USA > New York > Franklin County > Historical sketches of Franklin county and its several towns > Part 8
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The county's organized contingents included one company. each in the 16th and 60th, seven in the 98th, two in the 106th and three in the 142d, and it had besides scattering representation in a considerable number of other commands, particularly in the 96th, 118th, the 14th Heavy Artillery and some cavalry units, including the company of Captain Davis, organized in 1864, largely from Franklin county, for frontier defense.
The regiments in which there were units of Franklin county men all saw strenuous service and hard fighting. Their records were fine. and their battle losses, in proportion to their total strength, were appalling. For illustration, the killed and wounded in all of the New York regi- ments comprised 18.4 per cent. of their strength, while the percentage for the 16th was 36.96, nearly all of which was suffered in four engage- ments. The losses of this regiment were the greatest of any of the
* The town clerks' reports for Bangor, Bombay, Chateaugay, Fort Covington and Westville not having been located, the census figures are used. If the missing reports could be consulted, probably they would bring the aggregate up to about 2,000; and in a number of the towns these reports do not include re-enlistments, which would further swell the count.
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HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY
State's thirty-eight two-year regiments with a single exception. Over fifty per cent. of the men in it who were taken to the firing line were killed or wounded. The following data are from a compilation made by the adjutant-general:
16th Reg.
60th Reg.
98th Reg.
106th Reg.
142d Reg.
Killed in aetion
91
39
63
85
70
Died of wounds received in action
38
28
39
51
61
Wounded, but survived
332
191
277
324
340
Reported missing
19
18
72
214
23
Aggregate losses
480
276
451
674
494
Approximate length of service, years. .
2
333
312
234
235
Died of disease and other causes ..
84
101
136
167
162
Number of battles and skirmishes ....
18
29
22
34
21
From the adjutant-general's records I have gleaned the names and data of Franklin county men who were commissioned officers in the 16th, 60th, 98th, 106th and 142d regiments. The rank first following each officer's name is that in which he was mustered, and the ranks fol- lowing are those that he successively held. In many cases the records note discharges as terminating service, but as this word is susceptible of two constructions I have substituted " resigned." Where no date of retirement is stated it is to be understood that the officer was mustered out at the expiration of his term of service :
SIXTEENTH REGIMENT.
COLONEL.
Joel J. Seaver, captain, major, lieut .- eol .; colonel Sept. 28, 1862.
CAPTAIN.
Charles M. Hilliker, sergt., Ist sergt., 2d lieut .; captain Dec. 6, 1862.
Charles H. Bentley, 2d lieut., Ist lieut .; captain Jan. 21, 1863; wounded; re- enlisted ; captain in Vermont cavalry.
FIRST LIEUTENANT.
Frederie F. Wead, Ist lient .; transferred to 98th regiment, which see. Samuel W. Gleason, private; Ist lieut. Aug. 9, 1862.
SECOND LIEUTENANT.
Milton E. Roberts, 2d lieut .; resigned Nov. 19, 1861.
Enos Hinman, Ist sergt .; 2d lient. Dec. 6, 1862.
Charles A. Brown, private, sergt .; 2d lient. Sept. 13, 1862; detailed to be in charge of printing office at Gen. McClellan's headquarters.
CHAPLAIN.
Andrew M. Millar, chaplain; resigned Sept. 26, 1862.
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FRANKLIN COUNTY
MEDAL OF HONOR.
John H. Moffitt was given a medal of honor for great bravery at the battle of Gaines's Mill. Mr. Moffitt enlisted in Clinton county, but was a resident of Franklin for a number of years after the war, and represented this district in Congress.
SIXTIETH REGIMENT.
CAPTAIN.
William H. Hyde, captain ; resigned Jan. 31, 1863.
P. Shelley Sinclair, Ist lieut .; captain Jan. 29, 1863.
Alfred N. Skiff, sergt., Ist sergt., lieut .; captain July 9, 1865.
FIRST LIEUTENANT.
Myron D. Stanley, Ist sergt .; Ist lieut. Jan. 29, 1863; died of wounds.
Rufus R. Stancliff, private, corp., sergt., Ist sergt .; Ist lieut. June 23, 1865.
George G. Cornish, private, hospital steward; Ist lieut. Feb. 21, 1863; dis. for disability April 27, 1865.
SECOND LIEUTENANT.
Hosea C. Reynolds, 2d lieut .; died Oct. 26, 1862.
Edward Sinclair, private; 2d lieut. Nov. 4, 1863.
Gardiner Smith, corp., sergt .; 2d lieut. July 9, 1865.
NINETY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.
COLONEL.
Charles Durkee, lieut .- col .; colonel July 4, 1862; resigned Feb. 25, 1863. Frederic F. Wead, lieut .- col. by transfer and promotion from 16th regiment ; colonel Mar. 4, 1864; killed June 3, 1864.
MAJOR.
Albon Man, major; resigned June 4, 1862.
ADJUTANT.
Edward H. Hobbs, adjutant; resigned June 2, 1863.
Daniel H. Stanton, 2d lieut., Ist lieut .; adjutant June 2, 1863; wounded.
CAPTAIN.
Seymour L. Andrus, Ist lieut .; captain Oct. 31, 1862; resigned June 1, 1863. Samuel J. Austin, Ist lieut .; captain Oct. 1, 1862; resigned June 2, 1863. William H. Barney, 2d lieut., Ist lieut .; captain May 8, 1862.
Fernando C. Beaman, private, sergt., 2d lieut., Ist lieut .; captain Dec. 2, 1864; wounded.
Egbert M. Copps, private, sergt., Ist sergt., Ist lieut .; captain Dec. 1, 1864.
Charles W. Crary, captain; ass't surg. Oct. 28, 1862; resigned Nov. 15, 1862; re-enlisted and commissioned captain in 114th regiment.
Newton H. Davis, private, Ist sergt., 2d lieut., Ist lient .; captain June 2, 1863; wounded; re-enlisted as captain of a frontier defense company of cavalry. Lucien D. Ellsworth, captain; resigned June 24, 1862.
Hiram P. Gile, Ist sergt., 2d lieut., Ist lieut .; captain Mar. 4, 1864; wounded. Horace D. Hickok, private, com. sergt., 2d lieut., quartermaster; captain July 20, 1864; resigned Dec. 6, 1864.
Edmund J. Hildreth, Ist sergt., 2d lieut., Ist lieut .; captain June 2, 1863; resigned Nov. 15, 1864.
Amos S. Kimball, Ist lieut .; captain and ass't quartermaster April 7, 1864; afterward became quartermaster-general in the regular army.
Frederick Lewis, private, sergt., sergt .- major; captain Nov. S, 1862.
Edward J. Mannix, captain; dis. for disability Oct. 1, 1862.
62
HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY
Orlando F. Miller, captain; resigned April 1, 1863.
Theodore M. Morgan, commissioned captain, but not mustered.
Dennis D. Mott, private, 2d lieut., Ist lieut .; captain Nov. 27, 1864.
Benjamin Russell, captain; dis. for disability Sept. 29, 1862.
Sylvester S. Willard, Ist lieut .; captain Sept. 24, 1862; resigned June 2, 1863. Parrit B. Wolff, captain; dis. for disability Nov. 9, 1862.
John J. Wood, Ist lieut .; captain Sept. 30, 1862; resigned May 2, 1863.
Lyman B. Sperry, private, corp., sergt., sergt .- major, Ist lieut .; captain April 3, 1865.
FIRST LIEUTENANT.
Gustine W. Adams, private, sergt., Ist sergt .; Ist lieut. April 3, 1865; wounded. Oscar P. Ames, private; Ist lieut. Mar. 4, 1864; wounded; resigned Sept. 17, 1864.
Henry D. Doty, private, Ist sergt., 2d lieut .; Ist lieut. May 8, 1862.
William Johnson, private, corp., sergt., Ist sergt .; Ist lieut. April 3, 1865.
Patrick A. Mannix, sergt., Ist sergt .; Ist lieut. Dec. 3, 1864; wounded.
Charles A. MacArthur, private, corp., sergt., Ist sergt .; Ist lieut. Dec. 2, 1864; wounded.
Eleazer Mulholland, Ist lieut.
Silenus Washburn, Ist lieut .; resigned Aug. 8, 1862.
Henry R. Thompson, private, com .- sergt., 2d lieut .; Ist lieut. Nov. 26, 1864.
SECOND LIEUTENANT.
James D. Hardy, private, corp., sergt .; 2d lieut. Aug. 3, 1865.
John M. Haskell, private, sergt., Ist sergt .; 2d lieut. June 24, 1862; resigned April 16, 1863.
Alvin C. Hitchcock, private; 2d lieut. April 3, 1865.
Henry B. Holbrook, private, corp., sergt .- major; 2d lieut. April 3, 1865. '
Archie Hollenbeck, private, Ist sergt .; 2d lieut. April 30, 1862.
Frank Myers, private, corp., sergt .; 2d lieut. April 3, 1865; wounded.
Albert M. Phelps, private, sergt .; 2d lieut. Aug. 28, 1862; killed May 16, 1864. Charles A. Powell, 2d lieut .; died May 13, 1862.
Alonzo A. Rhoades, private, corp., sergt., Ist sergt .; 2d lieut. April 3, 1865.
Edward I. Rice, 2d lieut .; dis. for disability Jan. 3, 1863. David Storms, 2d lieut .; died April 30, 1862.
Eusebe Lalime, private, sergt .; 2d lieut. April 3, 1865; wounded.
Sidney W. Langdon, 2d lieut .; resigned April 30, 1862.
George P. Lyman, 2d lieut .; died May 20, 1862.
Jeremialı H. M. Davis, private, corp., sergt .; 2d lieut. April 3, 1865; wounded.
ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTH REGIMENT. CAPTAIN.
Charles J. Rider, captain; resigned April 5, 1863.
Patrick H. Shields, captain; resigned Mar. 7, 1863.
Eugene Wilber, Ist lieut .; captain Mar. 16, 1863; dis. for disability Jan. 7, 1865.
SURGEON.
Calvin Skinner, surgeon; resigned Dec. 31, 1863.
ASSISTANT SURGEON.
Frederick H. Petit, ass't surgeon; died Dee. 25, 1864.
FIRST LIEUTENANT.
James MacPherson, Ist sergt .; Ist lieut. Oct. 12, 1863.
SECOND LIEUTENANT.
Henry P. Fields, 2d lieut .; resigned Mar. 9, 1863. Charles 1I. Lang, sergt., sergt .- major; 2d lieut. Feb. 1], 1865.
63
FRANKLIN COUNTY
ONE HUNDRED FORTY-SECOND REGIMENT.
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL.
William A. Jones, captain, major; lieut .- col. Jan. 4, 1865.
CAPTAIN.
William D. Brennan, Ist lieut .; captain July 25, 1863; wounded.
Franklin F. Brown, Ist lieut .; captain July 25, 1863; resigned Mar. 22, 1864.
Birney B. Keeler, Ist lieut., adjutant; captain April 8, 1864; served many years after the war on the staff of Gen. McDowell.
Frederick C. King, private, com .- sergt., quartermaster sergt., 2d lieut .; captain Oct. 19, 1864.
Alexander Lindsay, captain; resigned Feb. 11, 1863.
Roderick D. Morehouse, 2d lieut., Ist lieut .; captain Feb. 17, 1865.
Marvin Potter. captain.
Horace Aldrich, 2d lieut., Ist lieut .; captain July 6, 1864.
FIRST LIEUTENANT.
DeForest Sargent, private, corp., Ist sergt., 2d lieut; Ist lieut. Feb. 17, 1865.
James K. Thompson, Ist sergt., 2d lieut .; Ist lieut. May 13, 1864; dis. for dis- ability Oct. 19, 1864.
Horatio P. Wilson, sergt., Ist sergt .; Ist lieut. Oct. 24, 1863; dis. Oct. 31, 1864, account wounds received in action.
SECOND LIEUTENANT.
Hiram T. French, Ist sergt .; 2d lieut. Jan. 26, 1863; dis. for disability Mar. 25, 1864.
John H. Gott, private, corp., sergt .; 2d lieut. Feb. 17, 1865; wounded.
Henry H. Hogan, 2d lieut .; resigned Jan. 19, 1863.
Henry A. Miller, corp., sergt .; 2d lieut. Feb. 17, 1865.
George K. Pond, sergt .; 2d licut. Feb. 11, 1863; resigned July 18, 1863.
Solon Reynolds, 2d lieut .; dis. for disability Jan. 26, 1863.
Horace Wood, 2d lieut .; died Jan. 17, 1863.
A disturbing and demoralizing, if not actually dangerous, aftermath of war might naturally have been expected with the release from dis- cipline and restraint of great bodies of men who had experienced for years severe privation and become accustomed to an environment of excitement and violence. But here, as elsewhere, the survivors of the men who had been in the army were absorbed into the community so quietly as to be almost imperceptible, and, with few exceptions, resumed the habits and employments of civic life as though they had never been withdrawn from them. True, there was evidenced a spirit of unrest and inability on the part of many to accept conditions to which they had returned, but it found manifestation rarely except in decision to seek homes in a newer country, which was thought to offer larger opportunities ; and the county then lost a considerable very desirable element through migration to the West. Nothing better illustrates the practicality, adaptability and respect for law and public order char- acteristic of the American people than the conduct of the veteran soldiers when peace left no further occasion for their employment in arms.
64
HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY
LIFE AFTER THE WAR
Nevertheless the county was not long without exciting episodes and affairs - the first of which, as told in a separate chapter, was the Fenian movement upon Canada in 1866, followed by another of greater proportions four years later. Then, too, there was an eager interest, attended by no little rancor, in the political life of the period that died out long since; and business expanded and became speculative to a degree because of an inflated currency, but with depression and stringency following in 1873 in measure unknown with the lamentable exception of 1893 - which latter was charged by Republicans to have been occasioned by tariff tinkering along free-trade lines, and attributed by Democrats to currency disturbances incident to excessive silver coinage. In neither period was Franklin county affected until months or years after the pinch had been severely felt in manufacturing centers, but when it did strike here it hit hard. Prices as given in local market reports in both periods were ruinously low - potatoes 35c. a bushel, butter 14c. to 21c. a pound, eggs 10c. to 16c. a dozen, and other products at corresponding figures. But employment having been impossible to obtain in many instances, and labor commanding only scant remunera- tion, the body of the people were unable to buy even at the low rates quoted. In the years following 1873 large numbers of farms were lost under foreclosure or sheriff's sales, and in the 1893 period business paralysis and stagnation were accompanied by enforced idleness of labor and by a reduction in the wage rate for common labor to ninety cents a day.
But with all of our vicissitudes we were yet making progress in many directions. It will not be attempted to recite in detail the changes and gains of the half century from the close of the civil war, but only to sketch some of them in barest outline.
Repeated movements were instituted for new railroad construction. with eventual success beyond the wildest hopes of the people notwith- standing failure attended most of the particular projects first agitated. There were, of course, disappointments and protracted delays, but in the end more was realized in the lines constructed than could have come through those that failed of building. The navigation facilities that had formerly been enjoyed at Fort Covington and Hogansburgh were, however, lost in the same years because of the channels of the St. Regis and the Salmon having become clogged with silt.
While the old training days of the so-called " floodwood " militia, which had been the principal holidays of the people, had gone forever,
65
FRANKLIN COUNTY
we gained a uniformed and well armed company of the State national guard, with a sightly armory built for it by the State.
The deaf-mute school of beneficent accomplishment for afflicted children, and with its hundred pupils and corps of teachers contributing importantly to local business interests, was founded in 1884, and the State provided fine buildings for it.
Outside capital established an iron industry of large proportions at Chateaugay Lake, and operated it for nearly twenty years to the great temporary advantage and benefit of the locality, but, as we now see, with unfortunate consequences due to its great destruction of timber for burning into charcoal. The industry collapsed with the discovery of improved methods of manufacture, and the hamlet became almost a deserted village.
Similarly the southwestern part of the county, almost an unbroken wilderness until thirty-odd years ago, was developed and exploited marvelously, with a consequence that three new towns were created, and a number of busy villages or hamlets born, which thrived while the timber lasted. The melancholy fate of a number of these, now all but deserted, and in some of them scarce a trace even of their existence remaining, should not be without its lesson of the need for conservation and reforestation. St. Regis Falls and Tupper Lake alone survive as outgrowths of this movement, and are still measurably prosperous.
We were yet to learn, however, that the wilderness had other and greater value than that which its merchantable timber gave. It was only after the civil war that the Adirondack hotels began to enlarge and multiply, and the scattering sportsmen who had occasionally visited the region became a throng. Still other years had to run before the region came to be appreciated as a vast sanatorium with healing prop- erties that have prolonged many lives, and also before millionaires were to find the wilderness attractive to the degree that they created vast private parks and built summer camps some of which cost a fortune each.
The bearing of these conditions upon the growth and wealth of the county, and particularly upon its southern part, is incalculable. The hotel business alone is to be reckoned annually in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, some part of which radiates far - farmers and merchants all sharing in it, and many of the male residents of the immediate vieinity finding employment as builders, general help and guides at good wages, and with mental and moral benefit through association with the people whom they serve.
66
HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY
PRIVATE PARKS AND FOREST FIRES
The private parks, though not altogether popular locally because they restrict somewhat the freedom of the woods that formerly obtained, are nevertheless of consequence and vastly beneficial, for they add to the county's taxable values, provide remunerative employment to many care- takers and servants, and afford protection of the utmost value against destructive forest fires. How much this single last named consideration may mean may be realized by recalling what has been suffered from such fires in the past. Three-quarters of a century ago large improved areas in a number of the northern towns were devastated by fires sweep- ing in upon them from the forests. Crops were destroyed, and buildings and their contents lost. Again, in the early seventies, many extensive Adirondack timber tracts were fire swept, and in 1903, following a severe and protracted April and May drouth, half a million acres of forest in the State were burned over. In 1908 and 1913 there were almost equally extensive ravages. Of course the only time that a forest fire can be fought to advantage is at its beginning, and private park employees are always alert to discover and stamp out such fires before they gain headway. In 1903 the public cost for fighting forest fires in Franklin county was $36,128.68, and many thousand dollars additional were expended by individuals and corporations in similar effort on their own lands. In the one town of Altamont alone three concerns thus paid out nearly $14,000, and one brought suit against the town for reimbursement in the sum of $6,000. Besides these costs, there was a large property loss, probably not less than $150,000. The actual expense paid by taxation (one-half by the towns and one-half by the State) for fighting these fires in Franklin county in 1903 was :
Altamont
$3,858.44
Bellmont
2,088.98
Brandon 1,524.14
Brighton
2,944.58
Dickinson
1,300.32
Duane
3,807.64
Franklin
5,121.24
Harrietstown
2,272.50
Malone
3,388.90
Santa Clara
6,641.00
Waverly
3,200.94
$36,128.68
67
FRANKLIN COUNTY
THE ADIRONDACKS AS A SANATORIUM AND PARK
The health-giving properties of the forests and the invigorating air have induced the founding of numerous sanatoria, which are con- stantly filled. Their patients are in many cases accompanied by friends and relatives to lend them cheer and companionship and to promote their comfort, and many of these become permanent residents of the localities and establish fine homes.
To some or perhaps a part of all of these conditions is due almost altogether the fact that the village of Saranac Lake, a hamlet which had continued in its rude state and had been without appreciable growth, and apparently without any promise of growth, for half a century following its first settlement, has become one of the most attractive, prosperous and progressive communities in the State, with a present population of five thousand or more.
A generation ago, when agitation began for acquisition of large wilderness tracts by the State, with the purpose of making most of the region a vast public park, the proposition excited general apprehension and alarm locally, because it was believed that consummation of it must proscribe industrial operations, prevent the development of natural resources, and shut out hope for future growth. The writer may be pardoned a bit of retrospection and personal reference here. Sharing in the general view and irked by what the scheme appeared to entail of injury to the county, but with recognition that it was likely to be imposed in some form, he took an active part in the discussion, and undertook to have provisions incorporated in any plan that might be adopted which would protect the section in a measure. Out of this effort came the concession that any lands taken by the State should continue to be taxed exactly as if they were to remain in private owner- ship. The suggestion of this policy was scouted at first by the metro- politan press and by legislators generally as absurd - preposterous. But the argument as unfolded prevailed, that if the State were to per- sist in repressing our industrial opportunities and circumscribing our operations, chiefly for the benefit of city people, as was then supposed, it at least must not impose unbearable burdens upon the individual property untaken, and the wealthier sections of the commonwealth should pay for what they were clamoring for. The suggestion accord- ingly came to be accepted generally as based in justice, and was vitalized by statute. The concession must continue, or some of the towns suffer bankruptcy. And still we must now admit that the park plan was
6S
HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY
wise, that the evils it was thought to comprehend have not been suffered, and that there are more money and larger benefits for our county in preservation of the forests than could possibly be realized through their destruction for lumber, charcoal and wood pulp.
PROPERTY VALUATIONS AND TAXATION
The assessed valuation of the real property in the county, which totaled $4,918,419 in 1868, increased to $13,536,418 in 191%, a gain of $8.617,999; and whereas the State board was accustomed a half a century ago, as well as a good many years later. to deduct from our own valuation something like half a million dollars in equalizing assessments as between the various counties. it added $9,174,906 in 1911, indicating that in its judgment Franklin has not kept pace with most other locali- ties in advancing its rate of assessment from a small to a large or full percentage of the actual worth of property. But notwithstanding this penalizing the county now pays only about one dollar in every $53? of the State tax. whereas in the old time it paid one dollar in every $500. State taxation at its worst. however. is only an inconsequential part of the public burden, and, therefore, the place to enforce economy and retrenchment is at home. For illustration, nearly seven-eighths of the county budget in 1917 was for county purposes, and only one-eighth to meet the State levy: and while the county's part of the State tax a half a century ago was but little more than it is at present the county's own expenses then were only $1 :.: 08.31. and those of the towns, not- withstanding war debts were being paid, were but $41.622. The cost of county government mounted to $198.661.95 in 191: (eleven times as much as in 1868), and of the towns to over $200.000. Here we have a total of about $400.000 of distinctively county and town taxation in 1917. and school district and village taxes must have aggregated as much more, so that about $?7 in every $28 of our tax burdens are of our own imposition. It is thus obvious that tax reduction must be wrought through local retrenchment, if at all.
While the foregoing assessment figures suggest a gratifying increase in realty values. for personalty the comparison is almost as striking the other way. Formerly it stood at about three-quarters of a million dollars. and now is only about a third as much. notwithstanding it must be the fact that we are many times better circumstanced as to per- sonal possessions than we were a half a century ago.
69
FRANKLIN COUNTY
In 1868 the county was in debt for war bounties to the amount of $67,369.82, and there was considerable town debt as well. In 1881 every dollar of it had been paid; but such condition did not long con- tinue, as the erection of county buildings was undertaken and bonds issued to meet the cost. At present the county owes $491,000 for high- way construction, and the towns are in debt, principally for like pur- poses, to the amount of $92,400 besides their respective obligations to the State for moneys advanced on account of the construction of State and county highways. The county's obligations on this account aggre- gate $39,550 as of this date, and those of the towns $14,064. But inasmuch as the obligations are not to be discharged until fifty years from the date of their inception, the county will then have paid, includ- ing interest, a total of $90,855, and the towns $42,190.50. Besides all this, the villages of Malone, Saranac Lake and Tupper Lake are in debt to an aggregate of about three-quarters of a million dollars.
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