiver; one livery barn, B. F. Sawyer; one lawyer, John A. Williams; two real estate offices. J. H. Burke and C. Erwin; two hotels-Hotel Mellenry, William York, landlord, and the Cosmopolitan, J. J. Truax, landlord; one laundry, Wa Lee; one butcher-shop, C. D. Shreve; eleven saloons, J. R. Judson, Selzer Bros., Hittle & Weir, Hittle & Coffell, G. G. Castler. Marshall Luther, Mandersheid & Loup, T. A. Provost, Hugh McGoffin, W. J. McGoffin and James Sprey. In 1893, Covington and South Sioux City were consolidated un- der the name of the latter town, and henceforth Cov- ington will be known only in the history of the past. Its last trustees were: Nick Maher -- Chairman. N. J. McGoffin, H. A. McCormick, John A. Williams and Marshall Lnther.


JACKSON.


This town was laid ont by Barrett and McCormick, and is situated on Elk creek, where that stream emerges from the bluff land, nine miles west of Dakota City, and was at first called Franklin, but as there was another post office in the state by that name, the county com- missioners in session Jannary 2, 1865, incorporated the town under the name of Jackson. The petitioners were Gerald Dillon, John Dillon, James Maloney, Michael Kennelly and Thomas Barrett, who were appointed trustees. On the 4th of April, 1871, the commissioners extended the boundary lines and appointed Gerald Dil- lon, Martin Barrett, Michael McCormick, Jason Pass- more and Joseph Brannan trustees.


79


JACKSON.


Thomas Sullivan afterwards laid out an addition south of the C. E. Hedges addition.


Soon after the founding of Jackson, the residents deserted old St. Johns and moved to the new town.


EARLY SETTLEMENT .- Gerald Dillon erected the first frame house in 1860 and Thomas Barrett and Joseph Brannan kept the first two stores, John Mc- Ginn built the first brick house, Michael Kennelly op- erated the first blacksmith shop, Clark & Preston built a grist mill, Father Dillon delivered the first sermon, a school house was built and Gerald Dillon taught the first school-all in 1860.


RELIGIOUS PROSPERITY .- The first pastor, Father Trecy, spared no pains to promote the happiness of his people. His foresight and enterprise gave renewed courage to them to press onward to success. In 1860 he withdrew from his charge-the founder of this settlement and of the others that have sprung from it. for most of the old settlers at Hubbard, Brady's Cross- ing and all around had their homes first at Jackson or at St. Johns -and well may he be called the great bene- factor. Several priests succeeded Father Trecy in the years that have since elapsed. Among those who are now living and will be remembered by many of the old- er citizens were Revs. Father Ryan, Father Kelley and Father Lawless.


Up to 1887 the people had a very unassuming building for achurch. Father Lawless who took charge of Jackson and surrounding country in 1887, was en- abled by the good will and generosity of the people, to build the present fine brick church in 1879 and 1880. The building is 36 feet wide by 100 feet long. The Cost was between five and six thousand dollars.


In 1881 a large brick parsonage was built, which owing to defective foundations and poor material be- came unsafe and had to be taken down in 1892. In the fall of 1891 a priest's house ( frame) was commenced on the west side of the church, which was finished in


80


WARNER'S HISTORY OF DAKOTA COUNTY.


March, 1892, at a cost of nearly $3,000.


Father Lawless left Jackson in the early part of March, 1887. Father Lysaght, the present pastor, snc- ceeded him.


Since then many improvements have been made in the church property. In July, 1892, the foundation of the new convent building was laid. It is built on the site of the old brick parsonage. It is among the finest and most imposing looking buildings of the kind, is a credit to the Jackson people and to the whole coun- ty, and will place in our midst an edneational institution equal in merit to any of the kind in the state The building will be ready for occupancy in October : 1893, costing the sum of $20,000. It will be a boarding and also day school.


The church trustees are James Ryan and Gerald Dillon.


The St. Patrick's Benevolent Society, of Jackson, was organized March 17, 1888. The constitution was adopted April 15, 1888. This society has among its members the best men of the community, old and young: men who are industrions, honest, temperate and always ready to help every good move made in the parish. The organization has done a great amount of good socially and intellectually in the community. A good society should be helped on all sides and by all. The St. Patrick's society has a fine hall west of the new par- sonage on the same property. The hall is furnished with a stage and has seating accommodation for five hundred persons. The society has a tife and drum band and is supplied with beautiful Irish and American flags, badges and such other paraphernalia as generally belong to societies.


THE PRESS .-- The Jackson Herald, the first paper printed in the town, was established March 1, 1878 and expired in 1879. Geo. P. Goldie and Will Dawley were the editors.


The Jackson Reporter is the name of another paper,


81


JACKSON.


which Win. Inse & Son, of Ponca, were the fathers. It was printed in the office of the Ponca Journal and only hved to make a few friends for four brief months in the summer of 1879.


The Jackson Citizen was established May 15, 1885, and expired about a year later. A Matthews and Wm. A. Nead, editors, the type so long used in publishing The North Nebraska Eagle being purchased.


The Criterion was started April 1, 1885, by James I'. Twohig and Win. T. Bartlett. Soon after starting Twohig transferred his interest to his partner who has ever since conducted it. On the night of April 25, 1890, the entire outfit was consumed by fire but new material was immediately ordered. The editor, Mr. Bartlett, was considerably burned in trying to save his property .


POST OFFICE .- Gerald Dillon was Jackson's first postmaster. Joseph Brannan was appointed postmaster in 1867, and held the office until 1889, when Mr. Dillon was again appointed. The present postmaster, D. C. Heffernon, was apointed in 1893.


SCHOOLS. Jackson has one of the finest brick school houses in northern Nebraska, it being erected in 1886 at a cost of $4,000. Prior to that time school was conducted in a frame house in the west part of town.


JACKSON IN 1893 .- Since the establishment of the town it has enjoyed a good substantial and steady growth, until to-day it is recognized as one of the best, if not the best, town in Dakota connty. Nearly every branch of business is represented and the merchants are all in prosperons condition. The citizens are a unit for any canse that will help build up their town and will support any measure in a liberal manner


The Ponea division of the Chicago, St. Paul, Min- neapolis & Omaha railway and the Pacific Short Line passes through the town and each company has a neatly erected depot-one in the west and the other in the east part of town.


82


WARNER'S HISTORY OF DAKOTA COUNTY.


At present, (1893,) there are four general stores with the following proprietors: Frank Davey, D. F. Waters, C. D. Ryan and W. B. Brannan & Co .; one drug store, J. B. Jouvenat ; one bank, Bank of Dakota County, Ed. T. Kearney, cashier; one restaurant and confectionery, M. E. Kennelly; one confectionery, Mrs. Annie Sinnott; two meat markets, Michael Heffernon and M. E. Kennelly; three blacksmith shops, John C. O'NNeil, T. Kulkins and Finnell & Kennelly ; one wagon shop, Finnell & Kennelly; one barber shop, Mat Zulauf; one variety store, H. II. Beals; one school, J. A. Hall principal, the school board consisting of Gerald Dillon, Michael Boler and C. D. Ryan; one Catholic church, P. A. Lysaght, priest ; one newspaper, Jackson Criterion, W. T. Bartlett publisher; six carpenters, H. II. Beals, T. F. McGrath; J. T. Daley, R. A. Clark, J. M. Sever- son and Sanford Brown: two physicians, D. D. Barr and R. B. Leahey; one painter, H. H. Beals; three dress- makers, Mrs. D. C. Heffernon, Mrs. Patrick Harty and Miss Alice Kennelly; paper hangers. John Severson and O'Brien Bros .; dealers in live stock, Frank Davey. C. D. Ryan and J. M. Barry; one hotel, Hotel Sawyer, B. F. Sawyer proprietor; Jackson Roller Mills, Bleisner & Ileyl; one undertaker. B. F. Sawyer; one race track, Jackson Race Track Association, Thomas Sullivan, president. W. T. Bartlett, secretary; one picnic ground, Barry's Grove; one saloon and billiard hall, Jerry Me- Bride; three grain buyers, Frank Davey. C. D. Ryan and J. Q. Adams -- with R. S. Renniger as manager for the latter; two implement dealers. C. D. Ryan and Frank Davey ; one livery barn, B. F. Sawyer; one society hall, St. Patrick Benevolent Society; one convent; one lumber yard, with J. J. Serry as manager; four wood dealers, Frank Davey, C. D. Ryan, Thomas Clark and William Renniger; four insurance agents, D. C. Heffer- non, J. W. Brannan, Ed. T. Kearney; and W. T. Brtlett ; real estate dealers. Clark & Sullivan; one opera house, William Riley, proprietor; one post office, D. C. Heffer-


83


HOMER.


non, postmaster; two justices of the peace, Michael Kennelly and W. T. Bartlett; two notaries public, Ed. T. Kearney and Joseph Brannan ; one drayman, B. F. Saw- yer; two station agents, J. II. Lynch and John Lily; town council, Thomas Sullivan chairman, W. T. Bartlett clerk, Thomas Clark, William Brannan and Patrick Harty; one mason, M. G. Morrissey ; general loan agent. J. M. Barry; farm loans, J. W. Brannan.


HOMER.


The location on which Homer is built has witnessed many interesting scenes and sanguinary conflicts in the mighty contest of advancing civilization with the wild aborigines and uninhabited prairies of the west. The very ground upon which Homer now stands was in 1800 the home of hundreds of Omaha Indians. Their village which was one of the largest in the north-west, extended from Homer to the Waterman farm. In this year the small pox broke out in the tribe and they burned their village and moved south. On the 18th day of August 1804, some of Lewis and Clarke's men explored the ruins of the ancient village and crossed Omaha creek where Homer is now situated.


Jesse Wigle moved his family to Dakota county on the 19th day of August 1855. and on St. Patrick's day, 1856, moved to his claim, which included the self same ground where Homer is built, and erected a house at the foot of the bluffs, probably near where C. J. O'Connor s residence is built. Here he lived to witness the terrible winter of '56-7, which is among the things never to be forgotten by the sturdy pioneers of those brave old times.




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