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LOSSING'S
EMPIRE STATE
THE STATE
OF
SEAL
0
THE GREAT
NEW YORK
EXCELSIOR
Gc 974.7 L89e 1185619
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01125 7943
Gc 974.7 L89e Lossing, Benson John, 1813- 1891. The Empire State
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center
http://www.archive.org/details/empirestatecompe00loss
THE NEW STATE HOUSE.
THE
EMPIRE STATE:
A Compendions History OF THE
COMMONWEALTH OF NEW YORK.
BY BENSON J. LOSSING, LL.D., AUTHOR OF
" Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution," " The War of 1812 " and " The Civil War in America ;" " Mount Vernon ; or, the Home of Washington ; " "Illustrated History of the United States :" " Cyclopedia of United States History ; " " Our Country ; " "History of the City of New York ;" "Story of the United States Navy, for Boys ;" " Mary and Martha Washington," etc., etc.
ILLUSTRATED By Fac-similes of 335 Pen-and-Ink Drawings By H. ROSA.
.
1 888.
AMERICAN PUBLISHING COMPANY, HARTFORD, CONN.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1887, By FUNK & WAGNALLS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C.
PRESS OF FUNK & WAGNALLS, 18 and 20 Astor Place, NEW YORK
1185619
PREFACE.
SEVERAL years ago the author of this work received a letter from the late Hon. Horatio Seymour, urging him to supply a conspicuous literary want by writing a compendions history of the State of New York, and illustrating it after the manner of his Pictorial Field- Book of the Revo- lution. No work of the kind was then in existence, nor has there been since.
It has been the chief aim of the author, in the preparation of this work, to embody in one volume, of moderate size and price, a complete outline narrative of the principal events in the career of the Common- wealth of New York from its inception to the close of the first century of our Republic (1875), so compact, as a whole, that its purchase and pernsal will not burden the purses or the leisure of a vast proportion of our people.
As much space has been given to notices of historic events ontside of the State of New York as seemed necessary to continually present the Commonwealth to the mind of the reader as a most important part of the great Republic of the West.
The volume contains a brief history of the powerful barbarian republic found by Europeans within the boundaries of the (present) State of . New York ; a narrative of the explorations, emigrations, and settle- ments of the Dutch, Swedes, and English in New Netherland ; of the Indian wars and desolations ; an account of the religions, social, and political organizations under Dutch rule ; of the patroon and manorial estates planted along the tide-water region of the Hudson River ; of the seizure and occupation of the domain by the English ; of the devel- opment of democracy at every period of the English rule, with notices of the most interesting events in the political, social, and military history of the Province and State down to the kindling of the old war for independence and to its close ; the organization of the State government in 1777 ; the ever-dominating influence of the State in the national councils ; its political, social, and military history as an independent State ; its part in the drama of the War of 1812-15; its munificent
iv
PREFACE.
contributions of men and money during the great struggle for the salva . tion of the life of the Republic ; the various changes in its constitution ; notices of the vast industrial operations in the State ; its canals and rail- ways ; its agriculture, manufactures, and commerce ; its admirable popu- lar educational system ; its literature, and its marvellous growth in population, wealth, and refinement, with biographical sketches of some of the most prominent actors in publie life, from Stuyvesant to Tilden.
Portraiture is made a prominent feature in the graphic illustrations of the work, for we all desire to see the lineaments of the faces of those whose careers interest us. The book contains the portraits of many of the most conspicuous men of New York mentioned in its colonial and State annals, with a brief biography of each. Among them may be found the portraits and biographieal sketches of all the governors of the State, from George Clinton, its first chief magistrate in 1777, until 1876. Also pictures of numerous buildings in the State which have been made famous by some historical association. A greater portion of these build- ings have been made from drawings by the author from the objects themselves. It also contains a delineation of the seal of every county in the State. The illustrations have been made under the personal guidanee of the author, whose special care was to insure accuraey in form, feature, and costume.
BENSON J. LOSSING.
THE RIDGE, DOVER PLAINS, N. Y., October, 1887.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
What constitutes New York "The Empire State," 1, 2 ; Niagara Falls, 2; The Iroquois Confederacy or League, 3-10; Henry Hudson and his exploration and dis- coveries, 10-13 ; Claims for Verazzano, 11 ; Names of the Hudson River, 13.
CHAPTER II.
Fate of IIenry Hudson ; Fruits of his discoveries ; Traffic with the Indians opened, 14 ; Planting the seed of empire ; First vessel built on Manhattan Island ; Fort Nassau, on the Upper Hudson ; Adriaen Block, a Dutch navigator, 15; A trading company formed, 16, 17; Champlain and the Iroquois, 18; The Dutch make a treaty with the Indians at Tawasentha, 19 ; Social condition of Holland, 20, 21 ; English Puritans pro- pose to go to New Netherland, 21, 22; Dutch West India Company formed, 22, 23 ; An English mariner at Manhattan, 23 ; The Pilgrims at Cape Cod ; The Dutch prepare to plant a colony, 24 ; Walloons emigrate to New Netherland, 25; A French vessel at Manhattan, 26 ; Dutch settlements in New Netherland, 26, 27 ; Peter Minuit director- general ; Purchase of Manhattan Island, 27 ; New Netherland created a province, 28.
CHAPTER III.
Fort Amsterdam and a trading-house built ; The beginning of the city of New York ; Robbery and murder of an Indian, 29 ; Trouble with the Mohawks and its effects ; Capture of the Spanish "silver fleet" by the Dutch, 30; Charter of Privileges and Exemption, the patroon system, 31 ; Early patroons ; The Van Rensselaer Manor, 32 ; David Pietersen de Vries founds a colony on Delaware Bay, 33; Governor Walter van Twiller and his administration, 33, 34 ; First clergyman and schoolmaster in New Netherland ; The first English ship in the Hudson River, 34; Van Twiller's absurd conduct, 35, 36 ; The Dutch and English in the valley of the Connecticut, 35, 38; Van Twiller recalled, 38; William Kieft Governor of New Netherland, 39; Condition of public affairs, 40; Swedes on the Delaware, 41 ; Trouble with Eastern neighbors and the Indians, 42 ; Impending war with the Indians, 43.
CHAPTER IV.
A new charter for patroons and other landed proprietors ; Colonie of Rensselaer- wyck ; Arendt van Curler, commissary, 44 ; Power exercised by Patroon van Rensselaer, 45 ; First clergyman and church at Albany ; A Jesuit missionary and his career among the Mohawks; First germ of representative government in New Netherland, 46, 47 ; Committee of Twelve, 47; Destruction of Indians who sought the hospitality of the Dutch, 48 ; A fierce war kindled, and its consequences, 49, 50 ; The Council of Eight Men, 49, and their memorial to the States-General, 50, 51 ; Condition of the Dutch West
vi
CONTENTS.
India Company, 51; New Sweden, 52 ; Treaty of peace with the Indians ; Dominie Bo- gardus's boldness, 52; Departure of Kieft ; Change in the mode of government ; Peter Stuyvesant appointed governor, 53 ; Arrival of Stuyvesant and his reception, 54; Stuy- vesant's administration, 55, 56; The Committee of Nine, 56 ; Overtures of friendship with the " Pilgrims " in the East, 56, 57; Dutch embassy to New Plymouth, 57.
CHAPTER V.
Conference of Duteli and English at Hartford and its results, 58; Affairs between the Dutch and the Swedes on the Delaware; Improvements at the Dutch capital, 59 ; Brandt van Slechtenhorst, commissary of Rensselaerwyck, defies Stuyvesant, 60 ; Stuyvesant and the Council of Nine, 61 ; Statement of the Nine to the States-General ; New Amsterdam organized as a city, 62; Stuyvesant summoned to Amsterdam, 63; The Dutch and New Englanders fraternize ; Republicanism nourished ; A represent- ative assembly and the governor, 64; A convention remonstrates against his rule, 65 ; Interview between Stuyvesant and Beeckman and the convention ; Doings of the Swedes on the Delaware, 66 ; Conquest of New Sweden, 67; New Amsterdam invaded by Indians, 67, 68 ; Estates ravaged ; Trouble with Indians at Esopus ; Dutch mission to Maryiand, 68; New Amsterdam and Harlem, 69 ; Social life on Manhattan, 70.
CHAPTER VI.
State tricks ; Stuyvesant and the Quakers, 71 ; Colony of Mennonites, 71, 72 ; New Amstel founded, 72; Trouble with Indians at Esopus, 72, 73 ; Secession and revolution on Long Island, 73; A General Provincial Assembly ; Seizure of New Netherland by the English contemplated, 74 ; A British force before New Amsterdam, 75 ; Rebellion in the city threatened, 76, 77; Surrender of New Amsterdam to the English ; The province and city named New York, 78; The Dutch rule in New Netherland, 79 ; Social life at New Amsterdam, 80, 81 ; Character of the Dutch, 81, 82 ; Stuyvesant and the Dutch West India Company, 82.
CHAPTER VII.
Provincial government for New York organized ; Public worship at New York, 84 ; English rule at New York, 85-87; Duke's laws, 85 ; Municipal government for the city, 85, 86 ; New Jersey granted to royal favorites, 86 ; The Dutch retake New York, 88, 89 ; Restored to the British crown by treaty, 90 ; The Jesuits among the Iroquois, 90; French intrigues with the Iroquois unsuccessful, 91; Characters of Governor Andros and the Duke of York, 92 ; Administration of Andros ; King Philip's War, 93 ; An important royal marriage ; Affairs in New Jersey, 94 ; A claim to Staten Island, 95.
CHAPTER VIII.
First popular government for New York, 96, 97 ; Charter of Liberties and Privileges, 97 ; Political divisions of New York, 97, 98 ; Dongan's administration, 99, 100 ; Designs of the French against the Five Nations of the Iroquois, 100 ; Perfidy of King James ; Dongan's patriotism, 101, 102 ; De Nonville's expedition, 102, 103 ; " Dominion of New England ;" Birth of an heir to the British throne, 103; Revolution in England, 104 ; Effeet of the revolution in New York, 105 ; Leisler's administration of affairs, 106-112; Affairs at Albany, 108 ; Conspiracy against the life of Leisler successful, 112; Remorse and death of Governor Sloughter, 113.
vii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IX.
Invasion of New York by French and Indians ; Destruction of Schenectady, 114; Provincial expeditions against the French in Canada, 115 ; Failure of these expeditions, 116 ; Arrival and character of Governor Fletcher ; Popular opposition to Fletcher, 117; Invasion by the French led by Frontenac, 118, 119 ; Fletcher's administration, 119, 120 ; Appointment and character of Governor Bellomont ; Privateering, 121 ; Captain Kidd and piracy, 122 ; Bellomont's administration, 122-26; Leislerians and Anti-Leisle- rians, 123, 124 ; The French in Canada hostile to the Iroquois ; Bellomont defends the latter, 123, 124 ; Reinterment of Leisler's remains, 124 ; The Assembly change politi- cally ; Fletcher's fraudulent land grants, 125, 126 ; Death of Bellomont, 126.
CHAPTER X.
Defences against the French strengthened, 128 ; Leislerians control the government, 128, 129 ; Contests with Assembly ; Lord Cornbury governor, 129; Nicholas Bayard and his fate, 130; Cornbury's character and conduct, 131, 132; Queen Anne's War, 132 ; Governor Lovelace, 133 ; Attempt to conquer Canada, 134 ; Peter Schuyler takes Indians to England, 135 ; Naval expedition against Quebec, 136 ; Governor Hunter and his administration, 137, 138 ; Emigration of Germans to New York ; The United Six Nations, 137 ; First Negro Plot, 138 ; Governor Burnet and his administration, 139, 140 ; Inter-colonial traffic prohibited, 140 ; Governor Montgomery's short administra- tion, 141, 142 ; Boundary line between New York and Connecticut settled ; Governor Cosby and his character, 142 ; Cosby's contest with Rip Van Dam, 143; Liberty of the press struggled for and vindicated, 143-147; Zenger's trial, 145-147; A popular triumph, 147.
CHAPTER XI.
Social condition of the province of New York, 148, and the city of New York, 149, 150; Aspects of social life at Albany, 151 ; Lieutenant-Governor Clark, 152 ; The sec- ond Negro Plot, 152, 153 ; A victim of perjury, 154 ; Governor Sir George Clinton and his administration, 154-59 ; King George's War, 155; Surrender of Louisburg and Cape Breton to the English ; Saratoga desolated by French and Indians, 156 ; Prepa- rations to conquer the French dominions in America; William Johnson and the Mohawks, 157; Rancorous party strife prevalent ; Political influence of James de Lancey, 158 ; Governor Sir Danvers Osborne, suicide of, 159 ; De Lancey acting gov- ernor of New York ; Governor Sir Charles Hardy ; French Jesuits and their influence, 160 ; Aggressive movements of the French in the West ; Colonial convention at Albany, 161 ; Hostilities between the French and English begun, 162 ; Conference of governors with General Braddock, 163.
CHAPTER XII.
Expeditions against the French begun, 164; General Lyman and General Johnson, 165-167 ; King Hendrick, 165, 166 ; A battle near Lake George ; The French defeated at Lake George, 166; Expedition against Forts Niagara and Frontenac unsuccessful ; Great Britain declares war against France, and prepares for the conflict, 167; The Seven Years' or French and Indian War, 167-184 ; Abercrombie's tardy movements ; Bradstreet's efficiency ; Montcalm's operations, 168 ; Lord Loudon's inefficiency illus- trated, 169, 170 ; Invasion of New York by French and Indians, 170 ; Capture of Fort William Henry, 171 ; A massacre of English troops ; Pitt prime-minister, 172; His policy in American affairs ; British conquests, 173; Expedition against Ticonderoga,
viii
CONTENTS.
174 ; English repulsed, 175 ; Fort Frontenac taken ; Expedition against Fort Duquesne successful, 176, 177.
CHAPTER XIII.
A final struggle for the mastery ; Pitt's work, 178 ; Expeditions against Quebec, Fort Niagara, and Montreal, 179; Capture of Fort Niagara, 179, 180; The French driven from Lake Champlain, 180 ; Capture of Quebec, 181, 183 ; Conquest of Canada, 184 ; France stripped of her possessions in America by treaty at Paris, 185 ; Pontiac's conspiracy ; Civil affairs in New York, 186; Important social movements in New York, 187 ; Institutions for intellectual cultivation founded ; A sectarian controversy, 188; Dr. Colden acting governor ; An arbitrary royal act, 189 ; Disputes about the New Hampshire Grants, 189-191.
CHAPTER XIV.
Accession of George III., 192 ; His great mistake, 193; Governor Monckton, 192, 193 ; Governor Moore and the king's prerogative, 193; Writs of Assistance and the Stamp Act, 194 ; Opposition to the Stamp Act, 194-197; "Sons of Liberty," 195 ; Stamp Act Congress at New York ; A riot, 196 ; Non-importation league, 197, 198 ; Repeal of the Stamp Act and its effects, 199 ; Troops sent to enslave the New Yorkers, 200 ; Oppres- sive aets of Parliament, 201 ; Open rebellion imminent ; The Boston massacre, 202; Popular committees and patriotic movements, 203; Excitement about tea, 204, 205; Boston Tea Party, 205, 207 ; A general Congress recommended, 207 ; Great meeting in " The Fields," 208 ; Delegates to a General Congress appointed, 209.
CHAPTER XV.
Committees of Correspondence ; First Continental Congress, 210; Its proceedings and effects, 211, 212 ; The American Association, 211; Committee to carry it into execution, 212 ; An American episcopate proposed ; The New York Assembly, 213 ; Doings of the Assembly, 214 ; The people aroused, 215; New York Provincial Con- gress, 216, 217 ; Committee of One Hundred, 217 ; Capture of Fort Ticonderoga by the Americans, 218; The functions of Congress considered, 219; General Wooster with troops near New York ; Reception of Washington and Governor Tryon, 220 ; Political complexion of the Provincial Congress, 221 ; Northern Military Department ; Affairs on Lake Champlain, and the Canadians ; The first Continental Navy created, 222 ; Ethan Allen and his "Green Mountain Boys ;" General Schuyler authorized to invade Canada, 223.
CHAPTER XVI.
The Johnson Family, 224; Guy Johnson and Indian conneils, 225, 226; British coalition with Indians and Tories ; Invasion of Canada begun, 227-229 ; New Yorkers complained of ; A mission to the Canadians, 228 ; St. Johns and Montreal taken, 229 ; Siege of Quebec, 230, 231 ; Schuyler and Sir John Johnson, 231 ; Cannons removed from the Battery at New York, 232; Sears's raid on Rivington's printing-house, 233 ; General Lee with troops in New York City ; Siege of Boston, 234; Plot to murder Washington, 235, 236 ; Washington's Life Guard, 235; Thomas Paine, in Common Sense, advocates political independence, 236 ; Congress and colonial legislators advo- cate independence, 237 ; Change in the New York Provincial Congress ; A capital plan of the British Ministry, 238; Commissioners sent to Canada, 239 ; End of the invasion of Canada ; Sir John Johnson and his parole of honor, 240; Flees to Canada ; Lady Johnson taken to Albany, 241.
ix
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVII.
A strong British armament appears before New York ; Mission of General and Ad- miral Howe, 242; Washington's successful appeal to the people ; Preparations for battle, 243 ; Battle of Long Island, 244, 245 ; The famous retreat of the Americans from Brooklyn, 245 ; A peace conference : Condition of the American Army, 246 ; The Americans on Harlem Heights ; Battle on Harlem Plains ; Conflagration in New York City, 247 ; Battle at White Plains, 248 ; The British capture Fort Washington, 248, 249 ; Prisons and prison-ships, 249 ; The British occupy New York City ; Preparations to invade Northern New York, 250; Naval operations on Lake Champlain, 251, 252 ; Creation of a navy, 252 ; Flight of the American Army across New Jersey ; Americans victorious at Trenton, 254 ; Battle at Princeton, 255.
CHAPTER XVIII.
Migration of the Provincial Congress; Convention of representatives of the State of New York, 256, 257 ; Framing a State Constitution and its adoption, 257, 258 ; Jay's desires concerning the Constitution, 258, 259 ; Character of the Constitution, 259, 260 ; A Council of Safety appointed, 260; A Vigilance Committee appointed ; Au Act of Attainder, and the victim of it, 262 ; State officers chosen, 260-262 ; First meeting of the State Legislature, 262 ; Preparation to invade New York, 263; Burgoyne's campaign, 264-282 ; Marauding expeditions ; Baron de Riedesel, 264 ; Indians feasted ; Ticonde- roga ; Burgoyne's proclamation, 265 ; Fort Ticonderoga captured, 266; Battle of Hubbardton ; The British forees push toward the Hudson River, 267 ; Schuyler's proc- lamation ; The Jane McCrea tragedy, 268 ; British expedition to Bennington ; Burgoyne's perilous position.
CHAPTER XIX.
St. Leger's invasion ; Fort Sehuyler, 270 ; Battle at Oriskany, 271 ; Siege of Fort Schuyler, 272; Fort Schuyler relieved, 273; Burgoyne perplexed ; Gates supersedes Schuyler in command, 274; Burgoyne's army moves forward ; Battle on Bemis's Heights, 275 ; General Arnold in the battle ; Petty jealousy of the opposing command- ers, 276 : Wretched condition of Burgoyne's army ; A council of war, 277; Second battle on Bemis's Heights, 278-280 ; Bravery of Arnold, who really won the vietory, 279, 280 ; Burgoyne retreats to the Heights of Saratoga, and surrenders, 281 ; The sur- rendered troops paroled, but detained in America ; Effects of the surrender of Burgoyne, 282.
CHAPTER XX.
The Britishi under Sir Henry Clinton capture Stony Point, 283; They capture Forts Montgomery and Clinton, in the Hudson Highlands, 284; The boom across the Hudson broken ; Clinton's despatch to Burgoyne and fate of the bearer, 285 ; Marauding British troops burn Kingston ; Battle on the Brandywine Creek ; Americans defeated ; Massaere near the Paoli Tavern, 286 ; Flight of Congress from Philadelphia ; Americans defeated at Germantown, and retire to Whitemarsh, 287; Conspiracy against Washington- "Conway's Cabal ;" Loyalty of Lafayette, 288 ; A council with Indians at Johnstown, 289 ; Desolations by Indians and Tories in the interior of New York, 290; Massacre at Cherry Valley, 291 ; Invasion of the Wyoming Valley, 292 ; Resistance to the invasion, 293 ; Desolation of Wyoming, 294 ; Alliance with France ; An English peace-commis- sioner ; The British flee from Philadelphia ; Battle at Monmouth Court-House, 295 ; Hostilities in Rhode Island and off the coast, 297.
x
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXI.
British expedition up the Hudson, 297 ; Capture of Stony Point and Verplanck's Point ; Britishi marauders on the coasts of Connecticut, 298; Wayne attacks Stony Point, 299 ; The Americans recapture Stony Point, 300 ; Indian atrocities ; Expedition against the Onondagas ; Tragedy at Minisink, 301; IIonors to the dead at Goshen, 302; Sullivan's campaign, 303, 304 ; Siege of Savannah ; A naval fight ; Sir John Johnson's raid into the Mohawk Valley, 305, 306 ; Scholarie Valley desolated, 306 ; Operations in the Mohawk Valley, 307 ; Battle at " Klock's Field ;" Invasion of a motley army from Canada ; Sir Henry Clinton sails for Charleston ; Surrender of Charleston, 308; Oper- ations of Cornwallis in the Carolinas ; Battle of King's Mountain ; Arrival of a land and naval force from France, 309.
CHIAPTER XXII.
Arnold's treason, 310-315; Complot of Arnold and Major Andre, 311; Arrival of Major André, 312; Events at Arnold's headquarters, 313, 314; Escape of Arnold ; André conveyed to Tappan, 314 ; Trial and execution of André, 314, 315 ; The fate of Arnold and Andre ; Stirring event on Long Island, 315 ; Civil events in the region of the New Hampshire Grants, or Vermont, 316; Leaders in Vermont coquet with British authorities in Canada, 317, 318 ; Settlement of disputes between New York and Vermont ; Continental paper currency and Articles of Confederation, 319; Weakness of the general government ; Arnold serving his purchasers in Virginia, 320 ; British troops in Virginia, 321 ; Allied armies and the British in Virginia, 322 ; Surrender of Cornwallis ; War in the South, 323 ; Greene's famous retreat ; Greene turns upon his enemies, 324, 325 ; Battles at Guilford Court-House, near Camden, Fort Ninety-Six, and Eutaw Spring, 324, 325.
CHAPTER XXIII.
Closing events of the Revolution, 326-331; Discontents of the soldiers ; A proposal to Washington to become king; The " Newburg Addresses," 327; The results of a meeting of officers, 328 ; Disbanding of the Continental Army begun, 328, 329; Latest survivors of the army, 329; The Society of the Cincinnati, 329, 330; Flight of Tories from New York, and confiscations, 330 ; The British evacuate New York ; Washington parts with his officers, 331 ; Surrenders his commission ; Foundation of a State Govern- ment laid, 332, 333 ; Political capital of New York ; Adjustment of boundaries, 333 ; Land cessions by the Six Nations, 334 ; Territorial claims adjusted, 335; Formation of a National Constitution, 336 ; Federalists and Anti-Federalists, 337 ; Popular discussions of the Constitution, 338; Constituent Convention at Poughkeepsie, 339; Adoption of the Constitution ; Members of the National Congress for New York, 341. .
CHAPTER XXIV.
Political divisions of New York ; Emigrations and settlements, 342; Land pur- chasers ; A great wagon-road constructed ; Party strife, 343; First meeting of Congress under the Constitution, 344 ; Washington inaugurated President of the United States, 345 ; Official appointments ; Spirit of the Constitution of New York ; A political coa- lition, 346 ; Origin of the canal system in the State, 347, 348; The early promoters of the system, 347-349 ; Condition of New York City at the close of the Revolution, 350 ; A Federal celebration, 351 ; A newspaper office mobbed ; Yellow-fever in New York City, 352.
xi
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXV.
Effect of the French Revolution on American politics, 353 ; Jefferson's expectations, disappointments, and suspicions, 353, 354 ; Jefferson the leader of the Republican Party ; Arrival of "Citizen " Genet, 354 ; Reception of Genet in Philadelphia, 355 ; Democratic societies formed ; Conduct of Genet and his friends, 356 ; Reception of Genet in New York ; His recall, 357; Social influence of French emigrants in New York ; Jay's treaty, 358, 359; The Whiskey insurrection, 358; Opposition to Jay's treaty, 359 ; The Tammany Society, or Columbian Order ; Legislative aid for common schools provided, 360, 361; State Literature Fund ; Support of popular education, 361; Board of Regents, 362 ; Electors ; Abolition of slavery proposed ; Albany made the State capital, 363 ; The alliance with France celebrated ; Political strife, 364; Manhattan Water Company and Bank, 365; De Witt Clinton ; Jefferson elected President ; Downfall of the Federal Party ; Death of Washington, 366.
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