USA > New Mexico > History of New Mexico : its resources and people, Volume II > Part 15
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William Gardiner, a cattleman of Magdalena, New Mexico, came to the Territory and located at Socorro in 1894, and has since been a factor in the commercial and agricultural interests here. He was born in Somer- set, England, April 25, 1850, and acquired a public school education. In
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1873 he came to the United States, and in Greene county, Illinois, followed the trade of a machinist, which he had previously learned in his native land. He afterward entered mercantile circles in Wrightsville, Illinois, where he conducted a hardware store and dealt in other kinds of goods. Removing from Illinois to the southwest, he was engaged in merchandising in Socorro until 1899, when he turned his attention to the cattle business at Bear Springs, nine miles north of Magdalena, known as the headquarters or the old Fowler place, a range ten miles square. Here he has since engaged in the cattle business, having large herds upon his ranch.
Mr. Gardiner was married in 1877 to Miss Susanna Pickard, and they have five living children: Henry, George, Charlie, Margaret and Otis. The daughter is the wife of W. P. Sanders. Mr. Gardiner is a member of Magdalena Lodge, No. 18, K. P. He was one of the organizers of the Cattle and Horse Protective Association of Central New Mexico, and is now serving as a member of the executive committee, and as the treasurer. He has become thoroughly identified with stock raising in the southwest, and the extent and importance of his business make him one of the leading representatives of this department of industrial activity.
H. W. Russell, a mine operator at Magdalena, whose residence in the Territory dates from January, 1881, was born in Monroe county, Michigan, April 3, 1853. His preliminary education was supplemented by study in the University of Michigan for two years in the department of the School of Mines. On leaving home he had gone to Utah, where he was quite success- ful in his mining ventures, and it was subsequent to his return that he be- came a university student. He afterward went to Leadville, Colorado, where he worked in the mines from 1879 until coming to New Mexico, arriving in Socorro in January, 1881. Here he began silver mining, open- ing and superintending the Merritt mine. In 1882 he came to Magdalena, where he took up mining claims and employed a number of workmen on the Young America, south of Kelly, which is now producing lead, zinc, copper and gold in paying quantities, having produced to date ore to the value of about one hundred thousand dollars. The work of development has been carried on thus far to only a slight degree, so that there is a bright future before the mine. Mr. Russell was also superintendent at Silver Monument mine in the Black Range for five years, from 1888 until 1893, and in 1887 was superintendent of a mine in old Mexico. In 1886 he was superintendent of the Graphic, opening it when it was owned by Governor Thornton and Messrs. Shelby and Mandesfield.
On the 16th of September, 1885, Mr. Russell was married in Magda- lena to Miss Ada M. McClellan, and their children are Ora, Rolla and Aileen. Rolla was born September 18, 1890, a day after the last two white men were killed by Apaches at the mine of which Mr. Russell was superin- tendent. He served as a private with the Socorro Rangers in the Apache war and aided in driving the Indians from the country, so that no more horrors occurred as the result of their cruelty and depredations. Fraternally lie is connected with San Marcial Lodge, No. I, A. O. U. W., and in poli- tics is a Democrat. He has intimate knowledge of the history of mining operations in his section of New Mexico, and in the work of development has contributed to the substantial progress and prosperity of the Territory.
Joseph Brown, superintendent of the Graphic mine at Kelly, New Mexico, came to this place in 1887, and has since been identified with the
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development of the rich mineral resources of the Territory. He was born in Newport, Ontario, Canada, May 10, 1861, and acquired his education in the public schools there. He afterward mastered the machinist's trade and was employed as machinist and engineer in different places until coming to Kelly, in 1887. Here he was employed in the Kelly mine for about three years, on the expiration of which period he accepted the position of engineer in the Graphic mine, in which capacity he served for about eleven years, or until 1901, when he was made superintendent, which is his present connec- tion with the company. Practical experience in all departments of mining has made him thoroughly familiar with the business and qualified him for the important positions which devolve upon him in his present connection.
Mr. Brown is a member of Socorro Lodge, No. 8, A. F. & A. M. He was married in Kelly to Miss Kate Klemmer and to them have been born three sons and a daughter, Lovell, Carl, Ruth and Joseph Brown.
Michael Wolf, proprietor of a ranch and also of a meat market at Kelly, was born in Allen county, Ohio, July 24, 1865, and after acquiring a public school education he learned the tailor's trade in his native state, but was obliged to abandon it on account of his eyesight. He then came to New Mexico in 1885 and entered the cattle business, in which he continued until 1890, spending that period upon a ranch on the Tularosa river. From 1890 until 1895 he was engaged in raising horses on the same ranch and found it a profitable source of income. In later years he began raising An- gora goats upon the same ranch. This has proved a profitable industry, and he has since carried on his ranching interests, while in 1905 he opened a butcher shop and hotel in Kelly, which he is also conducting. Mr. Wolf was married in Frisco, New Mexico, to Miss Ada A. Wilson. Since coming to the Territory he has worked his way steadily upward in business life, and although he came without capital, is now in possession of a comfortable property and good business interests.
C. C. Clark, a mine promoter of Kellv, in which connection he has been closely associated with the development of the rich mineral resources of the Territory, came to this place in 1883, and has since been a factor in its mining interests. He was born in Orneville, Maine, in 1839, and after acquiring his preliminary education in the public schools of Ohio attended Maumee Academy in that state. He was afterward graduated from Belm's Commercial College at Evansville, Indiana, and in his teens engaged in teaching school, continuing in that occupation for several years. He after- ward followed merchandising in Evansville until his health failed, when he went upon the road as a traveling salesman. He was connected with whole- sale and retail interests, selling all kinds of fancy goods, millinery, sewing machines, musical instruments and other commodities. In 1880 he went to Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he continued until his mining interests called him to New Mexico, in 1883. Previous to this time his attention was largely given to mercantile interests. In 1866 Mr. Clark was married in Indiana to Miss India Eva Jones, and their children are: Vivian V., a mining engineer and metallurgist; Matie Pearl. and William W., a me- chanical and electrical engineer.
As stated, Mr. Clark arrived in New Mexico in 1883, and has con- ducted a hotel at Kelly since that time. He has engaged in operating mines on his own account since 1885, and also in prospecting. He has operated in Arizona and other districts of the southwest and is now a promoter of
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mining interests, securing the co-operation and capital for development of the rich mineral resources of New Mexico and thus contributing in sub- stantial measure to its upbuilding and progress. He is a prominent mem- ber of Magdalena Lodge No. 18, K. of P., and also became a member of the Masonic fraternity while in Goshen, Indiana, in 1872. His interest in community affairs has been proved by his active co-operation in many movements for the public good. He built the first public schoolhouse in Socorro county, and was justice of the peace of Kelly for several years. He is quite active in politics as a supporter of Democratic principles, doing all in his power to promote the growth and insure the success of the party. A close study of the possibilities of the Territory has well qualified him for his work as a promoter and he is accomplishing much in this direction.
James Cowell, of Kelly, a representative of mining interests, was born on the Isle of Man, May 3, 1847, and in his youth was employed in the mines in the north of England, largely in Northumberland county. He came to the United States in 1877 at the age of thirty years, and made his way to Colorado, working in the mines of Central City and elsewhere in that state until coming to New Mexico in 1880. He went first to George- town, where he followed mining until 1881, when he removed to Socorro and worked in the Torrance mine until 1883. He then came to Kelly, where he located some chims and bought others. He has produced zinc and lead ore from his Black Hawk group of claims in paying quantities, and is still working these profitably. He is also sinking a shaft in what is known as the Kelly mine, and has good prospects for profitable operations in this.
In 1882 Mr. Cowell was married to Miss Ellen Counihan and their children are: Mamie, Lillie, Florence, Jav, Morris and Clarence. The eldest daughter is the wife of Milton Craig. Mr. Cowell was for nine- teen years an Odd Fellow in good standing, but is not in active connection with the organization at present, as there is no lodge at Kelly.
J. J. Sheridan, who figures prominently in Republican circles in New Mexico and is a resident of San Antonio, was born at Sutter Creek, Amador county, California, July 29, 1866. He located in Silver City, New Mexico, in 1892, acting as a messenger between that place and El Paso, Texas, for the Wells-Fargo Express Company. In 1894 he was appointed under sheriff of Grant county under A. B. Laird, and filled that position for two years, after which he received appointment as chief deputy in the office of tax collector of Grant county. In 1898 he was appointed chief deputy to United States Marshal Foraker, and in 1901 was appointed chief deputy in the county treasurer's office of Bernalillo county, serving for two years under Charles K. Newhall and three years under Hon. Frank A. Hubbell. During the years 1903 and 1904 he was secretary of the Republican territorial cen- tral committee, and his influence has been a potent factor in Republican circles. Fraternally Mr. Sheridan is connected with Albuquerque Lodge, No. 461, B. P. O. E., and with all of the Masonic bodies of Albuquerque.
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HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO
SANTA FE COUNTY.
While the most interesting historically, Santa Fé county is the smallest in the Territory, and for the past quarter of a century its population has been almost stationary-that of the city of Santa Fé has decreased about 1,000. It is one of the very few sections of the country into which the extension of the railroad has had a deteriorating effect, as thereafter it no longer received the great influx of overland trade flowing through the great Southwest, of which for thirty years it had enjoyed a virtual mo- nopoly.
The present area of Santa Fé county is 2,212 square miles, and its population about 13,000. It is located north of the central part of the Terri- tory, in the second irregular tier of counties from the northern boundary, and has a beautiful situation in the broad valley of the Rio Grande.
Original Boundaries .- As described by the Territorial Act of January 9, 1852, the boundaries of Santa Fé county (one of the nine counties into which New Mexico was first divided) were as follows: On the east, from the point of Torreones, drawing a direct line across the summit of the mountain until it reaches the angle formed by the eastern and southern boundaries of the county of Rio Arriba; from the above mentioned point of Torreones drawing a direct line toward the south, touching the point called Salinas in the mountain of Galisteo, and continuing said line until it reaches the Cibolo Spring; from this point to the westward, and turning the point of San Ysidro toward the north in the direction of Juana Lopez, touching the mouth of Las Bocas Canyon, and thence drawing a direct line toward the north until it reaches the boundaries of the county of Rio Arriba.
Physical Features and Resources .- Though one of the smallest coun- ties in New Mexico, Santa Fé is one of the most diversified. The moun- tains in the eastern portion are full of picturesque scenery. the northern and central sections are finely adapted to horticulture and the central and southern sections present a variety of mineral wealth seldom surpassed. On the eastern boundary the main range of the Rockies protects the plains from violent winds, while on the west the Temez and Valle mountains per- form the same office. Most of the streams in the county emanate from the western side of the Santa Fé range of the Rocky mountains and flow west- erly into the Rio Grande, which itself cuts off a northwestern corner in its course from the northeast to the southwest. The chief affluents of the parent stream are the Santa Cruz river, flowing down from the canyons near Chimayo; Nambe creek and its numerous heads, rising at Baldy and Lake peaks, and Galisteo creek, originating with its branches, near the summit of the southern end of the Santa Fé range. Their waters are derived from snow, rain and springs in the mountains, in Archaean rocks, flowing thence through carboniferous beds to the limestone beds which fill the valley be-
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1.1771
Old Capitol Building. Santa Fe-Destroyed by Fire
1
Ancient Spanish Church, Santa Fe
The Ancient Governor's "Palace." Santa Fe
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tween the mountain range and the Rio Grande, overlaid nearer the latter river in places by sheets of lava, which, on the east side of the stream, were thrown out from the Tetilla, an extinct volcano, and on its west side from craters further west.
The soil is excellent, and produced large crops of the best quality, with the needed supply of water. Cereals are raised to perfection in the valleys of the Rio Grande and its tributaries, and the fruits of the Santa Fé orchards are famous, including apricots, peaches, pears, raspberries, straw- berries, plums and nectarines. Of the vegetables, perhaps asparagus and celery are the richest and finest. The choicest orchards and gardens are in the city itself and vicinity. The first really fine orchard in the Southwest was in the "Bishop's Garden," planted by Archbishop Lamy, at Santa Fe. There is something in the location which seems to add to the flavor as well as the beauty of the fruit. At Tesuque, six miles north, was the Miller apple orchard, which for years was a wonderfully productive enterprise. At Pojuaqua and Espanyola-in fact, throughout the Rio Grande and Santa Cruz valleys-are excellent orchards, and the horticultural interests are spreading over the county, as they are in other parts of the Territory.
While mineral wealth of some kind is to be found in nearly all parts of Santa Fé county, yet it is the southern section that is famous in this re- spect. The knowledge of these mines is nothing new. Even Cabeza de Vaca speaks of seeing a turquoise from these mines, and in Coronado's time this stone was regarded as the most precious possessions of the Indians as far west as Arizona. The silver mines of Cerrillos were worked to an enormous extent during the early Spanish occupation. Over forty ancient mines have been discovered, and there are probably as many more so thoroughly filled as to defy detection. In the midst of this silver district rises the dome of Mount Chalchuitl (whose name the Mexicans gave to the turquoise, its much valued mineral), the summit of which is about 7,000 feet above tide, and is therefore almost exactly on a level with the plaza of Santa Fé.
The observer is deeply impressed on inspecting this locality with the enormous amount of labor which in ancient times has been expended here. The waste of debris excavated in the former workings cover an area of at least twenty acres. On the slopes and sides of the great piles of rubbish are growing large cedars and pines, the age of which,-judging from their size and slowness of growth in this very dry region,-must be reckoned by centuries. It is well known that in 1680 a large section of the mountain suddenly fell in from the undermining of the mass by the Indian miners, killing a considerable number, and that this accident was the immediate cause of the uprising of the Pueblos and the expulsion of the Spaniards in that year, just two centuries since.
The irregular openings in the mountains, called "wonder caves," and the "mystery," are the work of the old miners. It was this sharp slope of the mountain which fell. In these chambers, which have some extent of ramification, were found abundantly the fragments of their ancient pot- tery, with a few entire vessels, some of them of curious workmanship, ornamented in the style of color so familiar in the Mexican pottery. As- sociated with these were numerous stone hammers, some to be held in the hand and others swung as sledges, fashioned with wedge-shaped edges and a groove for a handle. A hammer weighing over twenty pounds was
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HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO
found to which the wyth was still attached, with its oak handle,-the same scrub oak which is found growing abundantly on the hillsides,-now quite well preserved after at least two centuries of entombment in this perfectly dry rock.
The stone used for these hammers is the hard and tough hornblende andesite, or propylite, which forms the Cerro d'Oro and other Cerrillos hills. With these rude tools and without iron or steel, using fire in place of explosives, these patient old workers managed to break down and re- move the incredible masses of the tufaceous rocks which form the mounds already described.
That considerable quantities of the turquoise were obtained can hardly be questioned. We know that the ancient Mexicans attached great value to this ornamental stone, as the Indians do to this day. The familiar tale of the gift of the large and costly turquoise by Montezuma to Cortez for the Spanish crown, as narrated by Clavigero in his history of Mexico, is evidence of its high estimation.
The Indians used stone tools almost entirely. Their hammers, which are found in the debris of the old mines and scattered about the country, are of various forms, some being quite large and pointed to take the place of picks. The ore and debris were removed from the mine in leather baskets on the backs of the enslaved pueblo or peoned Mexicans. Their ladder ways were round poles, about eight inches in diameter, having notches cut in them twelve inches apart for steps. These ladders were from twelve to fourteen feet long, reaching from one landing to another. The ore was smelted in small furnaces constructed of stones cemented together with mud. Vast quantities of gold and silver were obtained in this manner in other mines.
For over a century and a half, after the Revolution of 1680, there was no mining done in this vicinity, when suddenly the old placers were discovered at the place now called Dolores, and soon hundreds of men were at work washing out the precious yellow metal. A few years later history repeated itself at the new placers, now Golden. This was before the Amer- ican occupation, and Mexicans by the thousand passed the winter here in order to utilize the snow which fell at that season,-for the difficulty in these placers was the lack of water. The gravel had to be carried in bags on the back for miles to some spring, or else the water had, equally labori- ously, to be brought to the placers. In the winter they took the snows in the canyons and of the blizzards and melted it by means of heated rocks, and with the scanty supplies of water thus obtained washed out the precious metal. Modern science has, however, improved upon this operation.
County Officials .- Commencing with 1852, when Santa Fé county was formally organized by enactment of the Territorial legislature, the pro- bate judge takes the place of the prefect, who held sway during Mexican times, and for a few years after New Mexico became American soil. The records of the county are fairly complete, but where any omissions appear it has been impossible to supply them from any data in the office of the probate clerk. Following is the list :
1848 :- Prefect, Francisco Ortiz; probate clerk. J. M. Giddings; sheriff, E. J. Vaughn. 1849 :- Prefect, Francisco Ortiz; clerk, J. M. Giddings; sheriff, C. H. Merritt.
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1851 :- Prefect, Lewis D. Shutz and Horace L. Dickinson; clerk, J. M. Gid- dings ; sheriff, J. G. Jones.
1852 :- Probate judge, Thomas Ortiz; clerk, J. M. Giddings; sheriff, R. M.
Stephens.
1853 :- Probate judges, Jose E. Ortiz and Facunda Pino; clerk, J. H. Mink; sheriff, Lorenzo Labadi.
1854 :- Probate judge, Facunda Pino; clerk, J. H. Mink; sheriffs, Lorenzo Labadi and Jesus Maria Baca.
1855 :- Probate judge, Facunda Pino; clerk, Jesus Maria Sena y Baca ; sheriff, Jesus Maria Baca.
1858 :- Probate judge, Anastacio Sandoval; clerk, David J. Miller.
1859 :- (Same as above.)
1860 :- Probate judge, Anastacio Sandoval; clerk, Facemdo Pirio.
1860-3 :- Probate judge, Anastacio Sandoval; clerk, Facemdo Pirio.
1865 :- Probate judge, Miguel E. Pino; clerk. Antonio Ortiz y Salazar; sheriff, Jose D. Sena; coroner, Juan Marquez. Elected in September of this year: Probate judge, Antonio y Salazar ; clerk, Miguel E. Pino; sheriff, Jose D. Sena.
1866 :- (Same as above.)
1867 :- Probate judge, Antonio Oritz y Salazar; clerk, Trinidad Alarid; sheriff, Jose D. Sena; coroner, Jose Ortiz. Elected in September of this year: Probate judge, Antonio Ortiz y Salazar; clerk, Trinidad Alarid; sheriff, Jose D. Sena ; coroner, Jose Ortiz.
1868 :- (Same as above.) Elected in September of this year: Probate judge, Antonio Ortiz y Salazar; clerk, Trinidad Alarid; sheriff, Jose D. Sena; coroner, Jose Trujillo; treasurer, Ambrosio Ortiz.
1869-70 :- (Same as above.)
1871 :- Elected in September of this year : Probate judge, Felipe Delgado; clerk, Samuel Ellison; sheriff, Carlos Conklin; treasurer, J. Antonio Rodrequez ; coroner, Francisco Montoya.
1872 :- (Same as above.)
1873 :- Prohate judge, Gaspar Ortiz y Alarid; clerk, Ambrosio Ortiz; sheriff, Carlos M. Conklin
1874 :- Probate judge, Gaspar Ortiz y Alarid; clerk, Ambrosio Ortiz; sheriff, Carlos M. Conklin; treasurer, Juan Miguel Ortega. 1875 :- Elected in September of this year : Probate judge, Nicholas Pino; clerk, Ambrosio Ortiz; sheriff, Carlos M. Conklin; treasurer, Eugenio Griego; cor- oner. Santiago Cabeza de Baca.
1876 :- The first board cf county commissioners was organized on March I, 1876, in conformity with the law of January 13th preceding, with Antonio Ortiz y Salazar as president, and W. W. Griffin and Aniceto Abeytia as commissioners. Ambrosio Ortiz was probate clerk.
At the second meeting of the board, March IIth, S. Seligman was appointed to succeed Abeytia. At the annual election, held in November following, these officers were elected for the term beginning January I. 1877 :
1877 :- Commissioners, Lehman Spiegelberg. Trindad Alarid, Julian Provencio ; probate judge, Jose A. Ortiz; commissioner of schools. J. A. Truchard; probate clerk, Jose B. Ortiz; sheriff, Martin Quintana; treasurer, Jose Maria Martin; cor- oner, Ramon Padia. At the first meeting of the elected board of county commis- sioners Trinidad Alarid was elected president. At succeeding elections the records show that the following principal officials were elected :
1878 :- Probate judge, Jose A. Ortiz; probate clerk, Luciano Baca; sheriff, Jose D. Sena ; treasurer, Juan Garcia: county commissioners, Antonio Ortiz y Salazar (chairman), William H. Manderfield. Solomon Spiegelberg. (Abraham Staab ap- pointed to succeed Mr. Spiegelberg. )
IS79 :- Probate judge, Jose A. Ortiz: clerk, Luciano Baca.
1880 :- Probate judge, Gaspar Ortiz y Alarid : sheriff, Romulo Martinez : probate clerk. Charles M. Conklin treasurer, Albion Bustamante; county commissioners, Solomon Spiegelberg (chairman). Nazario Gonzales, James A. Donavant.
1881 :- Probate judge. Gaspar Ortiz y Alarid : clerk, Carlos M. Conklin.
1882 :- Probate judge. Luciano Baca: probate clerk. Francisco Chavez; sheriff, Romulo Martinez; treasurer, Antonio Jose Rael; commissioners, Solomon Spiegel- berg (chairman). Nazario Gonzales. Romaido Sena. (William H. Nesbitt and Jesus Maria Alarid were afterward appointed to succeed Messrs. Gonzales and Sena as commissioners, and Atanasio to succeed Chavez as clerk.
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HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO
1884 :- Probate judge, Willi Spiegelberg; clerk, John Gray; assessor, Francisco Chavez; sheriff, Romulo Martinez; treasurer, Sabiniano Sena; commissioners, B. Seligman (chairman), Jose Maria Martinez y Sandoval, Nazario Gonzales.
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