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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
UNIV
BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
3 1924 092 228 422
UN
L
E
1865 X
N
ED
A.L
Cornell University Library
The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library.
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MEMORIAL AND FAMILY HISTORY
OF
ERIE COUNTY
NEW YORK
1
VOLUME I
BIOGRAPHICAL AND GENEALOGICAL
ILLUSTRATED
NEW YORK- BUFFALO THE GENEALOGICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 1906-8
THE WINTHROP PRESS 419-421 LAFAYETTE STREET NEW YORK
PREFACE
History, as the word was once understood, applied almost exclusively to the transactions of nations. Historical narrative was a panorama, wherein the details were lost in the general effect. As history has become less of an art and more of a science, there is an increasing tendency to dwell on local environment, and to amplify the intimate, personal relation of men to events. This is a significant truth. It shows that the advanced intelligence of mankind cannot rest content with the worn-out notion that any existent condition of affairs, any given state of civilization, is due to a few great men, and to a small number of important episodes. Just as the victories of war are won by the rank and file, rather than by the generals, so the triumphs of progress are gained by the many. As the family is the unit of the town, so the individual is the unit of the family. So widely are these considerations accepted, and so firmly have they become established, that a large share of the most careful current historic research is devoted to locali- ties. Specialization of this character logically leads to emphasis on the influence of persons. Thus the boundary line between history and biography disappears, and the dry bones of facts are vitalized by human interest.
The purpose of the MEMORIAL AND FAMILY HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, NEW YORK, is concisely expressed by its title. In the scheme of narration, the publishers have not circumscribed the plan of the work by any sharply defined limits. While the sketches of individuals are, it is hoped, terse enough to preserve the quality of readability, they are more than a mere statement of facts and dates. Living characterization has been kept in view, and it has been sought, in each instance, to grasp the salient traits of the subject and to show, in a clear light, the chief points of his career.
A special feature of these volumes, is the genealogical department, giving condensed accounts of ancestries, which have the uses but not the cumbersomeness, of works purely devoted to genealogy, and may serve as a basis for genealogical research. It is believed that, apart from the natural interest
individuals have in preserving some reliable history of their families, these volumes may often be profitably consulted by the lawyer, the conserver of public records, the examiner of titles, the editor and the general business man.
Exceptional pains have been taken to ensure accuracy. Data have been compiled from original sources, by personal interviews, from manuscripts, correspondence and other authoritative records. In many instances broken links in the chain of ancestral descent have been supplied, and current errors rectified.
In its memorial feature the work embraces a more or less distinct department devoted to memorial sketches of men of the past. In commemorating the virtues of the departed who have lived honorable and useful lives, and in rendering honor to whom honor is due, we believe we are performing a public service and inculcating the most valuable lessons of veneration and good citizenship.
The illustrative feature not only comprises one of the most interesting and attractive departments of the work, but helps to a quicker and better comprehension of the history and per- sonality of the subject portrayed. No similar work ever issued probably was more representative or possessed a higher artistic merit in its portrait feature. Such a collection of pictures, a large proportion of which are steel engravings, of the repre- sentative men of the locality, cannot help but prove of much interest and enduring value to the present and succeeding generations.
THE PUBLISHERS.
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF VOLUME I
PAGE
Abbott, Frank A. 373
Adam, Robert Borthwick. 151
Babst, Frank L. 385
Bardol, Frank V.
256
Bartlett, Eugene M
182
Beals, Edward Preble
43
Beals, John Wilkenson 43
Beals, Pascall Pratt 48
Bennett, Lewis
216
Benson, Morris
161
Biden, John D ..
341
Birge, George Kingsley
126
Birge, Martin Howland
124
Bissell, Amos
A.
331
Bissell, Herbert P.
331
Borzilleri, Charles R.
366
Brendel, Henry W.
181
Butler, Edward H.
113
Chapin Family, The
51
Chapin, Cyrenius.
51
Chapin, Louise Marie 53
Choate, Isaac W.
155
Choate, Rufus Mortimer
154
Cleveland, Grover
156
Clinton Family, The
16
Clinton, Charles
17
Clinton, DeWitt
18
Clinton, George
24
Clinton, George W.
22
Clinton, James
18
Clinton, Marshall O 26
Clinton, Spencer
23
Coatsworth, Caleb
185
Coatsworth, Edward E.
185
Colton, Charles Henry.
338
Conners, William J ..
297
Connery, Michael Patrick
345
Cooke, Walter P.
351
Cuddeback, William H.
173
Danforth, Frederick L.
290
Danser, Earl George
273
Dark, Samuel John
324
Dark, Thomas Jr.
324
Dark, Thomas, Sr.
322
Desbecker, Louis Eugene
288
PAGE
Dodge, Leonard .. 231
Dolson, Charles Augustus 368
Douglas, William A. 238
Ellicott, Joseph. 15
Emery, Edward K. 278
Esenwein, Carl Augustus 196
Farrar, Chillion M. 223
Falk, Eugene Lawrence 313
Falk, Sansom
311
Fechter, Louis.
380
Filmore, Millard. 49
Fleischmann, Simon
254
Fox, George C ..
263
Getz, Reuben Joseph
306
Gibson, Thomas Morton 159
Goodyear Family, The. 97
Goodyear, Bradley. 98
Goodyear, Charles W. 98
Goodyear, Frank Henry 102
Greene Family, The.
82
Greene, DeWitt Clinton 85
Greene, Joseph C. 83
Greene, Walter D ..
84
Haffa, George Jacob 300
Hammond Family, The.
205
Hammond, Charles
207
Hammond, Clark Hurd. 209
Hammond, William W.
207
Hefford, Robert Rodman
326
Hingston, Edward J. 362
Hodson, Devoe Pell
212
Hotchkiss, William Horace
334
Houck, William Charles
355
Howard, George
56
Howard, George R.
56
Howland, John David 292
Hubbell, Mark Sibley
251
Huntley, Charles Russell.
198
Hutchinson, Henry Howard.
220
Hutchinson, John M.
220
Hynes, John Joseph
320
Jewett Family, The
68
Jewett, Edgar B.
72
Jewett, Frederick A.
74
Jewett, John Cotton
72
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF VOLUME I
PAGE
PAGE
Jewett, Sherman S ..
69
Kirkover, Henry Donly
214
Keating, Robert.
195
Rich, Andrew Jackson 29
Kenefick, Daniel.
389
Kingsley, Silas
275
Rich, Gaius Barrett 28
Rich, Gaius Barrett. 31
Kraft, Harry Nelson
249
Ricker, George Alfred. 234
Larkin, John D.
79
Sawyer Family, The.
117
Sawyer, George Pliny.
119
Sawyer, James Dennison
118
Sangster Family, The
370
Sangster, Amos W.
371
Sangster, Arthur J. 372
Mack, Norman E.
308
Scatcherd, James Newton
201
Scatcherd, John Newton 200
Schaefer, Philip G. 294
Schreiber, A.
259
Schwartz, John Leo.
352
Schoellkopf, Arthur
134
Mayer, Joseph B.
241
Schoellkopf, Alfred.
138
Meldrum, Alexander
242
Meldrum, Herbert Alexander
243
McNaughton, Pliny Barton.
304
McWilliams, John J.
165
Mc Williams, S. N.
167
Montgomery, Ezekiel
245
Montgomery, George B.
247
Montgomery, Henry
245
Moot, Adelbert
210
Morey, Norris.
170
Morse, Charles Miller
379
Morse, David R.
376
Noble, Horace A ..
365
Norton, Charles Davis
66
Norton, Nathaniel Willis.
282
Norton, Porter.
56
Patch, Maurice Byron
314
Persons, Henry Hamilton.
317
Persons, Henry Ziba
318
Pierce, Henry J.
218
Pomeroy, Robert W
375
Porter, Peter Augustus
40
Taylor, Harry L.
358
Timon, John
64
Porter, Peter Buell
37
Tindle, Thomas
229
Pratt Family, The
1
Pratt, Pascal Paoli.
6
Townsend, Charles
11
Pratt, Samuel.
2
Trefts, George Martin
285
Schoellkopf, Louis
132
Seibert, Simon
302
Sidway Family, The
142
Sidway, Franklin.
142
Sidway, Frank St. John 144
Sidway, James.
142
Sidway, Jonathan
142
Sigman, Albert J.
269
Sill, Henry Seymour
249
Sill, Seth Ely.
248
Smith, T. Guilford. 89
Snyder, Ole Lynn.
265
Sprague Family, The
109
Sprague, Carlton.
112
Sprague, Eben Carlton
110
Spratt, Maurice C.
271
Steul, Henry Christian
328
Pooley, Charles A.
280
Stoddart, Thomas
286
Strangmann, Carl Augustus.
168
Porter, Peter Augustus.
41
Pratt, Samuel Jr. 3
Pratt, Samuel Fetcher 5
Rich, Gains Barrett
27
Kingsley, Spencer Silas
275
Larkin, Levi H ..
80
Laverack, George Edward.
193
Laverack, William.
191
Letchworth, George Jedediah
187
Letchworth, Ogden Pearl.
189
Lewis, Loran L.
107
Sangster, James
370
Marshall, Charles De Angelis
33
Marshall, John Ellis.
32
Marshall, Orsamus Holmes.
32
Matthews, George Edward. 77
Matthews, James N.
75
Schoellkopf, C. P. Hugo
140
Schoellkopf,
Henry.
131
Schoellkopf,
Jacob
127
Schoellkopf, Jacob
136
Porter Family, The.
37
Townsend, Charles
10
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF VOLUME I
PAGE
Trefts, John. 284
Wheeler, Albert J. 225
Turgeon, Newton Ernest. 261
Wheeler, Charles Barker 175
Urban, George 120
White, James Penfield 62
Urban, George Jr. 120
Urban, William Charles
123
White, James Platt.
63
White, Seymour Penfield 63
Walbridge, George Brush
86
Wiekser, John George 236
Wilkeson Family, The. 12
Wilkeson, John. 13
Wilkeson, Samuel. 12
Wilkeson, Samuel. 14
Wilkeson, Maria Louise. 14
Williams, Charles Edwin 257
Webster Family, The.
382
Webster, George Buell 383
Weed Family, The
53
Wilson, Walter T.
35
Weed, Thaddeus
54
Worthington, Dan L .. 227
Weimert, Orson J.
360
Zimmerman, George Michael.
356
Wendt, Henry William
347
Wendt, William Franz.
349
White, James Platt. 60
Walbridge, Charles E ..
86
Walker, William H. 145
Wallenmeier, John George.
178
Waltz, Hiram.
204
Warren, James D.
147
Warren, William C.
149
Weber, John B ..
162
Wilson, Guilford R.
35
Wilson, Thomas William 295
Weed, Hobart.
54
Worthington, Charles Gadd.
227
Zipp, Henry
387
PAGE
BIOGRAPHICAL AND GENEALOGICAL
THE PRATT FAMILY. For more than a century the Pratt family with which this sketch is concerned has held a place of central prominence in the annals of Buffalo. In that community the distinctions attaching to the name of Pratt are multifold, and include the honors which belong to pioneer hardihood, soldierly courage, industrial enterprise, civic service and social leadership. .
The name Pratt is derived from the Latin Pratum, a meadow, its etymology being referred to in the motto "Rident Florentia Prata"-"The flourishing meadows smile"-found in the emblazonry of Pratt of Ryston Hall, Norfolk, England. With changes due to the difference of languages the name appears as that of several persons in France and the south of Europe, notably of one possessing the barony of Pratella, near Rouen, France, whose lord, in 1066, is found on the Roll of Battle Abbey as accompanying William the Conqueror at the battle of Hastings. In 1096 Le Sire De Preaux, whose arms were gules, an eagle d'or, followed Duke Robert Compte Hare of Normandy in the First Crusade, and John and William De Pratelles, brothers, were companions of Richard Coeur de Lion. The records of the Pratt family appear in almost every county in England, but are particularly identified with those of Hertford and Norfolk. In the former, about 1538, lived Thomas Pratt of Baldock. His son Andrew was the father of the Rev. William Pratt, whose son John was the founder of the Pratt family in America. The date when John Pratt came to the Puritan Colonies is not settled, but he was in this country
2
MEMORIAL AND FAMILY HISTORY.
as early as 1639. He was one of the original proprietors of Hartford, Conn .; his sons were John and Daniel. John Pratt (2d), eldest son of John and Elizabeth Pratt, was born about 1638. He was several times chosen for public office. He was twice married, his first wife having been Hannah Boosey, and his second Hepzibah Wyatt. Jonathan Pratt, son of John Pratt (2d) and Hepzibah Wyatt, was born in Hartford, Conn., in 1683, and died there in 1755. Aaron Pratt, son of Jonathan and Mary (Benton) Pratt, settled in Westminster, Vt. In 1757 he married Mary Clark, of East Hartford, by whom he had six children. Aaron Pratt died in Buffalo, Feb- ruary 9, 1807, and his widow died in the same city, November 20, 1809.
CAPT. SAMUEL PRATT, fourth child of Aaron and Mary Pratt, was an important figure in the pioneer epoch of Buffalo, having been one of the founders of the city. Capt. Pratt had an interesting and eventful career. He was a typical fron- tiersman, a gallant soldier of the Revolutionary War, an able business man.
Capt. Pratt was born in East Hartford, Conn., and was still a child when his parents removed to Westminster, Vt. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War he responded to the call to arms and on July 10, 1775, enlisted in the 3d Company, 8th Regiment, Huntington's brigade. Originally stationed on Long Island Sound, the brigade was ordered by General Washington to Boston Camps, where Capt. Pratt accompanied his com- mand, taking post at Roxbury, Mass., with Gen. Spencer's brigade. Here he remained until the expiration of his term of service, being honorably discharged December 14, 1775. Capt. Pratt again enlisted July 2, 1777, in Capt. John Har- mon's Company, 4th Regiment, Connecticut Line, and went into camp at Peekskill. In September the command was ordered to join Washington's army in Pennsylvania. The regi- ment marched in the Connecticut brigade under Gen.
3
MEMORIAL AND FAMILY HISTORY.
McDougal, and Capt. Pratt participated in the battle of Germantown, and took part in the defense of Fort Mifflin.
In 1801 Capt. Pratt went to Montreal, and as the head of an expedition there organized made his way through the Cana- dian forests to Buffalo. With rare foresight he immediately became convinced of the future greatness of this Western town. In 1804 he journeyed to his former home in New Eng- land in a coach which was the first carriage ever seen in Erie County. Capt. Pratt brought his family to Buffalo and threw himself heartily into the life and interests of the place. He was a man of boundless energy and business enterprise, and he established a store, built extensively and took a leading part in all matters of public improvement. For many years his store was the principal rendezvous of the Indians, and there they did a large share of their trading. From them Capt. Pratt received two significant titles, " Aegurrigu "-" honest dealer," and " Hohamdoah " -" merciful man."
About the year 1785 Capt. Pratt married Esther Wells, who was born in Hatfield, Mass., April 20, 1766, and was the daughter of Samuel and Lucy (Evans) Wells. Mrs. Pratt came of one of the oldest and best families in New England. After the burning of Buffalo in 1813, Mrs. Pratt, who was then a widow, returned to Westminster, Vt., with her children and lived in the old homestead, later returning to Buffalo, where she died in 1830. The death of Capt. Pratt occurred August 31, 1812. He was beloved and respected by all and his name stands high in the roll of those who laid the foundations of civic life in Western New York. He was one of the first to introduce public worship in Buffalo and was among the pio- neers in the cause of education.
SAMUEL PRATT, JR., eldest son of Capt. Samuel Pratt, invites comparison with his father by his high ideals of citizen- ship, his military service and business pursuits and his close
4
MEMORIAL AND FAMILY HISTORY.
identification with the material welfare and the mental and moral interests of Buffalo.
Samuel Pratt, Jr., was born at Hartford, Conn., in 1787. Early in life he went to Westminster, Vt., where he engaged in commerce, and when his parents removed to Buffalo he did not accompany the family, being at that time occupied in mer- cantile pursuits at Townsend, Vt. In August, 1807, he came to Buffalo with his wife and child, where with his father he engaged in business. However, the son soon retired from commerce that he might be able more satisfactorily to dis- charge his duties as Sheriff of Niagara County, to which office he was appointed in 1810. Later he formed a partnership with Elijah Leech, his brother-in-law, the firm name being Pratt & Leech.
Upon the outbreak of the War of 1812, Mr. Pratt joined the army and was appointed Adjutant to Gen. Porter. December 13, 1813, when Buffalo was attacked by the British and Indi- ans, Adjutant Pratt removed his family to a place of safety and then went to assist so far as possible in the defence of the town. At the risk of their lives he and Judge Wilson extin- guished the fires which had been lighted by the savage foe in many buildings, but only to see them rekindled. Mr. Pratt's watch in the neighborhood of the village lasted for several days and nights, and some exciting incidents of that perilous time have come down to us. One night during the season of burning and pillage, as Mr. Pratt was going to his mother's farm on horseback, with a Mr. Tredwell, he caught sight of two Indians skulking behind trees. Mr. Pratt shouted to his companion to run for his life, but before he could obey the Indians fired and Tredwell fell dead. Before the savage marksmen could reload Mr. Pratt made his escape.
In 1806, Samuel Pratt, Jr., married Sophia Fletcher, daugh- * ter of Gen. Samuel Fletcher, who was one of the most distin- guished of the early residents of Vermont, a veteran of the French and Indian War and the War of the Revolution. He
5
MEMORIAL AND FAMILY HISTORY.
fought at the battle of Bunker Hill, in 1777 marched to the relief of Ticonderoga, participated in the battle of Bennington, and continued to serve in the army till the defeat of Bur- goyne. From Orderly Sergeant he rose to the rank of Major- General, also serving in many civil offices. The children of Samuel Pratt, Jr., were Samuel Fletcher, born May 27, 1807; Lucius Hubbard, born January 6, 1809; Sophia Charlotte, born January 1, 1811, and Pascal Paoli, born September 15, 1819.
The death of Samuel Pratt, Jr., occurred in Buffalo in 1822. Mrs. Pratt died March 19, 1862.
Samuel Pratt, Jr., was a man of rather delicate appearance, and polished address. He was of a retiring disposition, yet had abundance of the spirit of enterprise. He was greatly esteemed for his integrity, and was a man of marked benevo- lence and public spirit.
SAMUEL FLETCHER PRATT was one of the representa- tive members of his family, and for more than forty years his name was among the most notable in the business life of Buffalo. He was born in Townsend, Vt., May 28, 1807, being a son of Samuel Pratt, Jr., and Sophia Fletcher. Soon after his birth, he came with his parents to Buffalo, where his early life and education were typical of the conditions of a frontier town. When he was twelve years old, he went to Canada as a clerk in a store, where he continued for the next three years. Returning to Buffalo, in 1822, he entered the hardware store of George and Thaddeus Weed. In 1828 Mr. Pratt, George Weed and Lucius Storrs formed a partnership as George Weed & Company. Mr. Weed died in 1828 and in 1829 his brother Thaddeus succeeded him in the business, which was continued as Weed & Pratt. In 1836 Mr. Pratt purchased the Weed interest and conducted the business till 1842, when with his brother Pascal P. Pratt, he established the well-known hard- ware house of S. F. Pratt & Company, with which he was for so many years identified. In 1845 Mr. Pratt and Mr. William P.
6
MEMORIAL AND FAMILY HISTORY.
Letchworth founded the firm of Pratt & Letchworth, manu- facturers of saddlery hardware. In 1848 Mr. Pratt was a leading factor in the organization of the Buffalo Gas Light Com- pany, and he served as its President to the time of his death.
Mr. Pratt shunned public office and though often urged to be- come a candidate for Mayor, always declined. However he accepted the office of Alderman in 1844 and served the city faithfully. Throughout his career his influence was strongly, felt in civic affairs. During the War of the Rebellion he was Treasurer of the Citizens' Committee of Three, and rendered valuable assistance to the Union cause. In 1851 he was one of the founders of the Buffalo Female Academy, was elected its first President and for many years served as one of its Trustees. Mr. Pratt preserved a devout faith in the truths of religion, and when eighteen years old joined the First Presby- terian Church. He was a man of musical culture, and for many years was a member of the church choir.
In 1835 Mr. Pratt married Mary Jane Strong, of Paterson, N. J. Their children were two daughters, Jeannie (Mrs. Wil- liam J. King, Jr.), who died September 24, 1872, and Helen (Mrs. Frank Hamlin), whose death occurred January 27, 1873.
In 1866, Mr. Pratt made an extended European tour, and in 1868 he again went abroad.
Mr. Pratt died April 27, 1872. In him the community lost one of its pillars. He was typical of those solid elements of citizenship which go to the upbuilding of commerce, morals and patriotism.
PASCAL PAOLI PRATT, who died June 18, 1905, was one of Buffalo's ablest business men and foremost citizens. As a banker he was a tower of financial strength in the community; as a manufacturer he stood in the front rank of those whose strong initiative has made Buffalo a manufacturing center, and in mercantile enterprise his name was known and respected throughout the country. In civic interests he was a
.
Pascal O. Prate
7,
MEMORIAL AND FAMILY HISTORY.
leading factor, and his well-directed munificence made him a central figure in the furtherance of religion, culture and moral progress.
Mr. Pratt was the youngest son of Samuel Pratt, Jr., and. Sophia Fletcher, and was born in Buffalo, September 15, 1819 .: He was educated in the Buffalo public schools, at Hamilton: Academy, now Colgate University, Madison, N. Y., and at Amherst Academy. In 1836 Mr. Pratt began his business career by entering the hardware store of his brother, Samuel F. Pratt, in Buffalo. After six years' experience as clerk he was admitted partner in the business, the concern assuming the firm style of S. F. Pratt & Co., which in 1846 became Pratt & Co. The business, originally retail, widened its scope as the years went on, and from modest beginnings developed into a. large and prosperous wholesale hardware enterprise whose trade extended to various sections of the country and beyond the Mississippi River. In 1848 Mr. Pratt became a member of the firm of Pratt & Letchworth, which was founded by him and his brother Samuel F. Pratt and William P. Letchworth and grew to be one of the principal iron and steel industries of Western New York. The Buffalo Iron & Nail Company was founded by Pascal P. Pratt in 1857, and the same year he established the Fletcher Furnace Company at Black Rock and the Tonawanda Furnace Company, both of which concerns he successfully operated till 1885, when he leased the former and exchanged the latter for other manufacturing properties. .
Mr. Pratt was a signally progressive and public-spirited manufacturer, and his different enterprises gave employment to large numbers of men, and were the means of causing many families to settle in Buffalo. They also drew attention to the advantages presented by Buffalo as a location for manufac- tures, and the sentiment thus created was sedulously fostered by Mr. Pratt. He had faith in the future of Buffalo, and not only unhesitatingly ventured his own capital there, but encouraged his friends to make similar investments. He
8
MEMORIAL AND FAMILY HISTORY.
became a powerful force in the industrial advancement of the city, and many of Buffalo's successful manufacturing concerns owe their inception to his example, advice and substantial assistance. Mr. Pratt believed that the employment of labor at fair and remunerative wages was both business good sense and the capitalist's duty, and without any sentimentality or affectation-without ever posing as a champion of labor inter- ests-nobody was more truly a friend of the workingman than Pascal P. Pratt. His employes were well paid, justly treated and contented, and as an employer he made a splendid record.
In 1856 Mr. Pratt founded the Manufacturers' & Traders' Bank, now the Manufacturers' & Traders' National Bank, one of the strongest financial institutions in the country. When the bank was incorporated, Mr. Pratt was made a director and its Vice-President, and in 1885 he was elected its President, an office which he held until 1901, when he retired on account of advancing years, being succeeded by his son-in-law, Robert L. Fryer. He was also one of the founders of the Bank of Buffalo and a director of the Bank of Attica. He was among the original trustees of the Fidelity Trust & Guaranty Com- pany, now the Fidelity Trust Company, and for some years a director of the Buffalo Street Railway Company. He was a director of the Buffalo Gas Company, and a director and stock- holder of the Western New York & Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
In politics Mr. Pratt was originally a Whig, but allied him- self with the Republican party as soon as the latter was organ- ized, and continued to be its loyal adherent for the rest of his life. During the Civil War he was a strong Union man, gave liberally of his money to the National cause, and was active in movements for the relief of sick and wounded soldiers. In 1869 he was chosen a member of the Park Commission of Buffalo, and was the first President of that body, serving till 1879. He took an intense interest in the park system, and under his administration the plans for the Buffalo parks were
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