USA > New York > Columbia County > Gazetteer and business directory of Columbia County, N.Y. for 1871-2 > Part 6
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STAMPA AND ENVELOPEScan beobtained at the BOX DELIVERY. Envelopes in numbers not less than 500 with the "address of the purchaser," and a "return regnert," across the end, can be procured (by leaving an order with the Post-master,) at the same prices as ordinary stamped onveloper.
REGISTERED LETTERS .- Valuable Lettere for any part of the United States, Holland, United Kingdom, Italian States, Africa, East Indies, Egypt. Falkiaint Islands, China, and Australia, will be registered on application at the office.
Registry fre to the above foreign countries, 10 cents. Registry fee in the United States, 15 cents; Canada and the British Provinces, 5 cents ; North Germany. 8 cents. [/." Letters addressed to Post-MASTERS must be prepaid at the usus! rates.
RULES :- 1. Direct Letters plainly to the street and number, as well as the Post-office and State.
2. Head leiters with the name of the writer's Post office and State, Street and Number. Sign them with full name, and request that answers be directed accordingly.
3. Lettere sent to strangers or transient visitors in a town or city, whose special address may be unknown, should be marked on the lower left hand corner with the word " Transient."
4. Place the postage stamp on the upper right hand corner, and leave space between the stamp and direction for post marking, without interfering with the writing. N. B .- A request for the return of a letter to the writer, if unclaimed within thirty days or lese, written or printed, with the writer's name, Post Office and State across the left hand side of the envelope, on the face side, will be complied with. Letters bearing euch indorsements will be returned to the writer free of charge.
42
POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS.
10
12
Denmark ...
14
10
13
Niinny ...
18
23
10
10
12
14
Greece
3 .1
..
9
11
Mohlavia sud Wallachia
8
10
12
19
20
18
15
€
1
20
.
POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS.
43
Additional Table of Foreign Postage.
The * indicates that, unless the letter is registered, pre-payment is optional; in all other cases it is required. § Pamphlets and Periodicals, ten cents per four ounces or fraction thereof. # Pamphlets, Magazines, &c., two cente per four ounces or fraction thereof.
.
COUNTRIES.
Letters 36 02.
Nei's
papers.
Dphlets
Acapulco.
10
2
Argentine Republic, 23d each month from N. Y.
18
Aspinwall.
10
Australia, British Mail, via Southampton
16
6
Bahamas, by direct steamer from New York
3
Porota, New Granada.
18
4
Bolivia.
22
4
Buenos Ayres, 23dd each month from New York.
18
4
Canada. any distance, (if not prepaid. 10 cts.).
* 6
2
Central America, Pacific Slope, via Panama.
10
2
Chili, British Mail, via Panama ..
31
6
China. (except Amoy, Canton, Fuchow, Hong Kong, Swatow).
10
2
Cuba
10
2
Ecuador. British Mail, via Panama.
34
6
* 6
2
10
2
Hiavant
10
2
Honduras
10
2
. ..
10
2
Japan. via San Francisco ..
10
2
Mexico ...
10
2
Montevideo. 23d each month from N. Y ..
18
4
Na-san. N. Prov., by direct eteamer from N. Y.
3
2
New Brunswick
*
2
Newfoundland, (15 c. if over 3.000 miles)
10
2
Nrw Granada, (except Aspinwall and Panama).
18
4
Vicaragna. Pacific Slope, via Panama.
10
2
Nova Scotia (10 cts. per ) oz. if unpaid)
* 6
2
Y'anama
10
Poru. British Mail, via Panama ..
22
4
Porto Rico, British Mail, via San Juan
18
4
Prince Edward's Island ..
* 6
& ndwich Idands, by mail to San Francisco.
.10
2
Turk's 1-land ...
10
1 -may, by Am. pkt. 23d each month from N. )
1S
4
\ .. . onver's Island
10
Vri.zuela. British Mail, via Aspinwall.
18
1
do by American Ven. packet.
10
3
The recent postal treaty with Great Britain provides that besides letters and newspa- pers, "lunk packets," and " packets of patterns and samples," may be tent. Such Facket ---
1. Must contain no writing.
2. Must be filly prepaid (6 cents per 4 ounces from the U. S., or 3 pence sterling from Great Britain.)
3. Must be open at the ends to allow inspection.
· Samples of merchandise must not be of intrinsic value.
Dutiable articles-books, music, &c .. sent from Great Britain to the United States, minst. in addition to the postage, pay the regular duffey, which are-On books and rhigravings, 25 per cent .; music and photographe, 20 per cent.
2
Costa Rica
Great Britain, (if not prepaid, 12 cts.).
(inatemala
++++
Hong Kong. Amoy, Canton, Fuchow, Swatow, via San Francisco.
·++++++costs
10
2
Brazils, 23d each month from New York ..
10
14
-
+++++++++++
.
44
RULES FOR DETECTING COUNTERFEIT BANK NOTES.
Infallible Rules for Detecting Counterfeit or Spurious Bank Notes.
RULE 1st .- Examine the shading of the | fine letters. Counterfeits never bear the letters in title of Bank called LATHEWORK, imprint perfect. This rule should be strict- ly observed, as it is infallible in detecting counterfeits. which in genuine notes presente an even, straight, light and silky appearance, geul- erally so fine and smooth as to appear to be all in one solid. pale body. In the counter- feit the lines are coarse and irregular. an.1 in many of the longer lines breaks will be perceived, thus presenting a very inferior finish in comparison to genuine work.
2d .- Observe the dies, circles and ovals in the genuine; they are composed of a network of lines, which, by crossing cach other at certain angles, produce an endless variety of figures ; SEE THE ONE CENT STAMP ATTACHED. The fine line alone is the unit which enables von to detect spurious work. In the counterfeit, the REPRESENTED whiteline, are coarse, irregular, and cro-a each other in a confused, irregular manner. thus producing blurred and imperfect figures.
3d -- Examine the form and features of all human flores on the note. In thegen- nine, the texture of the skin is represented by fine dots and lines intermixed In the eyes, the pupil is distinctly visible, and the white clearly seen : the nose, mouth and chin, well formed, natural and expressive: the lips are slightly ponting, and the chin well thrown out: and the delicate shading of the neck perfectly harmontar, with the rest of the figure. Observe the finger- and toes ; they should be clearly and accurately defined. The hair of the head should show the fine strands and present a natural ap- pearance. The folde of the drapery of his- man fienres should lay natural and present a fine. finished appearance. In the counter- feit the female figure does not hear the natural prominence in outline- ; observe, the eyes and shading surrounding does it present the lifelike appearance it should. The ungers and tors are not properly and proportionately defined ; the hair does not hear that soft and nuished appearance as in the genuine.
5th .- In the genuine note the landscapes are well finished : trees and shrubs are neatly drawn ; the limbs well proportioned, and the foliage presenting a fine natural appearance ; clear sky is formed of fine parallel lines, and when clouds or heavy skies appear, they crous each other, and bear a soft, smooth and natural appear- ance. The perspective. showing a view of the surrounding country, is always clear and distinct. "The small figures in the background are always plainly seen, and their outlines and general character re- cognized. Ships are well defined and the Canvass has a clear texture ; railroad cars ar very accurately delineated ; in examin- ing a train observe carefully the car most distant. In the counterfeit the landscape is usually poorly executed ; the leaves of trees poorly and unnaturally defined .-- The lines representing still water are scratchy rather than parallel, the sky is represented generally in like manner, and where rolling clouds are to be seen, the unnatural effect is obvious. Domestic animals are generally poorly executed, particularly the head and limbs ; the eyes are seldom clearly defined. Ships are poorly drawn, the texture of the canvass course and inferior in style of workman- ship, thus giving an artificial appearance. Rfroad cars are also poorly executed ; the car farthest from the eye is usually the mo-timperfect. The perspective isalways imperfect, the figures in the background can seldom be recognized.
Sth .-- Bille altered from a smaller to a Inder denomination, can readily be de- too ted by & clow observer. in consequence of the etrikine: difference between the parts which have been extracted and the rest of the note. This difference is readily per- ceived in the lack of color, body and finish of the dye; we have seon bills where the
4th .- Examine the imprint or engraver's names in the evenness and shape of the | surrounding shiding in altered dies was
45
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
too dark. but from the back or finish of the white lines you have a sure test. Again oh-erve particularly the words " Five " or " Ten Dollars " as the case may be, denot- Ing the denomination of the note; the parallel outiines and shading (if any) are coarse and imperfect. Alterations are fre- quently made by pasting a greater denomi- uation over a smaller, but by holding the bill up to the light, the fraud will be per- ceived. Another method resorted to is to ent ont the figures in the dies as well as the words oue dollar, or the words two or three as the case may be, and with a sharp craser, scrape down the ends and also the edges of the pieces to be inserted; when the pieces thus prepared are affixed they are hardly perceivable; but by passing the note through the hand, so as to feel the die both with the finger and thumb at the same time, the fraud will be de- tected by the stiffness of the outer edges. "occasioned by the gum or method adopted" ir afixing the parts. The letter S should always be examined, as in many alterations it is pasted or stamped at the end of the word " dollar ;" and even when stamped there, the carrying out of the out- lines for its shading will readily show the fand. Bills of broken banks are frequent- ly altered by extracting the name of bank, state and town; they may readily be de-
tected by observing first the state, second the title or name of the bank, third the town or location.
GENERAL REMARKS IN REFERENCE TO COUNTERFEITS .- The paper on which they are printed is generally of a very inferior quality, with less body, finish and tough- ness than bank note paper bas. The ink generally lacks the rich luster of the gen- uine ; the red letters and figures are gen- erally imperfect. and the ink does not pre- sent the vermillion hue as it should. The printing is generally inferior, usually ex- hibiting specks of white in the most promi- nent letters, The date and filling up, and the President's and Cashier's names are generally written by the same person, although in many instances they present a different appearance. There are bills in circulation bearing either genuine dies or vignettes ; but upon close examination you will be enabled to detect any spurious bill, whether counterfeit or altered, by the instructions here given, if persevered in for a short time. We beg to suggest, it time will admit, the learner should examine minutely every bill he receives. A pow- erful pocket magnifying glass, which can be purchased for from fifty cents to 'one dol- lar at any of the opticians, will greatly en- able you to see and comprehend the ditfer- ence between gennine and spurious work.
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
What will my readers give to know how top: rich! Now, I will not vouch that ! f Coming rules will enable every per- N.f & go may read them to acquire wealth ; but the- I will answer for, that if ever a tin dene grow rich by honest means, and rfAin- li- wealth for any length of time, beiuti -: practice upon the principles laid down in the following essay. The re- inark- are not original with me, but I .Trongly commend them to the attention of every young man, at least as affording tur true Ferret of success in attaining wealth A single perusal of such an essay at an inpressible moment, has sometimes s very wonderful effect upon the disposi- tion and character.
I am they ray, is a Belle dame-till of the freaks and caprices; who blindly (. tribn! + her favors without the -hgbrent discrimination. So inconstant, so waver- 1 .. is she represented, that her most faith- AJ votaries can place no reliance on her promises. . Disappointment, they tell us, in the lot of those who make offerings at |
| her shrine. Now, all this is a vile slander upon the dear blind lady.
Although wealth often appears the result of mere accident, or a fortunate concur- rence of favorable circumstances without any exertion of skill or foresight, yet any man of sound health and unimpaired mind may become wealthy, if he takes the prop- er steps.
Foremost in the list of requisitos Are honesty and strict integrity in every trans- action of life. Let a man have the reputa- tion of being fair and upright in his coal- ings, and he will posse -- the confidence of all who know him. Without the ve qualities every other merit will prove unavailing. Ark concerning a man. " Is he active and Capable ?" Y". "indi- rions, tomper- ute and regular in his habt- ? "-Ohyes. "Is he honest?
Is he trustworthy ?" Why, as to that, I am sorry to say that he is not to be trusted ; he needs watching ; he is a little tricky, and will take an undue advantage, if he can. "Then I will have nothing to do with him," will be the in-
46
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
variable reply. Why, then, is honesty the best policy ? Because, without it, you will get a bad name, and everybody will shun you.
A character for knavery will prove an in- surmountable obstacle to success in al- most every undertaking. It will be found that the straight line is, in business, as in geometry, the shortest. In a word, it is almost impossible for a dishonest man to acquire wealth by a regular process of bus- iness, because he is shunned as a depreda- tor upon society.
Needy men are apt to deviate froro the rule of integrity, under the plea that ne- cessity knows no law ; they might as well add that it knows no shame. The course is suicidal, and by destroying all confidence, ever keeps thein immured in poverty, although they may possess every other quality for success in the world.
Punctuality, which is said to be the soul of business, is another important element in the art of money getting. The man known to be scrupulously exact in the ful- fillment of his engagements, gains the confidence of all, and may command all the means he can use with advantage : whereas, & man careless and regardless of his promises in money mattere will have every purse closed against him. Therefore be prompt in your payments,
Argus beforehand, and the hundred hands of Briarins afterwards.
Order and system in the management of business must not be neglected. Nothing contributes more to dispatch. Have a place for everything and everything in its place ; a time for everything, and every- thing in its time. Do first what presses most, and having determined what is to be done, and how it is to be done, lose no time in doing it. Without this method all is hurry and confusion, little or nothing is accomplished, and business is attended to with neither pleasure nor profit.
A polite, affable deportment is recom- mended, Agrecable manners contribute powerfully to a man's success. Take two men, possessing equal advantages in every other respect, but let one be gentlemanly, kind, obliging and conciliating in his man- ners : the other harsh, rnde and disobliging; and the one will become rich, while the other will starve.
We are now to consider a very important principle in the business of money-getting, namely-Industry - persevering, indefati- gable attention to business. Persevering diligence is the Philosopher's stone, which turns everything to gold. Constant, regu- lar, habitual and systematic application to business, must in time, if properly directed, produce great results. It must lead to wealth, with the same certainty that pov- erty follows in the train of idleness and
Next, let us consider the advantages of a cautious circumspection in our inter- course with the world. Slowness of be- | inattention. It has been truly remarked lief and a proper distrust are essential to | that he who follows his amusements in- success, The credulous and confiding are stead of his business. will, in a short time, have no business to follow. ever the dupes of knaves and impostors. Ask those who have lost their property how it happened, and you will find in most cases that it has been owing to mis- : placed confidence. One has lost by en- dorsing, another by crediting. another by false representations; all of which a little more foresight and a little more dis. trust would have prevented. In the af- fairs of this World men are not saved by faith, but by the want of it.
The art of money-saving is an important part of the art of money-getting. Without frugality no one can become rich ; with it, few would be poor. Those who consume as fast as they produce, are on the road to ruin. As most of the poverty we meet with growa out of idleness and extrava- gance, wo most large fortunes have been the result of habitual industry and frugali- ty. The practice of economy is as neces- pary in the expenditure of time as of
Judge of men by what they do, not by what they say. Believe in looks rather , money. They say if " we take care of the than words. Observe all their movements. , pence the ponuds will take care of them- selves." So. if we take care of the
Ascertain their motives and their ends.
Notice what they say or do in their un- ; minutes, the days will take care of them- guarded moment-, when under the influ- selves.
ence of excitement. The passione bave The acquisition of wealth demands as been compared to tortures which force men much self-denial, and as many sacrifices to reveal their secrets. Before trusting a of prevent gratification, as the practice of man, before putting it in his power to | virtue Itself. Vice and poverty proceed, in cause you a loss, possess yourself of every | some degree, from the same sources, available information relative to bim. ; namely-the disposition to sacrifice the Learn his history, his habits, inclinations future to the present : the inability to fore- and propensities ; his reputation for honor, goa small present pleasure for great future advantages. Men fait of fortune in this world, as they fail of happiness in the world to come, simply because they are nn- want to deny them Alves momentary en- ment for the sake of permanent future buyingww. industry. frugality and punctuality; his; prospects, resources, supports, advantages and disadvantages : his intentions and mo- tives of action, who are his fr. . 0 and themind, and what are his good or not !!! it. You may learn a man's con qualities and advantages from his friends-his bad Every large city is filled with persons. who, in order to support the appearance of wealth, constantly live beyond their in- come, and make up the dedeiency by contracting debts which are never paid. qualities and disadvantages from his ene- mies. Make due allowance for exaggeration in both. Finally, examine carefully before engaging in anything, and act with energy afterwards. Have the hundred eyes of | Others, there are, the mere drones of so-
47
HOW TO SECURE THE PUBLIC LANDS.
ciety, who pass their days in idleness, and subsist by pirating on the hives of the in- dustrious. Many who run a short-lived career of splendid beggary, could they be but persuaded to adopt a system of rigid economy for a few years, might pass the remainder of their days in affluence. But no! They must keep up appearances, they must live like other folks.
Their debts accumulate; their credit fails : they are harassed by duns, and be- sieged by constables and sheriff. In this extremity, as a last resort. they submit to a shameful dependence, or engage in crim- inal practices which entail hopeless wretch- edness and infamy on themselves and families.
Stick to the business in which you are regularly employed. Let speculators make thousands in a year or a day : mind your own regular trade, never turning from it to the right hand or to the left. If you are a merchant, a professional man, or a me- chanic, never buy lots or stocks, unless you have surplus money which you wish to invest. Your own business you under- stand as well as other men ; but other peo- ple's business you do not understand. Let your business be some one which is useful to the community. All such occu- pations possess the elements of profit in themselves.
How to Secure the Public Lands,
OR THE ENTRY OF THE SAME UNDER THE PRE-EMPTION AND HOMESTEAD
LAWS.
The following circular gives all necessary Information as to the procedure necessary in purchasing and securing the public lands :
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 1
GEN'1. LAND OFFICE, July 19, 1865. 5
Numerous questions having arisen as to the mode of procedure to purchase public lands, or acquire title to the same by bounty land locations, by pre-emptions or by home- stead, this circular is communicated for the information of all concerned.
In order to acquire title to public lands the following steps must be taken :
1. Application must be made to the Reg- ister of the district land office in which the land desired inay be situated.
A list of all the land offices in the United States is furnished by the Department, with the weata of the different offices, where it is the duty of the Register and Receiver to be in attendance, and give proper facilities and information to persone desirous of obtaining lands.
The minimum price of ordinary public land is $1.25 per were. The even or re- served prenions frilufts witt'n railroad er une are increased to donne the minimum prive, being $2.50 per acre.
Lands once offered at public sale, and not afterwards kept out of market by reserva. tien. or otherwise, so as to prevent free competition, may be entered or located.
2. By the applicant filing with the Regie- ter bis written application describing the
tract, with its area ; the Register will then certify to the receiver whether the land is vacant, with its price; and when found to be so, the applicant must pay that prico per acre, or may locate the same with land warrant, and thereafter the Receiver will give him a "duplicate receipt." which he is required to surrender previous to the delivery to him of the patent, which may be had either by application for it to the Register or to the General Land Office.
3. If the tract has not been offered at public sule it is not liable to ordinary pri- vate entry, but may be secured by a party legally qualified, upon his compliance with the requirements of the pre-emption is - of 4th September, 1841, and 3 March. 1-43; and after such party shall have maue ac- tual settlement for such a length of time as will show he designe it for his perms. lent home, and is acting in good faith, building a house and residing therein, he may proceed to the district land office, ex- tablish his pre-emption claim according to law, by proving his actual residence and cultivation, and showing that he is other- wise within the purview of there acts .- Then he can enter the Fund at 91.25, either in och or weh bounty land warrant. unless the premier should be de acre lands. In that case the whole purchase-money can be paid in cash, or one-half in cash, the residue with a bounty land warrant.
4. But if parties legally qualified desire to obtain title under the Homestead Act of 20th May, 1862, they can do so on com-
48
LAW MAXIMS.
plying with the Department Circular, dated 30th October, 1862.
5. The law confines Homestead entries to surveyed lands ; and although, in cer- tain States and Territories noted in the sub- joined list. pre-emptors may go on land be- fore survey, yet they can only establish their claim after return of survey. but must file their pre-emption declaration within three months after receipt of official plat, at the local land-office where the settlement was made before survey. Where, however, it w.is made after survey, the claimant must file within three months after date of set- tlement ; and where actual residence and cultivation have been long enough to show
that the claimant has made the land his permanent home, he can establish his claim and pay for the same at any time before the date of the public sale of lands within the range in which his settlement may fall.
6. All unoffered surveyed lands not ac- quired under pre-emption, homestead, or otherwise, under express legal sanction, must be offered at public sale under the President's Proclamation, and struck off to the highest bidder, as required by act of April 24, 1820.
J. M. EDMUNDS. Commissioner General Land Office.
1
LAW MAXIMS.
1. A promise of a debtor to give " satis- 7. An agreement by the holder of a note to give the principal debtor time for pay- ment, without depriving himself of the factory security" for the payment of a por- tion of his debt, is a sufficient considera- tion for a release of the residue by his | right to sue, does not discharge the surety. creditor.
2. Administrators are liable to account for interest on funds in their hands, al- though no profit shall have been made upon them, unless the exigencies of the estate rendered it prudent that they should hold the funds thus uninvested.
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