USA > New York > Comley's history of the state of New York, embracing a general review of her agricultural and mineralogical resources, her manufacturing industries, trade and commerce, together with a description of her great metropolis, from its settlement by the Dutch, in 1609 > Part 5
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1857
5
51
Un. C. N.Y.
3,100
1,200
Law School of Hamilton College ....
Clinton.
1870
2
13
Ham. Col ...
SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE.
Albany Medical College, Union University.
Albany
IS39
8
117
Bellevne
Long Island College Hospital Brooklyn. Medical Department Uni-
8,154
Medical Dep't University of City of New York ..
New York City
1858
5
41,826
5,000
ColumbiaCollege Law School New York
1820
5
42
Baptist
34.000
Theological Department,
Martin Luther College.
Buffalo.
1854
. .
6.494 56.000
6,682
Union Theological Sem. .
33,000
Tabernacle Lay College ..
Brooklyn
1870
9
230
Mines.
U. S. Military Academy .. . West Point ...
1802
46
278
20,525
5,798
15,000
Hamilton Theological Sem. . : Hamilton.
New York City
1836
92,777 800,000
780
5,000
Coll. Phys.
25,000
9,000
8,000
3,000
,
Department of Science. Uni-
With Uni-
3,000
Regular
23
N. Y. In-
59
COMLEY'S HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Special Education .-- The institutions for special education in the State are --- (1) The New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, in New York City, founded in 1817, which had, in January, 1875, 18 teachers and instructors, 584 pupils, of whom 337 were males, and 247 females, and received from the State for the support of its State pupils. 1875. 8121,819.97. (2) The New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes, in New York City, intended to teach artic- ulation and lip-reading : it had, in January, 1875, 92 pupils ; 103 (55 males and 48 females) had been tanght during the year. The State appropriation for 1875 was $18,586.66. (3) Le Couteulx St. Mary's Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes, at Buffalo, a private institution, but receiving State and county pupils since 1872. It had, January Ist, 1876, 72 pupils (37 males and 35 females), and had 32 State and 20 county pupils at that date, and received from the State $9400, besides the payments from the counties. There are also two private institutions for deaf- mutes, which do not receive State aid: viz., the School of Articulation at Aurora, with 2 teachers and 6 pupils; and St. Joseph's Institution at Fordham, with 6 teachers and 40 pupils. Another institution for deaf-mutes is proposed to be locat- ed at Rome, N. Y., for the northern counties, but has not yet been organized. (4) The New York Institution for the Blind at New York City, which had, January ist, 1875, 173 pupils, of whom 147 were State pupils; it received from the State, in 1875, $43,899.32, and $84,000 from other sources ; it had 60 teachers and other employés. (5) The State Institution for the Blind, at Batavia, having 150 pupils and 31 teachers and other employés; it received from the State $52,000, and from other sources $9525. (6) The State Asylum for Idiots at Syracuse, which had in Jan., 1875, 164 pupils, and received from the State, for 1875, $37.500. There are two or three private or city institutions for idiotic, imbecile, feeble-minded, and paralytic children in the State.
Reformatories, Industrial Schools, etc .- With the exception of the State Reformatory at Elmira, now in course of construction, and the Thomas Orphan Asylum for Indian children on the Cattaraugus Reservation near Versailles, none of these are strictly and wholly State institutions. Yet the House of Refuge for Juve- nile Delinquents, on Randall's Island, and the Western House of Refuge at Roches- ter, receive large sums from the State (the former $71,000, and the latter $44,199, in 1877) ; and nearly all the rest have an appropriation from the educational fund, or some other State aid, each year. There are 25 or 30 reformatories, industrial schools, and mission schools for vagrant children, etc., in New York City (for a fuller account of which see New York City). There are four or five institutions within a moderate distance from the city, which receive considerable numbers of these vagrant children from New York City. Brooklyn and Kings County have 9 or 10 of these reformatories and asylums. There are local institutions belonging to this class in all the larger and most of the smaller cities of the State.
Charitable Institutions not Educational .- Of asylums and homes for the aged and infirm there are very many in the State. In the counties of New York, Kings, Richmond, and Suffolk, there are 21, and perhaps more; 2 in Utica, 2 in Rochester, and several in other cities and towns. Of hospitals the number is still larger, some of them city or county institutions, but the greater number endowed by some denomination or nationality, or by individuals. There are 33 in New York, Kings, and Richmond counties, and one or more of the other cities of the State. Of hospitals for the insane the State has 5, namely, the State Lunatic Asylum at Utica. the Willard Asylum for the Insane at Ovid, the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane at Poughkeepsie, the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane at Buffalo. the
60
COMLEY'S HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Homeopathic Asylum for the Insane at Middletown, and in addition, a hospital for insane convicts at Anburn. There are, also, county hospitals for insane in ff or 12 of the larger counties. There are also corporate institutions, like the Blooming- dale Hospital for the Insane, the Emigrants' Insane Hospital on Ward's Island, and private hospitals for the insane at Flushing, Hyde Park, and elsewhere. The State hospitals received, in 1875, $437,600. The New York State Inebriate Asylum at Binghamton has been under the care of the State since 1868. Its ammal expenses, paid by the State, are about $10,000. There are several county inebriate asylumns, some of them on a large scale.
Penal Institutions .- There are 3 State Prisons in the State-Auburn, Clinton, and Sing Sing. On Oct. 1, 1875, there were 1312 prisoners in Auburn, 553 in Clinton, and 1616 in Sing Sing-a total of 3481; and their expenditure for the year previous, including the asylum for insane convicts, was $949,510.44, while the earnings of the prisoners amounted to $368,978.51, leaving an excess of expendi- tures of $580,531.93. Most of the more populous counties have large penitentiaries, and in 4 or 5 of these, State convicts are also placed when the State prisons become too full. The county penitentiaries are usually well conducted, but the county jails- especially in the less populous counties-are often badly managed, and unsafe for the confinement of desperate criminals.
Churches.
DENOMINATIONS.
Chuch Organ- izations. 1870.
Chu'ch Edifices. 1870.
Sittings. 1870.
Church Property. 1870.
Chu ch Organ- izations 1875.
Chu'ch Clergy- men. 1875. : Edifices. 1875.
Church Mem- bers. IS75.
Adherent Popu- lation. 1875.
Church Property. 1875.
All denominations.
5,627
5.474
2,282,876 $66.073,755
6.357
6,057
6,115
555,049
3,934,690
$75.924 896
Baptist.
817
795
309.311
7.439,.350
898
849
775
114,863
570.400
8.772,450
Freewill and 7th-Day B .: p't
S5
00
23.375
102.925
99
97
86
8.146
40,000
273,300
Christians.
05
05
26,175
224.850
107
100
80
9,378
45.000
295.250
Congregationalists.
256
111.785
2.732,500
259
259
219
29,964
140,400
3,127,500
Protestant Episcopalians
475
465
204.290
7,211.150
596
585
709
72 768
300,000
8,318.000
Evangelical Association. Friends
25
25
7,300
228,350
31
30
24
3,215
15.00.0
297,000
Jews
47
33
21,400
1.831.950
51
40
46
7,642
35.000
2.167,300
Lutherans.
IGO
132
70,133
1,560,500
257
241
129
21,185
84.000
2.271,500
Methodist Episcopalians.
1,745
1,702
656,098
11,768.290
1,676
1,648
1.126
164,853
821.500
17,432,996
Meth Prots., Free Meths ...
4
2
1,000
30,600
4
3
4
350
1,200
35,000
Moravians.
6
6
3,000
134,600
7
7
8
750
3.800
If0,000
New Jer. Ch. (Swedenbo'n)
4
3
1,950
175,000
6
5
6
600
3,000
237,000
Presbyterian Church .. . .
672
€56
325.780
12.796,900
733
72.7
087
113,881
=66,440
14.580,000
Reformed Ch. date Dutch)
304
300
147:033
7,070,250
277
278
209
12.545
210,250
7.350,000
Reformed Ch.date German)
4
S
3,450
134.000
12
IC
8
1.000
5.000
IS.000
Roman Catholics ..
455
453
271,285
3.358.730
70,
600
791
1.723
6.800
50,0x 0
Shakers .
3
3
2.300
23.000
3
3
950
14.00)
28,000
Spiritualists
3
2
580
31,000
3
2
500
2.500
30,000
Unitarians. .
22
8,850
715,200
24
21
23
2,100
10.000
810.000
United Brethren in Christ.
7
6
1.850
10.200
30
12
26
3.010
12.000
37,000
Universalists .
124
120
41,610
1,155,950
89
81
100
4,390
15.000
1,200,000
Local Missions
14
14
2,000
580,900
...
Union Churches
93
98
32,801
210,050
95
98
80
5,700
20,000
225,000
. .
. .
790,000
10.371.500
Second Adventists.
17
II
3,120
45,050
19
13 i
12
31.750
150.000
1,157,600
Miscellaneous
Pre. Unitel, Asso. Refor'd.
54
49
24.097
044.149
1
278
246
267
3.788
17,000
718 500
87
24,910
596,300
95
93
. . .
-
1
--
.
Newspapers and Periodicals .- In 1870 there were 835 periodicals of all classes published in the State, issuing annually 471,741,744 copies, and having an aggregate circulation of 7,561,497. Of these 87 were dailies, having a circulation of 780,470: 5 tri-weeklies, with 5800 circulation ; 22 semi-weeklies, with 114.500 cir- culation ; 518 weeklies, with 3.388,497 circulation; 21 semi-monthlies, with 216,300
1
....
8
61
COMLEY'S HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
circulation ; 163 monthlies, with 2,920,810 circulation ; 19 quarterlies, with 135, 120 circulation ; and 6 annuals, with 766,000 circulation. Of the whole number 1; were advertising sheets, 10 agricultural, 12 organs of benevolent or secret societies. 50 commercial or financial, 103 illustrated, literary, or miscellaneous, 6 devoted to nationality, 487 political, 99 religious, 4 sporting, and 56 technical and professional. In 1875 the number of periodicals, according to the American Newspaper Directory. had increased to 1086 ; and while the proportions of the different classes were not greatly changed relatively, there were 100 dailies, 5 tri-weeklies, 15 semi-weeklies, 690 weeklies, 5 bi-weeklies, 27 semi-monthlies, 218 monthlies, and 26 quarterly pub- lications. The number of annuals is not given, but these had increased to 12 or 13. The aggregate circulation of all classes of periodicals was also very largely augmented.
Constitution, Courts, Representatives in Congress, etc .- Under the Constitution of 1846, which, as amended. is the governing law of the State, every male citizen of the age of 21 years (except such as may be idiotic or insane, and such as have been convicted of bribery, larceny, or any infamous crime), who shall have been a citizen for 10 days, an inhabitant of the State for 1 year next preceding any election, and for the last 4 months a resident of the county, and for 30 days of the ward, district, or precinct in which he may offer his vote, shall be entitled to vote for all officers elected by the people. All elections are by ballot. The legis- lative power of the State is vested in a Senate and Assembly, the former consisting of 32 members, chosen for two years; the latter, of 128 members, chosen for one year. The executive power is vested in a governor, elected for two years. He must be 30 years of age or more, and have been a resident of the State for at least five years next preceding an election. He is chosen at a general State election for the election of members of Assembly, and at the same times and places a lieuten- ant-governor. In the alternate years a secretary of State, comptroller, treasurer, attorney-general, State engineer, and surveyor are chosen, also for two years; and at the same times and places, 3 canal commissioners and 3 inspectors of State prison, one of each, each year, for the term of three years. The judiciary consists of a court of appeals, composed of a chief judge and 6 associated justices, elected by the people for 14 years, which court has appellate jurisdiction only ; of a supreme court in each of the eight judicial districts into which the State is divided, consisting of 5 justices in the New York district, and 4 in each of the others, all elected for 14 years; these courts have general jurisdiction in law and equity. There are, also, county courts, superior courts, surrogates' courts, and in the cities city courts, courts of general sessions, of oyer and terminer, and police courts. In New York City is also a marine court, and a recently established court of arbitration.
Principal Cities and Towns .-- Albany, the capital of the State, had in 1875 a population of 86,013 ; New York, its great metropolis, had the same year 1,046.037 ;* Brooklyn, 484,616; Buffalo, with 134,593 inhabitants, was the only other city in the State having over 100,000; Rochester had 81,6; 3; Syracuse and Troy not quite 50,000 each ; Utica, 32,070; Yonkers, Newburg, Cohoes, Auburn, Poughkeepsie, Elmira, and Oswego ranged between 17,000 and 23,000; 10 cities and towns, viz., Rome, Ogdensburg, Lockport, Schenectady, East New York, Hempstead. Flushing, Binghamton, Long Island City, and Johnstown, range between 12,000 and 16,000; 20 more, including the cities of Kingston and Hudson, and the incorporated villages of Catskill, Plattsburg, Middletown, Newtown, Amsterdam,
* Three towns, whose population in 1975 was 36,205, were set off from Westchester, and annexed to New York County, January Ist, 1874.
62
COMLEY'S HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Oswego, Saratoga Springs, etc., ranged between Sooo and 12,000; and 54 other towns of the State had from 5000 to Sooo.
Counties (60).
COUNTIES.
Population. 1870.
Males. 1870.
Females. 1870.
Population. 1875.
Assessed
valua- True
valuation. Census of 1870.
Albany.
133,052
64.775
68,277
147.530
$54,636,234
$152.055,765
Allegany
40,814
20.403
20,321
41,721
9.511,099
23,893, 857
Broome
44,103
22. 19
22,084
47,913
10,567.500
21,521.822
Cattaraugus
+3.999
22,178
21,731
48.477
19, 199, 817
20,620,578
Cayuga . .
59,550
29.953
29.597
61,213
20,772,208
65,120,255
Chautauqua
59,327
29,501
20.826
64,869
18,532,112
48,607.170
Chemung ...
35,281
17.588
17.93
41,879
10,533,677
22,374,820
Chenango
40,564
20,379
20,185
39-937
13.274.437
28.396.584
Clinton ..
47,947
24-320
23,627
49.70I
6.955,450
12.572.960
Columbia
47,044
25.001
24.023
47,756
23,836.835
45,6 3-545
Cortland .
25,173
12.549
12,624
24.500
7,014,354
11,374,829
Delaware.
42,972
21.920
21.043
42, 149
9,705,049
23.305.734
Dutchess.
74,041
36.368
37,673
76,056
35.888, 103
90,903.788
Erie
178,699
89.530
89, 169
199.517
61.834.512
162,698,496
Essex
20.042
14.719
14.323
34,474
6,568.163
10,262,516
Franklin
30,271
14.991
15,280
31,581
5,826,810
17:403-342
Fulton.
27,064
13.349
13.715
31,188
4.070,541
11.714,6So
Genesee
31,606
15.703
15,903
32,551
14,829.493
45,355,321
Greene.
31,832
15.555
16.277
32.554
6,771,129
25, 173,279
Hamilton
2,960
1.038
1.322
3,482
610.187
1.494,320
Herkimer
39,929
20,152
19,777
41,692
11.905.207
30.931,0:4
Jefferson
65,415
32,434
32.981
65.362
17.518.436
40,019,235
Kings
419,921
202.024
217,897
509,216
217,867,485
700.000,000
Lewis
23,699
14.762
13.937
29,236
4,624.742
11,129,312
Livingston.
38,309
18.919
19,390
38,564'
15.238,146
44.086,217
Madison
43.522
21.920
21,602
42,490
11,592.189
13.349.705
Monroe
117,868
58,105
59.763
134-534
42,107.964
82,561,640
Montgomery
34,457
17.293
17,164
35,200
10,700.890
19.992,006
New York.
942,292
457,117
485.175
1,046,037
1,205.531.580
3,484.268.700
Niagara
50,437
25,010
25,427
51,904
16;076,703
44,959,654
Oneida.
110,008
54.022
55,980
113.997
33.665,579
45,912,258
Onondaga.
104,183
51.960
57.223
113,223
36,770.451
99,658.400
Ontario
45,108
22,348
22,700
47,730
19,361,602
56,948,816
Orange
80.902
40,146
49,756
$5.252
31.936.453
86,267,635
Orleans
27,869
13.752
13,937
29.977
11,255.641
31,532.509
Oswego
77,491
35,907
39.034
78,615
36.773,627
44,094,043
Otsego .
48,967
24.432
24.545
49,815
13,864,043
30,474, 171
Putnam
15,420
7.052
7.708
15,811
5,955,232
Queens.
73,803
36,717
37.086
84.131
32,320.796
Rensselaer
99,549
43.731
50,818
105,053
31.515,833
110,939, 126
Richmond
33.029
16.104
16,865
35.241
9, 151,590
14,444,276
Rockland
25.213
25.267
26,262
55.233
14.130.006
36,797.898
Schenectady
21,347
10,481
10,800
22,892
6,501,049
15,957.240
Schoharie ..
33.340
16,103
15.737
32.419
5.944,X24
· 9,948,844
Schuyler .
18.989
9.370
9,619
18,928
4.575.161
9,901,295
Seneca .
28,823
13.1.91
14.13.
27,290
10.586.912
33-479,935
Steuben
07.717
34.049
33.669
73.923
14,928,161
36.573,915
St. Lawrence
84,826
42,007
42.819
84.124
16.044,343
51,074,369
Suffolk .
49,924
23.295
23.629
52.088
12,642.474
30,317,005
Sullivan
34.550
17.408
16,642
34.935
3,238,977
15,076,043
Tioga
30,572
15.250
15.322
31.741
7.075-484
15.025.923
Tompkins
33.175
15.5,2
16,586
32,915
9.316.916
19,078,639
Ulster .
84,075
42,512
41.403
88,271
15,532,069
45.536,460
Warren
22.502
11.449
11,152
23.295
3.208,040
7.989.885
Washington
49.403
25,008
24.500
+8,107
15,080,420
45,345.288
Wayne
47,710
23.715
23.995
49,832
14.700,515
46,081,326
Westchester.
131,348
65.739
05.000
100.000
56.167,089
158,410, 40
Wyoming
29.164
14.514
1
:4,550
30.595
9,009.807
27,717 538
Vaics
19.59 ,
9.726
9.800
19,686
8.382.400
14,858,922
Total .
4.382.759
2. 163.229
2,219.530
4.705,208
$2,367.780, IL2
$5,500,841,269
:
12.780
12.415
26,951
10.598.851
10,979,456
Saratoga
51,529
13, 192.769
26,026,645
tion. 1875.
63
COMLEY'S HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
History .-- The Bay of New York was first discovered in 1524, by Juan de Verrazano, a Florentine navigator in the service of France. In September, 1609, Hendrik (or Henry) Hudson, a navigator in the service of the States.General of Holland, again discovered the bay, and ascended both it and the Hudson River to a point a little below Albany. On his return, landing in England, he dispatched to Holland an account of his discoveries. In 1610, some Amsterdam merchants sent a small vessel to the Hudson River to trade with the Indians for furs, etc. In 1613. two small trading-forts were built on the river, and four houses erected on Man- hattan Island. In 1614, an expedition consisting of five vessels was sent out by the States-General to explore this region. These explorers ran along the whole length of Long Island, ascending the strait now known as the East River, entered the Sound, and also passed up the Hudson, and along the Jersey coast to the Delaware River, which they ascended for some distance. In October, 1614, the States-General granted to the explorers the exclusive right to trade between the Delaware and Connecticut rivers for three years from that date. In 1615, a fort and trading-house were erected just below the site of Albany, another on Manhattan Island, and messengers were dispatched to the Indian tribes to induce them to trade with the company which they had organized as the United New Netherlands Company. On the expiration of their grant, the States-General refused to renew it, but they con- tinued to trade thither until about 1623 or 1624, when the Dutch West India Com- pany, a powerful mercantile association chartered in 1621, took possession of the lands temporarily granted to their predecessors. In 1623 they erected Fort Nassau on the Delaware River, and Fort Orange on the site of Albany. In 1624, Peter Minuit was appointed Director of the New Netherlands, and brought over colonists who settled on Long Island. Staten Island and Manhattan Island were purchased from the Indians, the latter for $24. Up to 1629 the settlements were simply trading establishments. In that year the West India Company's Council granted to certain individuals extensive seigniories or tracts of land, with feudal rights over the lives and persons of their subjects. Under this grant Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, a pearl merchant of Amsterdam, secured in 1630 and subsequently, a tract of land 24 by 48 miles in extent, comprising the present counties of Albany, Rensselaer, and part of Columbia; Micheal Paauw purchased Staten Island, Jersey City, and Harsimus; and others, other tracts of great extent. Minuit's administration came to an end in 1632, and he was succeeded by Wouter Van Twiller. Van Twiller extended the colonies, planted a new one on the Connecticut, on the site of Hartford, and erected a fort there and furthered the interests of the company. He was succeeded in 1637 by William Kieft, whose administration of eight years was one of constant turbu- lence and trouble with the colonists, with the Indians, and with the English settlers on Long Island and in Connecticut. Meanwhile, the colony of the Patroon Van Rensselaer at Rensselaerwyck prospered and extended. In 1645, Petrus Stuyvesant was appointed Director in Kieft's place, and for nineteen years ruled the colony with great ability, though not without many troubles. In September, 1664, the colony of New Netherlands, which, in violation of all national comity, Charles II. had granted to his brother, the Duke of York, was conquered by the capitulation of New Amsterdam, and its name changed to New York, as was that of Beverwyck to Albany. Colonel Nicolls, who had effected the capture, remained governor until 1667, when Colonel Francis Lovelace succeeded him. In August, 1673, the colony was recaptured by the Dutch, and remained in their possession until the following February, when it was restored to the English by treaty. The feudal relations of the patroons or seigneurs and their tenants and subjects, were not materially
64
COMLEY'S HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
changed during this period; other manors were granted with similar privileges. Our space does not permit us to go into the details of the 100 years of colonial rule very fully; elsewhere we have given the names and terms of service of the gov- ernors who successively ruled the colony. But few of them possessed conspicuous abilities, and of these few the greater part were constantly involved in controversies with the council or assembly. Governors Hunter, Burnet, Montgomerie, Clark, De Lancey, Clinton, Moore, and Colden were deserving of respect, and some of them secured the affection of the people. Governor Tryon, who was governor from 1771 to October, 1775, was an able man, but an intense Royalist. On July 9, 1776, the Provincial Congress, which had been organized in May, 1775, reassembled at White Plains, and took the title of " The Representatives of the State of New York." At the same session they approved the Declaration of Independence, which had just reached them. New York had from the first taken an active part in the move- ments which led to the Revolution, though there were many Tories in the State The earliest captures of British forts, as Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Skenes- borough (Whitehall), were within her limits, while the disastrous battle of Long Island (see Long Island), the minor actions of Harlem Heights, White Plains, and the capture of forts Washington and Lee, were among the carly misfortunes of the New York patriots. New York City and the Hudson below Peekskill, as well as Staten Island and most of Long Island, were occupied by the enemy; the northern border was held by British troops from Canada; and the eastern central counties, along the Mohawk, Schoharie Creek, and the Delaware, were ravaged by Tories and Indians, under the leadership of Sir John and Sir Guy Johnson, the bloodthirsty Butlers, and the Indian chief Brant. Yet occasionally the patriots were cheered by success. Burgoyne, descending upon the State from Quebec with a fine army, was harassed, defeated, and compelled to surrender October 17, 1777, near Schuyler- ville, Saratoga County. The Indian and Tory raids and massacres continued at intervals, but eventually these cowardly foes suffered so severely that they were glad to be quiet. The frequent incursions of General Lord Howe up the Hudson and on Long Island were not productive of very serions losses, and even the treason of Arnold was discovered too soon to canse serious disaster. Its army quota was kept full through the able management of its governor. George Clinton.
EARLY GLIMPSES OF WESTERN NEW YORK.
A PRIMITIVE glimpse of the western portion of this State has been reserved for in- sertion here -- though not in its order of time. It is by far the earliest notice, of any considerable detail, which we derive from English sources; if in fact it is not the earliest record of any English advent to our region. The author is disposed to con- clude that the writer was the first Englishman that saw the country west of the lower valley of the Mohawk. His advent was but three years after the English took final possession of the Province of New York, and ten years previous to the expedition of De Nonville. It is taken from " Chalmers's Political Annals of the United Colonies," a work published in London, in 1780 :
COMLEY'S HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 65
"OBSERVATIONS OF WENTWORTH GREENHALPH.
" In a journey from Albany to the Indians westward [the Five Nations ], begun the 28th of May, 1677. and ended the 14th of July following .*
" The Senecas have four towns, viz., Canagorah, Tistehatan, Canoenada, Keint- he. Canagorah and Tistehatan lie within thirty miles of the Lake Frontenac; the other two about four or five miles to the southward of these; they have abundance of corn. None of their towns are stockadoed.
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