USA > New York > Schenectady County > Schenectady > A history of the Schenectady patent in the Dutch and English times : being contributions toward a history of the lower Mohawk Valley > Part 43
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(1786.) Albany had 550 houses.
(1789.) Morse's Geography, Edition 1789.
" The houses are mostly built in the old Dutch gothic style, with the gable end to the street, which custom the first settlers brought from Holland with them. The gable end is commonly of brick with the heavy moulded ornament standing with notches like stairs and an iron horse for a weather cock at top. The houses are seldom more than one story and a-half high and have but little conveniences and less elegance, but they are kept very neat."
Skenectady,
" The town is compact and regular, built of brick and excepting a few, in the old Dutch style, on a rich flat of low land surrounded with hills."
(1795 ) Rochefoucault Liancourt.
" Skenectady is a small town and containing mostly old houses built in the Dutch style which gives it altogether the appearance of an ancient European city."
(1795.) Isaac Weld, Jr.
* Albany Annals, X.
t Yet there were pan tile (roofing tile) bakeries here a century before.
# Journal of Rev. Sam'l Chandler, Chaplain Mass. Troops, 1755.
447
Houses in Ancient Albany County.
" Albany contains 1.100 houses. * * "In the old part of town the streets are narrow and the houses are frightful ; they are all built in the old Dutch taste with the gable end to the street and ornamented on top with large iron weather cock."
(1798.) Dr. Timothy Dwight, president of Yale College, says : " The houses (of Albany) are almost all built in the Dutch manner, standing endwise upon the street, with high sharp roofs, small windows and low ceilings. Their appearance is ordinarily dull and disagreeable. "
(1800.) Worth's Random Rec .- " All the old buildings, and they constituted a large majority-were but one story high with sharp peaked roofs surmounted by a rooster, vulgarly called a weather cock. Every house having any pretense to dignity was placed with its gable end to the street, and was ornamented with huge iron numerals announcing its date of erection."
There is a popular belief in some quarters that in the Dutch times houses in Schenectady were built of bricks brought from Holland. To support this it is advanced that the bricks are exactly similar to bricks of Holland cities and that vessels coming out for cargoes of furs, brought bricks as ballast.
Dutch steen backers (brickmakers) had brick yards in Albany prior to 1650, and there were a number of brick yards and pantile (rooting tile), bakeries as appear by their sale* in Notarial papers. The business of brick making is one of the least skillful arts, (one skilled brickmaker diluting the ignorance of many common laboring men,) brick clay of good quality and quantity was exposed on the hillsides-wood for burning was near the clay- the bricks were small and were largely the hard burned arch bricks made in small kilns, especially kilns built to make a small number of bricks. Many of the so-called Holland Dutch bricks contain the gravels of this region (mostly argillaceous shales), and besides nearly all the old Dutch "brick houses" are not built of brick but of strong yellow pine timber and have only brick fronts which were added in later years of prosperity and comparative wealth. There is no evidence that a single brick house was built before 1710-15.
That bricks were brought from Holland as ballast, seems very unlikely especially as to bricks for Schenectady. Almost immediately after the settlement of Schenectady, the colony passed into the hands of Great
* Peter Jacobse Borsboom de steenbakker sold his brick kiln in Albany just prior to taking part in settlement of Schenectady, in 1662.
57
448
Ilistory of the Schenectady Patent.
Britain and all direct trade with Ilolland ceased at once. If we follow the course of a vessel from Amsterdam to Albany by the then common trading routes, we shall see that such bricks even as ballast would be expensive. The Dutch West India Company freighted a ship with a cargo of strouds and duffels, hardware, cutlery, arms and similar goods. She cleared for a market and arriving in the Dutch Islands of the West Indies, traded for rum, sugar and molasses, an amply heavy cargo with- out ballast. She then in regular course sailed for the South (Delaware) or North (Hudson's) river-and supplied traders with goods from Holland and some of the rum, molasses and sugar for the Indian trade, taking on furs which were as good as gold-then her route lay home, via, Isles of Shoals or the banks of New Foundland, where she took on as many quintals of fish as she could purchase. When the trade here was more important and carried on more directly, heavy hardware, etc., served ample purpose as ballast for the small ships of that time.
Grant that some cargoes of brick ballast were landed at Albany from the sixty ton ships of that day, would any one be justified on commercial grounds, which the Dutch closely considered, in hauling them through the woods and over the sand hills twenty odd miles, via, Niskayuna or the Norman's Kil ? There were no real roads for a hundred years and even now the same trails used then are impassable most of the year for heavily loaded wagons.
From the foregoing quotations it is manifest, that except in the very first settlement of the colony, bricks were made in this locality, that they were very cheap, costing less than one-half' or one-quarter the present market price, and that houses cost very little to construct or at any rate as they were in the main alike in style and character, they sold at very mode- rate prices.
Bricks that were brought from Holland were sent for building a house for the commies of the colonie by the Patroon's company and do not appear as imported on private venture.
Stone walls were ordinarily laid up " dry," or with mud mortar, only using lime on the exterior and exposed sides or above the ground. Chimnies were usually erected inside the houses and were likewise built of stone or
449
Houses in Ancient Albany County.
bricks, with clay mortar within the roof, and bricks laid in lime mortar above the roof. In the earliest times chimneys were built of wood, plastered, or daubed with mud. Probably this was commonly done in log or block houses.
Of the notable houses in Albany, the oldest dated is the Pemberton house, corner of Pearl and Columbia streets. This is brick on the two street sides and wood on the others. The gable is the normal Dutch gothic with the indented steps filled with oblique courses of brick. The house fronted on Columbia street and had the side extension, and was otherwise almost identical in appearance with the Abraham Yates' house in Schenectady. The house was one and a-half stories on Columbia street, and was doubtless one of those referred to in the preceding quotations from accounts of travelers in the last century.
Another ancient house on corner of Steuben and Chapel streets, is of two brick sides, one of which, the gable, looked down on its accompanying garden which extended to Pearl street. Several years ago there were visible on the boards on the Chapel street side, the pocket knife records of long bye- gone day's amusement, in cutting names, initials and dates as early as 1708 or 9 and later. Whether these dates were correct or only cut care- lessly or were the dates of birth of the artists, cannot be known of course, but the entire building in materials and details of construction, indicate that it may be as old if not many years older than the Pemberton house.
Another similar house is buried amid modern surroundings on Maiden Lane above Pearl street. It is now (April, 1883) being removed.
At Schenectady " the oldest house " is that built by Capt. Arent Bradt, on State street near Washington. Its front is essentially that of the Pem- berton house in Albany in almost every detail, its date is from 1715 to 1730. The house is heavily framed of timber, and the front is of bricks anchored to the front of the frame. It is the writer's belief that the front was added after the construction of the house. -
The Vrooman house at the Brandywine mills, about the same date, is entirely of bricks. It is well built and is staunch enough to stand more centuries if modern improvements do not sweep it away.
The Van Gyselling house on the flats is a wooden building and is a remarka- ble specimen of early Dutch architecture. The house is largely roof, a form of building both easy and economical of construction, requiring the minimum of iron work and nails and yet standing firmly against the winter's blasts.
It is claimed to have been built in the 17th century, which, if true, makes it the oldest house in the valley, unless the Mabie house out dates it.
A part of one of the buildings at the Schermerhorn's mills, dates about 1715 to 1720.
450
History of the Schenectady Patent.
The Abraham Yates house on Union street near the Dutch church, dates about 1730. It is brick fronted, whether so built or added later to the timber frame is unknown.
The Bratt house in the Woestyne, the Glen houses in Scotia, the Mabie house in the Third flat have been described elsewhere.
The town was doubtless as much Indian in appearance as Dutch, for many years. In 1643, according to Father Jognes, the houses of Albany (then the frontier), were roughly built of boards and rudely thatched, with no masonry save chimneys. Up to the early part of the 18th century when there was a period of peace and confidence, greater population and prosper- ity, Schenectady was doubtless in about the same condition architecturally.
Timber was plenty and immediately at hand, and the writer believes from careful study of the subject that there was not a single brick dwelling house in Schenectady prior to 1700, probably not before 1715, and that the houses were rarely ever more than one and a half stories high. The Capt. Arent Bratt house was built by the wealthiest man in this section of the country and was doubtless the best here.
The wood built Glen house, of the usual Dutch pattern, probably soon fol- lowed, and then the large square gambrel roofed house of Quarter Master Glen, in 1713.
A wooden house of uncertain date, stands on the north side of Union street between Ferry and College streets. It is of the same pattern as the Abraham Yates house including the L, and it still has its ancient Dutch door cut into upper and lower divisions, serving as door and window all in one. In the cut of the church of 1732 this form of door is shown.
There is not an ancient stone house in the city. This material was not popular with the Dutch, they prefering baked steenen or bricks for their masonry.
All the carlier churches, save possibly the first, were built of stone; its permanency and massive character commending itself for that purpose.
About the middle of the last century the English taste began to prevail and walls were carried higher and gambrel roofs came in fashion. The platform on the top served for a family gathering place on hot nights and the view of the valley bounded by the spurs of the Helderbergs and the Kayaderoseras hills was secured, unencumbered by the dense foliage and thickening houses of the town.
The place was peculiar and quaintly old in appearance, until the fire in 1819 swept blocks of the densest portions of the town away. On the site arose modern styles of buildings in no wise different from the heterogeneous styles of brick, wood and stone, common to all small cities and towns. The depot of the great railroad suggests a town of yesterday that might be hurried out of existence by extension of the road beyond, rather than a place of the hoary age of two and a quarter centuries and yet in the bed of the trackway was found a skull cleft by an Indian tomahawk in 1690.
451
Appendix.
APPENDIX.
INDIAN WARS ON THE BORDER. (Page 281).
To his Excelly Benjamin ffletcher Captain Generall and comand' in chiefe of the Province of New York, &c.
The humble petition of Capt Kilian Van Ranslaer
Sheweth
That yo' Excell petitioner is Proprietor of the colony of Ranslaerwick in the county of Albany.
That the settlements & Plantations in the said colony are deserted by * * being a frontier place so that it brings no rent nor profite to yo' Excelle petitioner but a charge & trouble.
That by his Patent there is a considerable quitrent reserved payable to his Maty.
Yo' Excell petitioner therefor humbly prays * * yo' petitioner yor * * of his arrearages of quit rent * * the time of warr & for such time as the warr may continue & yo' Excell petitioner as in Duty bound shall ever pray &c.
K. V. RENSSELAER,
June 10, 1697.
POPULATION IN 1714. (See page 287.)
"In ye Township of Schinectady."
White males above 60 years 12
White males 16 to 60 years
110
White males less than 16 years 154
White females above 60 years
13
White females 16 to 60 years
107
White females less than 16 years
151
Slaves male over 16 years
7
Slaves male under 16 years
10
452
History of the Schenectady Patent.
Slaves female over 16 years Slaves female under 16 years
19
591 8
It will be seen from the above official census that there were only 110 white males of from 16 to 60 years and as the two foot companies of that year (see pages 286-287) numbered 116, it followed that every able bodied male was in the active militia of the place, the additional 6 being either over or under "age."
INDIAN FORTIFICATIONS. (Page 304.)
The Indian town * * "Nothing was visible but its encircling palisades. They were of trunks of trees, set in a triple row. The outer and inner ranges inclined until they met and crossed near the summit while the upright row between them aided by transverse braces gave to the whole an abundant strength. Within were galleries for the defenders * * * It was a mode of fortification practiced by all the tribes speaking dialects of the Iroquois language."-Pioneers of France, Parkman.
DUTCH CHURCH (Page 335.)
" The parish reader (vorleser van de plaats) [Schenectady] who is the son of minister Schaets came to visit my comrade, and said he had heard of us and had been desirous to converse with us. He was a little conceited, but my comrade having heard he was the voorlezer, gave him a good lesson at which he was not badly content and with which he went away."-Danker and Sluyter's Journal, 1679.
MARRIAGE (Note page 366).
" Marriage in the colony [at Albany] was always early, very often happy and very seldom interested.
" When a man had [a ] son there was nothing to be expected with a daughter but a well brought up female slave, and the furniture of the best bed chamber. At the death of her father she obtained another division of his effects such as he thought she needed, or deserved, for there was no rule in these cases."-Mrs. Grant, Memoirs.
.
Appendix. 453
BUNDLING OR QUEESTEN. (Note, page 367.)
"Those who in earnest do intend to be married together are in so much haste, that, commonly, enjoyment precedes the marriage, to which they seldom come till * * * *they must either submit to that, or to shame and disgrace which they avoid by marrying; ante-nuptial fornica- tion, when that succeeds, being not looked upon as any scandal or sin at all."-Rev. John Miller's account of the Province of New York, 1695.
Mr. Miller was alien to the people and their customs and doubtless greatly overstates the condition of affairs. It is probable that his observation of the life of some of the ruder people about the trading posts has colored his judgment and he has confused queesten or bundling with the crime he speaks of. He evidently did not understand that the custom was European and. was in most instances perfectly honorable.
(1658). Albany. Before the magistrate's court a young woman's reputa- tion having been assailed, the principal witness testified " when we were visiting together," " we slept together in the garret," also that the lady was " perfectly virtuous," as doubtless she was in her day and generation.
COST OF MILITARY AND INDIAN SUPPLIES .- (See pp. 409-425).
The Com" D' To Sundrys Deliverd Cap Helling at Saraghtoge Vizt :
To 512 1b brod
£2
14 9
" 514 " beef at 22
£5 7 11
" 487 " Do "3
6
1 9
46 " poork "42
0
17 3
76 " Vensen
0
15
10
3} schep" peas " 38 6d 0
12
3
salt
0
2
0
" 3 petades "
0
8
0
" 9 1b flower
0
1
6
" 8 " nayls
0
8
0
" 23 " poork
. 0
8
" 8 Days Work for a Negro & 2 horses 3 12
0
£21-09-10}
Err"" Excepª
per JOHN SCHUYLER, . WILLAIM HELLING.
-
454
History of the Schenectady Patent.
[The following items are extracted from sundry accounts against the province of New York rendered by inhabitants of Albany in the year 1698.]
6 gall. Rom to ye Indians at 5s 9d yt is 48 6d at n. york 4d ye Custome at n. York 3d to ye Towne of albany, Loy" Charges besides ye Excyse, £2-12. To John Pruyn for making 3 french prisoners coats 68.
To 200 loavs bread delivered to ye Indians of ye five nations a spr lukas ye bakers acct £1-10.
To a Bar' Syder at ye propositions, £1.
To 8 pe strouds att £12-10.
To 8 ps Duffels 386 yards att 7s 6d pr yard.
Aug. 4. To Jean Rosic for ye pasturage of his Excellencys Coach horses while at Albany, £3-6.
By order of Coll. Schuyler given to ye french Indians when they were here 6 fyn shirts ye linning amounts to 12s apiece is wth making & threed, £3-18.
SCHENECTADY. (Page 438.)
Cornplanter, the great Seneca chief, made a speech at the council, at Fort Harmar, of the Six Nations, Wyandots, Shawanese, Delawares, Munsces, Ojib- ways, Ottawas, Pottowatomies and Sauks in which he said "when the Amer- icans first dropped on this Island, they found the Six Nations very powerful and willing to assist them, taking them by ye hand " etc., mentioning the treaty of Schenectady. * *
"Taking up up ye Great Belt he offered one end to ye governor and said he and his Brothers of all ye nations held ye other- this contained ye Treaties of Schenectady "* etc., meaning doubtless that the first treaty with the whites, made at the village on the Hudson's River at the mouth of Norman's Kil, was the first link in the covenant chain and that he held it unbroken.
* Mag. of Am. History, April, 1883.
INDEX.
A al Plaats, 7, 109, 122, 148, 188, 211, 371, 378 Abeel, Cornet, 277 J., 28, 420 Abenekis, 291, 295 Academy, 374, 434 Accession of William and Mary, 236 Account of stores, 315 Accounts, Dutch, 380 Ackes, 17
Address of the Mayor, 281 Adherent of Leisler, 320 Adriaensen's, Pieter, 86, 149 Adriucka, 76, 121, 157
the Advertisement on Church door, 37 Aertse's Island, 79, 107, 171 Affidavit, Citizen's, 58 Aggrieved, 16
Agreement, signers of
proposed, 37, 38 Agriculture neglected, 409 Aladane, 11, 12 Aid from Connecticut, 272 from Massachusetts,
256
Akus Island, 79, 224
Alarm at Schenectady,
280
from Albany, 275 Alarms from the French, 304
Albany, 2, 3, 6 chartered, 414 path, 58 people of, 2, 3, 6, 9, 17, 269 Alderman, 54, 57
Alexander, Rev. George, viii Robt., 263
Algonquins, 1 Allies, French and Indian, 23, 50. the Iroquois, 288. Allotments, 58. 62 Almoner, 378 Alluvial deposit, 8 Alolff, Maria, 262 Ambuscade, 232, 299 Amsterdam, 4, 8, 232 boy, 171 foot, 337 Ammunition, 444
Ancient brick house, 95. 96, 98, 214, 443 Andries, Daniel, 264
Andros, Gov., impris- oned, 236
Anti-Leielerians, 245, 272 Antiquarian, xvi Anneke Janse, 263, 384 Annual floods, 8
Appendix, 452 Archbishop Tate, 389
Architecture, xiii Armament of Schenec- tady, 315 Arme wey or poor pas- ture, 110, 111
Armorer, 134, 289
Appeal, Notice of, 42
of Gov. and Coun. of Mass., 252 Appel, Adriaen, 82, 159 Jan, 82, 83
Willem, 35, 82, 83, 109. 155, 223, 266, 267, 280 Arable land, 22, 68, 82 Arentsen Binnonie, 268 Arlington, Sec'y, 234
Articles of agreement, 36 Assembly, Gen., 44
Attack, cause of, 244
French upon the Sene- cas, 234
Quebec, 285
signal of, 248
upon Mohawk Castles, 277 Attempt to conquer Can- ada, 285
Attempts made to violate women, 15
Auchmuty, Dr., 390, 407 Aukes, Douwe [De Freeze], 63, 68, 80, 83, 90, 91,129, 162, 209, 211, 227, 243, 262, 265, 309 Auroensie, 17
B aas, 855
of the carpenters, 217 Backus, Rev. J. T., 395, 404, 406 Bagge, Bent, 138
Baker, a, 135 Ballad, Walter Wilies, 269
Bancken, 6, 356, 357
Bancker, Evert, 28, 87, 94, 133, 149, 156
Gerrit, 15, 65, 87, 149, | Bishop Albany, 389 197
Johannes, 350 Thos. Brower, 204. William, 340, 350 Banns published, 365 Banyar, Gol., 43 Baptism, 365
Baptismal records, ix
Barbarities practiced, 290 Barclay, Rev. Thos., 392 Barheit, Barheyt, Bar- huydt, 88
Barhydt, John, 73, 74, 88 Andries Hanse, 88 Barker, Robert, 94 Barns, 442
Barracks, 283, .305, 306, 315, 324, 326, 349 Batteanx, 332, 423 men, 891 Beaver, 336
Beck, Antje, 89
Caleb, 89, 90, 124, 156,
192, 329, 416 Capt. Will, 90 Rev. T. Romeyn, 89
Bee, 351, 352
Beeckman, Willlem, 169 Belfry, 356
Bell, 352, 358, 359, 369
Bellomont, Earl, 282, 283 Lady. 282
Belt. great sand, 8
Belts of Wampum, 276
Bends andEddies of river, 8 Benefactor of the poor, 374
Benevolence, 406 Benten island, 103, 113, 140
Bergen, 442 Beroep brief, 351 Berrit, Willem, 99 Beuken or beach, 157 Benkendael Massacre, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302 Beverwyck, 6, 11, 13, 15, 16, 223. Beyond the pine plains, 437
Bickford, Lieut., 281,813, 314 Bill, for stoves, 358 in Chancery, 51
Binne kil, 9, 58, 60, 77. 79, 97, 101, 117, 123, 179, 189, 224, 327, 328, 322
London, 407 Seabury, 406 Blacksmiths to Indians, 288
Bleecker, Jan Jansen, 67, 322
Block house, 150, 232, 290, 305, 308 810, 311, 314, 315, 316, 317, 331, 346
Blom, Engeltie, 264 Bloody Pond, 229
Blue slate, 7
Board of Trustees, 53 Boat, Durham, 424 Bogardus, Pieter, 107 Boght, 183
of the Kahoos, 183
Bolting, 90, 134, 240, 242
Boin, Willem, 124 Bont, Geertje, 265 Hendrick Lambertse, 68, 80, 90, 91, 210 Jan, 91 Stephen, 265
Book Treasurer's, 361 Borough, 426, 430, 431 Borsboom, Pieter Jacobse (de Steenbacker), 15, 65, 79, 445
Borsboom, Fytie Pieter- son, 268 Maria, 100
Piet. Jac., 91, 92, 101, 126, 130, 139, 153, 154 163, 179
Bosloopers, 6, 9, 410, 421 Boswegh, 172, 203
Bounds of Schen., 429 Albany, 429
Boundary dispute, 427 Bouweries 20, 62 Bouwknecht, 147
Bouwlands, 8, 9, 59, 60, 61, 62 Brandwach, 374
Brandywine mill, 205, 220, 449 Bratt, 82, 286, 296, 444 Ab. N., 69
Arent, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 50, 51, 60, 62, 70, 71, 80, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 135, 137, 164, 178, 185, 192, 286, 296, 817, 371
Ar. And., 15, 63, 93, 95, 96, 98, 175, 262
58
456
Index.
And., 88, 89, 97. 266, 288 Alb. And., 93, 95 Cat. And., 95 Cate., 86, 149 Cittie, 268 Dirk, 63, 98, 99, 164, 220, 266, 267
Dirk Arentse, 67, 173 Harmanus, 45, 53, 97 John A., 301, 302 Margaret, 63, 95 Theunis, 368 Samuel. 25, 53, 63, 266, 267
Samuel Arentse, 98 house, 444, 450 widow, 250 will, 40 Brewer, 141, 221
Brewhouse, 182, 215, 216, 220, 222 Brick ballast, 448 Bricks, 336, 360, 441, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448 cost, 444 Holland
house, 117, 246 maker, vii, 107, 360 layer, 109
Bridge, Sym. Groot's, 166, 180
Freeman's, 115
Brokers, bos loopers, 415 Brouck, Jonas Brough: on, S. S., opinion, 29
Brouwer, 25 Hend., 66, 91, 93, 101, 124
Hend. W., 100
Jacob, 423
Lysbet, 70, 130 Martie, 66, 91
Philip Hendrickse, 10, 14, 63, 99, 100, 137. 138, 147, 177
Do. Thos., 346, 351 Willem, 100, 107, 159 Brown, John, 406, 407 Rev. John W., 391, 392 Buildings, 337
Building of church, 346 of academy, 434
Bull, Capt., 240, 242, 243, 245, 252, 253, 258, 262, 263, 273, 320 Bundling, 366, 367 or Queesten, 454 Burger's excise, 20 Burial customs, 369 lot, 377 places, 370 under the church, 377 Burnet, Governor, 288 Burns, Charles, 96 Francis, 96 Burt, David, 266 Burying ground, 213, 216, 222, 225, 348, 349, 374. 398 private, 370
Butler, Jr., Lieut. Walter, | Christoffelse, David, 102, 295 Buys, Jan, 267, 268 Bybel Voorlezeir, 362 Byvanck, Jan, 266
adarachqui (Kingston,
C C. W.), 237, 280
Cahohattea, 436 Callebergh, 127 Calver Wey, 62, 203
Cambefort, Geraldus, 75, 101, 156 Cambefort's patent, 75, 76
Canachkorie, 275 Canachquo, 19
Canada, carried away to, 165, 199 attempt on, 285 population of, 3 Canal, Erie, 68 Canatagione (Niskayuna), 251
Canastagione (Niskay- una), 99, 271, 275, 328
Canastegione, 148 Canastagioone [Niskay- una], 232
Canastagiowne, 77, 174, 177
Canastagiocne, 105, 199, 272
Canistageioone, 94 Connestigiooné Canistageione, 161
Canajoharie, 232 Cannon, 238
Canoes, 423 Cantine, Peter, 57 Cantuquo, 11, 12 Cape Cod, 4
Capital, New York, 248 Mohawks, 9
Captain of foot, 226 Captive Frenchmen, 382 Captives in Canada, 364 Capture of deserters, 162 Captured by the French, 272
Carley House, 227 Carried away to Canada, 165, 174, 199 Carrying place, 293
Carstense, Carsten, 101 Elizabeth, 113 Teunis, 101, 267, 268 Car works, 171
Casteel, Eylandt, 409 Catechist among the Mo- 395, hawk Indians, 398
Caughnawaga, 110, 232, 422
Chief of the Iroquois, 248 Children, Arent Bratt's, 94 Joh. Glen's, 120 Christiaanse, Christiaan, 101, 123
108, 243, 263, 268 Case between trustees and Schermerhorn, 48 Castle, Indian, 8, 18, 236, 305, 315, 341 christian, 132 Mohawks, 251, 253 Oneidas burnt, 280 Castleton, George, 309 Cattskill, 6
Cayugas, 2, 236 Centry box, 310, 311, 339 Central Railroad, New York, 60 Champlain, 1
Champlain's account, 1
Chandeliers, 362 Chaplain, 310, 350 Chapel in the fort, 399 Charter, 426 Dongan, 6 college, 433 the, 33. 359 Cheragtoge ville), 322
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