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Cornell University Library
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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924010411118
OLIN F 142 W2 C97+
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY. LIBRARIES ITHACA, N. Y. 14583
JOHN M. OLIN- LIBRARY
F 142.W2C97 Cornell University Library History of Warren County, New Jersey,
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3 1924 010 411 118
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DATE DUE 2
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GAYLORD
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
HISTORY
OF
WARREN COUNTY
NEW JERSEY
BY
GEORGE WYCKOFF CUMMINS, Ph. D., M. D.
Formerly Instructor in Mathematics in Yale University; Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member of the American Medical Association, Medical Society of New Jersey, etc., etc .; Ex-President of the Warren County Medical Society; Author of Genealogical Articles in Snell's "History of Sussex and Warren Counties," and Chamber's "Early Germans of New Jersey," "Indian Relics Around Belvidere," "A Four Thousand Year Calendar," "The Annealing of Copper," and many other Scientific Papers.
ILLUSTRATED
NEW YORK LEWIS HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 1911
COPYRIGHT, LEWIS HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY. IgII.
PREFACE
The aim of this work is to give such a description of important events relating to the region now known as Warren County, New Jersey, as will enable us to understand the development of conditions as we know them to-day.
Written history is a narrative of the deeds of men and of the motives that actuate them. The reader will pardon, therefore, if much of this History of Warren County is narrated as a part of the lives of men whose deeds are the history proper.
It is purposed to give only as much of the State and National his- tories as will render clear the part that Warren County and her sons have played in them. Official records have been examined at Trenton, Burlington, Newton, Morristown and Belvidere, as well as every known historical work bearing on the subject, a list of which may be seen in the Bibliography. A previously published work has given important material in our history between 1800 and 1880.
In this work will be found published for the first time a great deal of material dealing with the early history of our county. It has been a real pleasure to look up much that was not clear in our history before 1750. The author is much indebted to Miss Mary Clark, of Belvidere; Dr. John H. Griffith, of Phillipsburg; ex-Mayor Nicholas Harris, of Belvidere: and to many others, for valuable aid in collecting material for this work.
THE AUTHOR.
ADDENDA AND ERRATA
P. 161, next to last parag .: The Joseph Kirkbride tract was bought in 1778 by Captain Joseph Mackey.
P. 164: The D. A. R. have erected a tablet on the site of the Brainerd cabin.
P. 176: Josiah Ketcham, ancestor of that family in this country, was born in East Jersey in 1673, and settled near Karrsville about 1800. Here he raised a large fam- ily, the eldest son of whom was Andrew, born 1791, died 1868, at Townsbury, where he had lived since 1815. His son, Joseph Ketcham, was for many years editor of the Belvidere Apollo.
P. 197: In paragraph relating to Mansfield Baptist Church; the present pastor is Rev. William V. Allen.
P. 204: The iron interests at Oxford were owned by the Robesons until about 1770. P. 207: View of Stone Bridge at Bridgeville: This bridge was built in 1857, not 1836. P. 210, parag. I : Where appears name, Mrs. - - Kiefer, read Mrs. George Kiefer. P. 215, 2nd parag .: Joseph McMurtrie bought the Alford tract in 1750, not 1746.
CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER I-From the Earliest Times to the End of Proprietary Govern- ment, 1609-1702-Explorations by Verrazano and Hudson-The New Neth- erlands-Covenant of Corlear-The Old Wime Road-Conquest by English -Grant to Berkeley and Carteret-Temporary Reoccupation by the Dutch -The Twenty-four Proprietors-New Jersey a Part of New England-New Charter Given by Queen Anne. I
CHAPTER II-From End of Proprietary Government to the First Settlement, 1702-1725-Purchase of Indians' Possessory Rights-The Delaware; Indians -John Reading Jr.'s Journal-Early Surveys .. 9
CHAPTER III-From Earliest Settlements to the Formation of Sussex County, 1725-1753-Early Visitors-First Settlers-Early Counties of New Jersey- The Log Jail. 22
CHAPTER IV-From the Formation of Sussex County to the End of the French and Indian War, 1753-1763-Rapid Growth in Population-The Indian Walk-Indian Hostilities-Tom Quick-Block Houses 27
CHAPTER V-From the French and Indian War to the End of the Revolution, 1763-1783-Map Published in 1777-The Stamp Act-Resolutions on Closing of Boston Harbor-John Cleves Symmes-Committees of Safety-Articles of Association-Tory Association-Battles of Lexington and Concord-Battle of Bunker Hill, and Death of General Warren-New Jersey Militia-New Jersey's Declaration of Independence-Confirmation of Constitution-Max- well's Brigade-The Indian Campaign-Tories-Jane McCrea. 32
CHAPTER VI-From the End of the Revolution to the Formation of Warren County-Money-Post Roads and Stage Routes-Progress of a Century-Dur- ham Boats-War of 1812-Merino Sheep Fever-Coal-Division of Sussex County 56
CHAPTER VII-The People of Warren County-Hollanders, English, Scotch- Irish, German-Effect of French and Indian War on Population-Recent Immigration 72
CHAPTER VIII-From the Formation of Warren County to the End of the Civil War, 1824-1865-Militia-Morris Canal-Slavery-Benjamin Lundy, the Original Abolitionist-The Civil War. 76
CHAPTER IX-From the End of the Civil War to the Present Time, 1865-1911 -Development of Towns-Organs-Railroads, Trolleys and Macadamized Roads-Telephones, Bicycles and Automobiles-Newspapers. 87
vi.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER X-History of the Development of the Physical Features of War- ren County-Geology, Coastal Plain, Elevation, Erosion, Great Glacier, Lakes, Meadows-Minisink. 96
CHAPTER XI-Civil List of Warren County-Members of Congress, Gov- ernors, State Senators, Assemblymen, Surrogates, County Clerks, Judges, Sheriffs, Prosecutors 100
CHAPTER XII-Civil Divisions of Warren County 106
CHAPTER XIII-Allamuchy-Quaker Settlement-Lundy-Wiretown-Mead- ville 108
CHAPTER XIV-Belvidere-William Penn Tract-Colonel Alford Tract- Early Settlers-Water Power-The Alfred Thomas Industries-Banks- Churches-Schools-Park I12
CHAPTER XV-Blairstown-Early Surveys-Blair-Titman-Wildrick-Blair Hall-Churches-Banks 124
CHAPTER XVI-Frelinghuysen-Green-Lanning-Armstrong-Johnsonburg -Old Log Jail-Marksboro-Shiloh-Southtown- Kerr's Corners-Paulina -Yellow Frame-Dark Moon 130
CHAPTER XVII-Franklin-New Village-Cline-Asbury- Mccullough- Cummins-Richey-Shipman-Woolever-Broadway-Warne- Mckinney- - Lomerson-Cole 136
CHAPTER XVIII-Greenwich-Straw Church-Kennedyville-Bloomsbury- Stewartsville-Hulshizer-Cline 143
CHAPTER XIX-Hackettstown-Helms-Hackett-Ayers-Churches, Schools and Hotels-Industries-Centenary Collegiate Institute-Sully's Grove. ....... 148
CHAPTER XX-Hardwick-Bernhardt-Shafer-Schools-Lakes-Industries -Hankinson 155
CHAPTER XXI-Harmony-Montana-Churches-Rush-Shipman-Upper Harmony, Lower Harmony-De Witt-Vanatta-Rocksburg-Martin's Creek -Brainerd-Totamy-Hutchisons 159
CHAPTER XXII-Hope-Green-Howell-Moravians-Green's Pond-Silver Lake-Mount Hermon-Honeywell-Beatty-Albertson- Swayze - Free Union-Kispaugh Mine-Townsbury-Vliet 167
CHAPTER XXIII-Independence-Wiggins-Cumminstown-Vienna-Fleming -Great Meadows-Vliet-Barker's Mill-Petersburg 177
CHAPTER XXIV-Knowlton-Schools-Ramsaysburg-Delaware-Cummins -Adams-Harris-Columbia-Hainesburg-Most Beautiful Bridge in Amer- ica-Zion Chapel-Brands-Centerville-Warrington-Polkville-Slate In- dustry 184
vii.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXV-Lopatcong-Phillipsburg-Low's Hollow-Delaware Park -Peach Orchards-Soapstone 193
CHAPTER XXVI-Mansfield-Schools-Beattystown -- Labar-Karrsville- -Timberswamp-Jackson Valley-Oxford Tunnel-Port Murray-Anderson
-- Rockport-Mount Bethel -- Egbert's-Penwell-Oxford-County House .. 194
CHAPTER XXVII-Oxford-Green-Axford-Scott's Mountain-Mount No More -Jenny Jump -Oxford Furnace -Shippen-Scranton-Buttzville- Bridgeville-Titman-Banghart-Boyer-Hixson-Hope Station-Sarepta- Manunka Chunk - Hazen - Foul Rift - Lommasson - Butler-McMurtrie- White-Mackey-Prall . 201
CHAPTER XXVIII-Pahaquarry-Mount Tammany-Mount Minsi-Water Gap-Blockade Mountain-Kittatinny-Buckwood Park-Dupui-Manwala- mink-Old Mine Holes-Old Mine Road-Van Campen-Minisink. ..... ..
218
CHAPTER XXIX-Phillipsburg-Chintewink-Coxe-Feit-Roseberry-Mar- tin's Ferry-Bridges-Churches-Schools-Industries-Hotels-Banks-Trol- leys 226
CHAPTER XXX-Pohatcong-Railroads-Schools-Industries-Riegelsville- Laubach-Carpentersville-Alpha-Warren Paper Mills-Hughesville-Fines- ville-Siegletown-Springtown-Straw Church 240
CHAPTER XXXI-Washington Township. Port Colden-Changewater-Car- ter and Parks-Jackson Valley-Wyckoff-Roaring Rock-Wandling-Bow- er's Foundry-Fitts-Pleasant Valley -- Weller 245
CHAPTER XXXII-Washington Borough-Mansfield Wood House-Col. Mc- Cullough-Early Land Owners-Churches-Schools-Industries-Banks ... 251
CHAPTER XXXIII-Organizations-Meeting Houses -- Presbyterians, Luth- erans, German Reformed, Friends, Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodist Epis- copal, Christian, Catholic-Warren County Bible Society-Sunday School Association-Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Red Men, American Mechanics, Junior American Mechanics, Maccabees, Grand Army of the Re- public, Daughters of Liberty, Sons of Veterans-Medical Society-County Fair-Farmers' Picnic 259
CHAPTER XXXIV-Bibliography 268
CHAPTER I.
FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE END OF PROPRIETARY GOVERN- MENT.
1609-1702.
Warren county, named in honor of the gallant General Joseph Warren, who died at Bunker Hill, came into existence on November 20, 1824, by an act of the legislature of the State of New Jersey. But before we can speak of the region as Warren county, there are two centuries of American history to consider, which is sadly interwoven with that of Europe. Although Verrazano doubtless visited the Bay of New York in 1523, that does not detract in any way from the honor due to Henry Hudson, who anchored his ship, the "Half Moon," on the 3rd of September, 1609, within Sandy Hook, having previously entered Delaware Bay on August 28th, for from this visit resulted the first settlements on the soil of New Jersey and New York. He spent a week examining the neighboring shores, during which one of his men, named John Coleman, was killed by an arrow shot through his throat during an attack on a ship's boat by twenty-six Indians in two canoes. On this visit, white men for the first time set foot on the soil of New Jersey.
Hudson continued his explorations up the river that bears his name, which he called the North River to distinguish it from the Delaware, which he called the South River.
The (United) Netherlands claimed all the land between Cape Cod and Virginia by virtue of Hudson's discovery, as he was at that time in the employ of the Dutch East India Company. They called
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WARREN COUNTY.
the territory The New Netherlands, and lost no time to profit by the discovery.
The next year, 1610, a vessel was sent to trade with the Indians, and made so much profit that other private ventures followed. In 1613 some buildings were erected for trading purposes on Manhattan Island. In 1615, Fort Nassau was erected on Castle Island, which was abandoned in 1618.
In 1617 the Dutch made a settlement at Bergen. In 1621 a char- ter was granted to the West India Company which made the first real efforts to colonize the New Netherlands. Cornelius Jacobse Mey, the first director of New Netherlands, with thirty families, arrived at Man- hattan in May, 1622. He erected Fort Amsterdam, on the site of New York, and a new trading post called Fort Orange on the present site of Albany where, a year earlier, the Covenant of Corlear had been made, which was a formal treaty between the Dutch and the Five Nations of the Iroquois, a treaty which was never broken. The English made a similar treaty with the Iroquois in 1664, at Fort Orange, which was confirmed in 1688 and again in 1689, and remained unbroken.
William Verhulst succeeded Mey as director in 1624, and Peter Minuet became director-general in 1826 and brought over a colony of Walloons who settled on the site of Brooklyn. A form of feudal gov- ernment was provided for under patroons. Each colony was to be six- teen miles in length along a river, and to reach as far back into the country as the colonists could settle, and to consist of at least fifty adults. This system persisted for more than two hundred years, and did not entirely disappear until 1850, when the owners of the original land grants sold their rights to the tenants.
Wouter van Twiller was made Director-general to succeed Minuet in 1633, and, in 1638, William Kieft succeeded him. The colony had hitherto prospered, but now arose trouble with the English settlements to the east, and with Swedish settlers to the south, and the mistake was
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WARREN COUNTY.
made of putting fire-arms into the hands of the Iroquois Indians, who were friendly to the Dutch. This caused other tribes to be unfriendly, and brought about a war which lasted for five years and drove the set- tlers away, so that scarcely one hundred men were left in Manhattan, while the river settlements were nearly deserted by 1643.
It is highly improbable that there were any settlements in the Minisink at this time, as has been alleged. Esopus, where the Old Mine Road began, was not settled until 1652. Doubtless shortly there- after, Dutch pioneers penetrated to Pahaquarry, and, while searching for copper, dug the several mine holes which are still to be seen. Speci- mens of copper ore from the Minisinks were exhibited in Amsterdam, Holland, in 1659, which fact suggests that the discovery of copper was a novelty at that time.
The Old Mine Road led for a hundred miles into the wilderness from Esopus to Port Jervis and down the east bank of the Delaware river to the old mine holes in Pahaquarry. This was the longest stretch of good road for many years in America, and as late as 1800 was a preferred route for travel between New England and the South and West. The ore mined in Pahaquarry was hauled to Esopus, and thence shipped to Holland. The workings were abandoned at or before the English occupation of the country in 1664, and would have been entirely forgotten had not the Old Mine Road kept their memory green.
The sad condition of affairs brought about during Kieft's admin- istration was ended in May, 1647, by the arrival of Peter Stuyvesant as governor, who destroyed the hostile Indian tribes, settled the bound- ary disputes with the English colonies to the east by the treaty of Hart- ford in 1650, and brought about such a condition of prosperity that by 1664 New Amsterdam had a population of 1,500 souls, and 10,000 people in all dwelt in the New Netherlands.
This was the condition of affairs when, on August 29, 1664, an English squadron under Colonel Richard Nicolls appeared in the
4
WARREN COUNTY.
harbor of New Amsterdam. The New Netherlands were surrendered by Stuyvesant on September 8, and New Amsterdam became New York. Charles II, King of England, had already on March 20, 1664, granted all this territory to his brother, the Duke of York, who later became James II. of England.
For one year Colonel Nicolls governed all of what had been New Netherlands as New York, not knowing that the Duke of York had granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret a "Tract of land to be called Nova Caesarea, or New Jersey," until in August, 1665, the first governor of New Jersey, Philip Carteret, a brother of Sir George arrived and with some followers settled at Elizabethtown, so named after the wife of Sir George Carteret. By the royal grant, the government of New Jersey was to be proprietary, that is, the grant carried with it not only ownership of the land, but also the right to govern and to make laws "Provided they were not contrary to, but as near as conveniently might be, agreeable to the laws, statutes and gov- ernment of the realm of England."
New Jersey was named in honor of Sir George Carteret, who had held the island of Jersey during the civil war in England.
The proprietors chose a governor, and he appointed a council, the two forming the executive branch of government. Freeholders in New Jersey elected representatives who, with the council and governor, composed the general assembly, the first meeting of which was held at Elizabethtown, May 26, 1668.
During a second war with Holland, begun in 1672, the Dutch again came into possession of their previous territory, and the New Netherlands once more existed. This lasted until a treaty of peace, February 28, 1674, at London, restored New York and New Jersey to the British. New charters were granted by the Crown to the Duke of York and by him to Berkeley and Carteret, to make valid any titles that may have been clouded by the Dutch conquest.
The new grant, however, gave to Carteret that part of New Jer-
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WARREN COUNTY.
sey to the east of a line drawn north from Barnegat, thereafter known as East New Jersey, and to Berkeley that part to the west of the line, known as West New Jersey. For many years the exact position of this line was in dispute, and several different lines were surveyed, but the. land of Warren County was always in West Jersey.
By the royal charter, all the rights given were assignable. Ac- cordingly, we find that Berkeley, on March 18, 1673, sold his interest in West Jersey for £1000 to John Fenwicke as trustee for Edward Byl- linge, who were both Quakers. Fenwicke sailed for West Jersey in the ship "Griffith," in 1675, which was the first English vessel to arrive in New Jersey with immigrants, and landed at Salem. Byllinge was soon forced to assign his property to William Penn, Gawn Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas, also Quakers, who sold some of their interest in the property to their friends.
A government for West Jersey was established with Byllinge as governor, who ruled by a deputy. The first assembly of West Jersey met at Burlington, in 1681, and drew up a document guaranteeing lib- erty of conscience for all, and an assembly to be chosen by the people, . which should make laws and levy taxes, and which could not be dis- solved or adjourned without its own consent.
The deputy-governors of West Jersey from 1681 to 1702 were Samuel Jennings, Thomas Olive, John Skeine, William Welsh, Daniel Coxe and Andrew Hamilton.
Sir George Carteret, the sole proprietary of East Jersey, died in 1679, and his heirs in February, 1682, sold to William Penn and eleven other Quakers all their rights to the province, which then contained 5,000 inhabitants, mostly Quakers. These twelve became associated with twelve prominent men of various beliefs, and secured from the Duke of York a third grant for East Jersey on March 14, 1682. The names of the twenty-four proprietors of East Jersey are :
James, Earl of Perth, John Drummond, Robert Barclay, David Barclay, Robert Gordon, Arent Sonmans, William Penn. Robert West,
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WARREN COUNTY.
Thomas Rudyard, Samuel Groom, Thomas Hart, Richard Mew, Ambrose Rigg, John Heywood, Hugh Hartshorne, Clement Plum- stead, Thomas Cooper, Gawen Lawrie, Edward Byllinge, James Brain, William Gibson, Thomas Barker, Robert Turner and Thomas Warne.
This purchase put all of New. Jersey decidedly under Quaker influence.
When the Duke of York, a Roman Catholic, became James II. of England, in 1685, he attempted to recall all the charters that had been given to New York, New Jersey and New England, and to unite these colonies under one governor as governor of New England. This was partly successful, and New York and New Jersey were nominally a part of New England under Governor Andros from 1688 to 1689, when the British revolution raised William and Mary to the throne and put an end to this design to govern New Jersey as part of New Eng- land, but left East and West Jersey with no charter and no government from 1689 to 1692, excepting such local governments as the county and town officers might give.
The proprietaries appointed, in 1690, John Latham as governor, and, in 1691, Col. Joseph Dudley, but the people would obey neither one, possibly because, the charters having been revoked and surren- dered, the proprietaries would have no right to appoint a governor. Then, in 1692, Andrew Hamilton was appointed, but he had to be recalled (in 1697) as no Scotchman could at that time occupy a place of public trust and profit. In 1698 Jeremiah Basse was appointed governor, but not securing royal approbation, was not obeyed. Again Andrew Hamilton was appointed, but his appointment did not receive royal sanction.
The proprietors having given up their charter, finding themselves practically unable to govern the provinces, and, above all, fearing for their own proprietary rights in the soil, decided to give up the govern- ment to the Crown, unconditionally, in the confidence that the Crown would "grant and confirm to them their lands and quit-rents, with
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WARREN COUNTY.
such other liberties, franchises and privileges as were granted to them by the late King James, when Duke of York, or have been granted by His Majesty to other proprietors of provinces in America, except the powers of government."
This was all done by Queen Anne in 1702, when East and West Jersey were united under one government, and Lord Cornbury was made governor of New Jersey as well as of New York, the commission and instructions which Cornbury received formed the constitution and government of New Jersey until its declaration of independence.
The new government was composed of the governor and twelve counsellors, nominated by the Crown, and an assembly, of twenty-four members to be elected by the people, and whose sessions were to be held alternately at Perth Amboy and Burlington. "The Assembly was con- stituted of two members from Amboy, two from Burlington, two from Salem, and two from each of the nine counties." No person was eli- gible to the Assembly who did not possess a freehold of one thousand acres of land within the division for which he was chosen, or personal estate to the value of five hundred pounds sterling; and the qualification of an elector was a freehold estate in one hundred acres of land, or per- sonal estate to the value of fifty pounds sterling. The house was to be prorogued and dissolved at the governor's pleasure. Laws enacted by the Council and Assembly were subject to veto by the governor, and were to be confirmed or disallowed by the Crown. The governor, with the consent of the Council was empowered to constitute courts of law, appoint all civil and military officers, and to conduct hostilities against public enemies. The Church of England was established, Cath- olics were barred from office, and no printing press was permitted, nor anything allowed to be printed without the license of the governor.
The new constitution gave the proprietaries and the people fewer privileges by far than they had enjoyed before under the concession of the original proprietors, which had granted "absolute religious free- dom; exemption from every species of imposition not levied by their
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WARREN COUNTY.
assemblies; the establishment of the judiciary by the governor, council and assembly; exemption from military duty of those conscientiously against bearing arms * and the right of the assembly alone to enact laws provided they were agreeable to the fundamental laws of England and not repugnant to the concessions" of the proprietaries.
In 1702 the population of New Jersey, numbering about 10,000, consisted largely of Quakers, Presbyterians, and Anabaptists, who had been forced to flee from England and Scotland before active religious persecution ceased with the British revolution in 1689, together with a few Swedes and Dutch.
The militia of New Jersey numbered fourteen hundred men at this time.
CHAPTER II.
FROM END OF PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT TO THE FIRST SETTLE- . MENT.
1702-1725.
Until 1702, New Jersey was a proprietary government. The Duke of York received from his brother, Charles the Second, not only the ownership of the soil but also the right of government. "In like manner the title to the soil and the right of government passed from the Duke of York to Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley, and from them to their grantees in East and West Jersey respectively." After all the proprietary rights were surrendered to the Crown in 1702, the new grant from Queen Anne to the proprietors gave only a title to the soil so far as undisposed of-the Crown retaining the power to govern.
From the first, the proprietors deemed it the best policy to buy from the Indians their rights to the various tracts of land before grant- ing any one a right to survey lands in those tracts, and it has never been said that the government of New Jersey has, in any case, taken any of the rights from the Indians without full and satisfactory compensation.
In 1677, commissioners were sent by the proprietors of West Jersey with power to buy land of the natives. On September 10, 1677, they received a deed for the land between Rankokas creek and Timber creek; on September 27, 1677, for that between Oldman's creek and Timber creek; and on October 10, 1677, for that between Rankokus creek and Assunpink. In the year 1703 another purchase was made by the council of proprietors of West Jersey, of land lying above the falls of the Delaware (Trenton), which included 150,000 acres of land in Hunterdon county.
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