USA > New York > Wyoming County > Gazetteer and business directory of Wyoming County, N.Y., for 1870-71 > Part 6
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By direct Mail.
Closed Mail via England.
Paid.
Unp'd.
Toaid, Cents.
Unp'd
Cents.
Cents. :
Cents.
Cents.
Cents.
Cent ..
Cents.
North German Union, (including all the German States and Austria). ...
10
10
1.5
15
1
10
10
Demark ..
13
16
18
21
0
7
13
Sweden ..
11
16
13
8
11
13
Norway ...
16
18
21
99
5
0
Russia ..
13
15
20
10
13
15
Switzerland.
18
18
23
23
10
12
Italy (via Austria).
14
11
30
7
S
10
12
Papal States ..
13
13
18
18
1
3
10
19
Turkey ...
20
20
25
10
12
14
Egypt ..
MONEY ORDERA. - Absolute safety in sending money by mail is secured by obtaining a Money Order, on any Money Order Office, for which the fees are :- Orders not exceeding $20, 10 cents. Orders not exceeding $50, 25 cents. YS ' NEVER PUT MONEY IN A LETTER-ALWAYS PROCURE A MONEY ORDER.
Valnable Lettere should be carried to the Post-office. If money is to be remitted. a Postal Money Order should be obtained. If upon points where there is no Money Order Offlee, then the letter should be registered. Money should never be enclosed in an ordinary letter.
STAMPS AND ENVELOPES CAN beobtained at the BOX DELIVERY. Envelopes in numbers not less than 500 with the "address of the purchaser," and a "return request," across the end, can be procured (by leaving an order with the Post-master,) at the same prices as ordinary stamped envelopes.
REGISTERED LETTERS .- Valuable Letters for any part of the United States, Holland. United Kingdom, Italian States, Africa, East Indies, Egypt, Faldland Islands, China, and Australia, will be registered on application at the office.
"Registry fre to the above foreign countries, 26 cents.
Registry fee in the United States, 15 cents; Canada and the British Provinces, 5 cents ;
North Germany, 8 cents. CE Letters addressed to Post-MASTERS must be prepaid at the usual rates. ReuEs :- 1. Direct Letters plainly to the street and number, as well as the Post-office and State. 2. Head letters with the name of the writer's Post office and State, Street and Minber. Sign them with full name, and request that answers be directed accordingly.
3. Letters sent to strangers or transient visitors in a town or city, whose special address may be unknown, should be marked on the lower left hand comer with the word " Transient."
4. Place the postage stamp on the upper right hand corner, and leave space between the stamp and direction for post marking, without interfering with the writing. N. B .- A request for the return of a letter to the writer, if unclaimed within thirty days or less, written or printed, with the writer's name, Post Office and State across the left hand side of the envelope, on the face side, will be complied with. Letters bearing such indorsements will be returned to the writer free of charge.
42
POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS.
12
14
Greece.
.
.
9
11
Moidavis and Wallachta
15
15
20
7
7
¢
1-4
18
10
10
.
10
3
S
43
POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS.
Additional Table of Foreign Postage.
The * indicates that, unless the letter is registered, pre-payment is optional; in all D'or cases it is required. $ Pamphlets and Periodicals, ten cents per four ounces or friotion thereof. $ Pamphlets. Magazines, &c., two cents per four ounces or fraction
Letterd.
COUNTRIES.
Arapideo ..
10
Argentine Republic, 23d each month from N. Y.
18
Aspir wall.
10
Australia. British Mail, vie Southampton
6
Bahamas, by direct steamer from New York.
3
Dorota, New Granada.
18
4
Bolivia. .
31
€
Brazils, 23d each month from New York
10
Buenos Ayres, 23d each month from New York.
1S
25
Canada, any distance, (if not prepaid, 10 cts.)
Central America, Pacific Slope, via Panama.
10
Valli. British Mail, via Panama ...
3.4
China. (seept Amoy, Canton, Enchow, Hong Kong, Swatow) Costa Rica
10
Cuba
10
Ergado:, British Mail, via Panama.
3.1
Great Britain.
*19
Guatemala
10
Honduras
10
10
10
Mexico ..
10
Montevideo, 23d each month from N. Y.
1S
25
Nassau. N. Prov., by direct steamer from N. Y
3
New Brunswick ...
* 6
Newfoundland, (15 c. if over 3.000 miles).
10
Yew Granada, (except Aspinwall and Parama)
18
NeararGa. Pacific Slope. via Panama,
10
Nova Scotia (* 10 cts. per 32 oz. if unpaid).
* 6
Panana .
10
Peru. British Mail, via Panama ..
34
6
Porto Rico. British Mail, via San Juan.
18
1
Prince Edward's Island ..
2
Sandwich Islands, by mail to San Francisco.
10
Turk's Island ...
10
2
Uruguay. by Am. pkt. 23d each month from N. Y
1S
25
.
Vancouver's Island ..
10
2
Venezuela, British Mail, via Aspinwall
1S
1
do by American Ven. packet ..:
10
3
The recent postal treaty with Great Britain provides that besides letters and newspa- per .. "book packets," and " packets of patterns and samples," may be sent. Such packets --
1. Must contain no writing.
2. Must be fully prepaid (6 cents per 4 ounces from the U. S., or 3 pence sterling from Great Britain.)
3. Must be open at the ends to allow inspection.
Samples of merchandise must not be of intrinsic value.
Dutiable articles-books, monsie, &c., sent from Great Britain to the United States, must. in addition to the postage, pay the regular duties, which are-On books atki engravings, 25 per cent .; mu-ie and photographs, 20 per cent.
If letters or articles sent to Italy are not prepaid, or are insufficiently paid, they will be charged with deficient postage, and subject to fine, on arrival At their destination.
+
Hong kong. Amoy. Canton, Duchow, Swatow, via San Francisco. Japan, via San Francisco ..
10
22522262222222 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 2
10
P'phlets
+
44
RULES FOR DETECTING COUNTERFEIT BANK NOTES.
-
Infallible Rules for Detecting Counterfeit or Spurious Bank Notes.
RULE 1st .- Examine the shading of the | fine letters. Counterfeits never bear the letters in title of Bank called LATHEWORK, imprint perfect. This rule should be strict- ly observed, as it is infallible in detecting counterfeits. which in genuine notes presents an even, straight, light and silky appearance, gen- crally so fine and smooth as to appear to be all in one solid, pale body. In the counter- feit the lines are coarse and irregular, and in many of the longer lines breaks will be perceived. thus presenting a very inferior finish in comparison to genuine work.
2d .- Observe the dies, circles and ovals in the genuine; they are composed of a network of lines, which, by crossing each other at certain angles, produce an endless variety of figures ; SEE THE ONE CENT STAMP ATTACHED. The fine line alone ja the unit which enables you to detect spurious work. In the counterfeit, the REPRESENTED whitelines are coarse, irregular, and cross' each other in a confused, irregular manner, this producing blurred and imperfect Grures.
3d .-- Examine the form and features of all buman figures on the note. In the gen- nine, the texture of the skin is represented by dine dots and lines intermixed. In the eye-, the pupil is distinctly visible, and the while clearly seen ; the nose, month and chin. well formed, natural and expressive ; the lips are slightly pouting, and the chin well thrown out; and the delicate shading of the neck perfectly harmonizes with the rest of the figure. Observe the fingers and Wes ; they should be clearly and accurately defined. The hair of the head - hould show the fine strands and present a natural ap- pearance. The folds of the drapery of hu- man floures should lay natural and present a fine, finished appearance. In the counter- feit the female figure does not bear the natural prominence in outline .; observe. the eyes and shading surrounding does not present the lifedlike appearance it should. The fingers and toes are not properly aud proportionately defined; the hair does not bear that soft and finished appearance as in the genuine.
5th .- In the genuine note the landscapes are well finished : trees and shrubs are neatly drawn ; the limbs well proportioned, and the foliage presenting a fine natural appearance ; clear sky is formed of fine parallel lines, and when clouds or heavy skies appear, they cross each other, and bear a soft, smooth and natural appear- ance. The perspective, showing a view of the surrounding country, is always clear and distinct. The small figures in the background are always plainly seen, and their outlines and general character re- cognized. Ships are well defined and the canvass has a clear texture ; railroad cars are very accurately delineated ; in examin- ing a train observe carefully the car most distant. In the counterfeit the landscape is usually poorly executed ; the leaves of trees poorly and uunaturally defined. -- The lines representing still water are scratchy rather than parallel, the sky is represented generally in like manner, and where rolling clouds are to be seen, the unnatural effect is obvions. Domestic animals are generally poorly executed, particularly the head and limbs ; the eyes are seldom clearly defined. Ships are poorly drawn, the texture of the canvass coarse and inferior in style of workman- ship, thus giving an artificial appearance. Railroad cars are also poorly executed ; the car farthest from the eye is usually the most imperfect. The perspective isalways imperfect, the figures in the background can seldom be recognized.
6th .- Bills altered from s smaller to a higher denomination, can readily be de- tected by a close observer, in consequence of the striking difference between the part. which have boon extracted and the rest of the note. This difference is readily per- ceived in the lack of color, body and finish 4th .- Examine the imprint or engraver's of the dye; we have seen bills where the names in the evenness and shape of the | surrounding shading in altered dies was
45
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
too dark, but from the back or finish of the | tected by observing first the state, second white Ines yon have a sure test. Again the title or name of the bank, third the town or location. observe particularly the words " Five " or " Ten Dollars " as the case may be, donot- GENERAL REMARKS IN REFERENCE TO COUNTERFEITS .- The paper on which they are printed is generally of a very inferior quality, with less body, finish and tough- ness than bank note paper has. The ink generally lacks the rich Inster of the gen- uine; the red letters and figures are gen- erally imperfect, and the ink does not pre- sent the vermillion hue as it should. The printing is generally inferior, usually ex- hibiting specks of white in the most promi- nent letters. The date and filling up, and the President's and Cashier's names are generally written by the same person, although in many instances they present a different appearance. There are bills in circulation bearing cither genuine dies or vignettes; but upon close examination you will be enabled to detect any spurions bill, whether counterfeit or altered, by the instructions here given, if persevered in for a short time. We bog to suggest, if time will admit, the learner should examine minutoly every bill he receives. A pow- erful pocket magnifying glass, which can be purchased for from fifty cents to one dol- lar at any of the opticians, will greatly en- able you to see and comprehend the differ- ing the denomination of the noto; the parallel outlines and shading (if any) are coarse and imperfect. Alterations are fre- quently made by pasting a greater denomi- nation over a smaller, but by holding the bill up to the light, the fraud will be per- ceived. Another method resorted to is to cut out the figures in the dies as well as the words one dollar, or the words two or three as the case may be, and with a sharp eraser, serape down the ends aud also the edges of the pieces to be inserted ; when the pieces thus prepared are afixed they are hardly perceivable; but by passing the note through the hand. so as to feel the die both with the finger and thumb at the same time, the fraud will be de- tected by the stiffness of the outer edges, "occasioned by the gum or method adopted" in affixing the parts. The letter S should always be examined, as in many alterations it is pasted or stamped at the end of the word " dollar ;" and even when stamped there. the carrying out of the out- lines for its shading will readily show the fraud. Bills of broken banks are frequent- ly altered by extracting the name of bank, state and town; they may readily be de- i ence between genuine and spurious work
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
What will my readers give to know how | her shrine. Now, all this is a vile slander upon the dear blind lady.
to get rich ? Now. I will not vouch that the following rules will enable every per- son who may read them to acquire wealth : but this I will answer for, that ifever a man does grow rich by honest means, and retains his wealth for any length of time. he must practice upon the principles laid down in the following essay. The re- marks are not original with me, but I strongly commend them to the attention of every young man, at least as affording the true secret of success in attaining Wealth. A single perusal of such an essay at an impressible moment, has sometimes a very wonderful effect upon the disposi- tion and character.
Fortune, thepaay. is a fickie dame-fall of her freaks and caprices; who blindly distributes her favors without the slightest discrimination. So inconstant, so waver- ing is she represented, that her most faith- ful votaries can place no reliance on her promises. Disappointment, they tell us, is the lot of those who make offerings at
Although wealth offen appears the result of mere accident, or a fortunate concur- rence of favorable circumstances without any exertion of skill or foresight. yet any man of sound health and unimpaired mind may become wealthy, if he takes the prop- er steps.
Foremost in the list of requisites are honesty and strict integrity in every trans- action of life. Let a man have the reputa- tion of being fair and upright in his deal- ings, and he will possess the confidence of all who know him. Without these qualities every other merit will prove unavailing. Ask concerning & man, " Is he active and capable ?" Yes. "Industrious, temy,r- ato ard regular in his habits ?" -- oh yes "is be honest? Is he trustworthy ! Why, as to that. I ain sorry to say that by is not to be trusted ; he needs watching ; he is a little tricky, and will take an niadas advantage, if he can. "Then Iwill have nothing to do with him," will be the ju
Y
46
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
variable reply. Why, then, is honesty the | Argus beforehand, and the hundred hands best policy ? Because, without it, you will of Briarias afterwards. get a bad name, and everybody will shnu you.
A character for Enavery will prove an in- surmountable obstacle to success in al- most every undertaking. I will be found that the straight line is, in business, as in geometry, the shortest. In a word. it is almost impossible for a dishonest man to acquire wealth by a regular process of bis- iness, because he is shunned as a deproda- tor upon society.
Needy men are apt to deviate from the rule of integrity, under the plea that ne- cessity knows no law : they might as well edd that it knows no shame. The course is suicidal, and by destroying all confidence, ever keeps them immured in poverty, although they may possess every other quality for success in the world.
Punctuality, which is said to be the soul of business, is another important element in the art of money getting. The man known to be scrupulously exact in the fol- filment of his engagements, gains the confidence of all, and may command all the means he can use with advantage : whereas, a man careless and regardless of his promises in movey matters will have every purse closed against him. Therefore be prompt in your payments.
Next. let us consider the advantages of a cautious circumspection in our inter- course with the world. Slowness of be- lief and a proper distrust are essential to snecess. The credulous and confiding are ever the dupes of knaves and impostors. Ask those who have lost their property how it happened, and you will fud ju most cases that it has been owing to mis- placed confidence. One has lost by en- dorsing, another by crediting. another by false representations : all of which a little more foresight and a little more dis trust would have prevented. In the af- fairs of this world men are not saved by faith, but by the want of it.
Judge of men by what they do, not by what they bay. Believe in looks rather than words. Observe all their movements. Ascertain their motivea and their ends. Notice what they say or do in their un- guarded moments, when under the inilu- ence of excitement. The passions have been compared to tortures which force mon to reveal their scorets. Before trusting a man. before putting it in his power to cause you a loss, possess yourself of every available information relative to him. Learn his history. his habits, inclinations and propensities ; his reputation for honor, industry, frugality and punctuality; his prospects, resources, support, advantages and disadvantages : his intentions and mo- tives of action: who are his friends and enemies, and whatare hisgood or bad qual- ities. You may learn a man's good qualities and advantages from his friend-his bed qualities and disadvantages from his ene- mirs. Make dor allowaner for exasperation in both. Finally, examine carefully before engaging in anything, and act with energy afterwards. Have the hundred eyes of
----
Order and system in the management of business must not be neglected. Nothing contributes more to dispatch. Have a place for everything and everything in its place : a time for everything, and every- thing in its time. Do first what presses most, and having determined what is to be done, and how it is to be done, loss ro time in doing it. Without this method all is hurry and confusion, little or nothing is accomplished, and business is attended to with neither pleasure nor profit.
A polite, affable deportment is recom- mended. Agreeable manners contribute powerfully to a man's success. Take two men, possessing equal advantages in every other respect, but let one be gentlemanly, kind, obliging and conciliating in bis man- ners; the other harsh, rude and disobliginz; and the one will become rich, while the other will . tarve.
We are now to consider a very important principle in the business of money-getting. namely-Industry - persevering. indefati- gable attention to business. Persevering diligence is the Philosopher's stone, which turns everything to gold. Const nt. rogn- lar, habitual and systematic application to business, must in time, if properly directed, produce great results. It must lead to wealth, with the same certainty that pov- erty follows in the train of idleness and inattention. It has been truly remarked that he who followe his amusements in- stead of his business. will, in a short time, bave no business to follow.
The art of money-saving is an important part of the art of money-getting. Withost. frugality no one can become rich ; with it, few would be poor. Those who consumie as fast as they produce, are on the road to ruin. As most of the poverty we meet with grows ont of idleness and extrava- cance, so mo-t large fortunes have been the result of habitual industry and frugall- ty. The practice of economy is as neces- cary in the expenditure of time as of money. They say if " we take care of the pence the pounds will take care of them- selves." So. if we take care of the minutes, the days will take care of them- selves.
The acquisition of wealth demands 24 much self-denial, and as many sacrifices of present gratification, as the practice of virtue itself. Vice and poverty proceed. in some degree. from the same sources, namely-the disposition to sacrifice the future to the present : the inability to fore- go a sinall present pleasure for great funire advantages. Men fall of fortune in this world, as they fail of happiness in the world to come, simply because they are an . willing to deny themselves momentary en- joyments for the sake of permanent future happiness.
Every large city is filled with persons. who, in order to support the appearance of wealth, constantly live beyond their in- come. and make up the deficiency by contracting debte which are never paid. Others, there age, the mere drones of so-
47
HOW TO SECURE THE PUBLIC LANDS.
ciety, who pass their days in idleness, and ! Stick to the business in which you are subsist by pirating on the hives of the in- | regularly employed. Let speculators make dustrions. Many who run a short-lived entreer of splendid beggary, could they be ont persuaded to adopt a system of rigid wodoiny for a few years, might pass the remainder of their days in adluence. But ho! They must keep up appearances, they must live like other tolks.
Their debts accumulate: their credit fils ; they are harassed by dans, and be- sieved by coustables and sheriff. In this extremity, as a last resort, they submit to a shameful dependence, or engage in crim- inal practices which entail hopeless wretch- mag's and infamy on themselves and families.
thousands in a year or a day : mind your own regular trade, never turning from it to the right hand or to the left. If you are a merchant, a professional man. or a me- chanic, never buy lots or stocks, unless you have surplus money which you wish to invest. Your own business yon under- stand as well as other mnen ; but other peo- ple's business you do not understand. Let your business be some one which is useful to the community. All such occu- pations possees the elements of profit in themselves.
How to Secure the Public Lands,
OR THE ENTRY OF THE SAME UNDER THE PRE-EMPTION AND HOMESTEAD LAWS.
The following circular gives all necessary | tract, with its area : the Register will then information as to the procedure necessary in purchasing and securing the public latuls :
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEN'L LAND OFFICE, July 19, 1865. 5
Numerous questions having arisen as to the mode of procedure to purchase public lands, or acquire title to the same by bounty land locations. hy pre-emptions or by home- stend, this circular is communicated for the information of all concerned.
In order to acquire title to public lands the following steps must be taken :
1. Application must be made to the Rog- ister of the district land office in which the land desired may be situated.
A list of all the land offices in the United States is furnished by the Department, with the seats of the different offices. where it is the duty of the Register and Receiver to be in attendance, and give proper facilities and information to persons desirous of obtaining lands.
The minimum price of ordinary public lands is $1.25 per aore. The even or re- served sections falling within railroad prints are increased to double the minimum prive. being $2.30 por agre.
Lands once offered at publie sale, and not afterwards kept ont of market by reserva- tion, or otherwise, so as to prevent free competition, may be entered or located.
2. By the applicant fhny with the Revis- ter his written application describing the
certify to the receiver whether the land is vacant, with its price ; and when found to be so. the applicant must pay that prico per acre, or may locate the same with land warrent. and thereafter the Receiver will give him a "duplicate receipt." which he is required to surrender previous to the delivery to him of the patent. which may he had either by application for it to the Register or to the General Land Office.
3. If the tract has not been offered at public sale it is not liable to ordinary pri- vale eutry, but may be secured by a party legally qualified, upon his compliance with the requirements of the pre-emption laws of 4th September. 1811, and 3d March. 1:B; and after such party shall have made ac- thal settlement for such a length of time as will show he designs it for his perma- nent home, and is acting in good faith, bulding a house and residing therein, he may proceed to the district land office. es- tabli-h bis pre-emption claim according to law, by proving his actual residence and cultivation, and showing that he is other- wise within the purview of these acts .- Then he can enter the land at $1.25, either In cash or with bounty land warrant, tu es the premises should be $2.50 acre lomi -. In that case the whole purchase-moner can be paid in cash, or one-half in casa, the re-idue with a bounty land warrant.
4. But if parties legally qualified desire to obtain title under the Homestead Act of 20th May, 1562, they can do so on com.
48
LAW MAXIMS.
plying with the Department Circular, dated [ that the claimant has made the land his 30th October, 1862.
5. The law confines Homestead entries to surveyed lands: and although, in cer- tain States and Territories noted in the sub- Joined list, pre-emptors may go on land be- fore survey, yet they can only establish their claim after return of survey, bat must ile their pre-emption declaration within three months after receipt of official plat. at the local land-office where the settlement was made before survey. Where, however, it was made after survey, the claimant must file within three months after date of set- tlement ; and where actual residence, and cultivation have been long enough to show
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