USA > New York > Genesee County > History of the Genesee country (western New York) comprising the counties of Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Orleans, Schuyler, Steuben, Wayne, Wyoming and Yates, Volume II > Part 33
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The first problem which merits our consideration is the relations of the oil sands of New York. With two unimportant exceptions, these oil sands all belong to the Chemung formation of Upper Devonian Age. What appears to be the most reason- able correlation is shown on the accompanying diagram. It should be understood that it is impossible to arrange any system which all the producers would agree with, for practically every oil man has a different theory on the subject. There are three
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1090
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
points about which there is especial uncertainty. It is very difficult to ascertain which sand in Allegany County, if any, corresponds to the Bradford Sand. Many oil men think that the Richburg Sand is the same as the Bradford Sand, but I have never heard a good reason for thinking so. Some drillers who have operated between the Richburg and Bradford pools think that the Bradford Sand is below the Rich- burg Sand. Perhaps the only good method of throwing light on the problem is by measuring the interval between the base of the Olean Conglomerate and the top of the two sands. The interval is about 1800 feet in the case of the Bradford Sand, and 1700 feet in the case of the Richburg Sand. This suggests that the Bradford Sand is about 100 feet below the Richburg. Some oil men in the Clarksville region think that the Clarksville Sand corresponds to the Richburg, and the sand above it to the Richburg stray. However, it is hard to see how the interval between the Rich- burg and the stray could increase by 10 or 15 feet, to 100 feet.
ORIGIN OF OIL.
The oil sands of New York were originally fine, loose sands that were laid down in the sea probably over 100,000,000 years ago. The oil apparently originated from organic matter in the brown and black shales that lie below the oil sands, and moved up into the sandstones through cracks or joints in the intervening rocks. The oil itself has doubtless been in existence many million years.
The type of structure in which an oil pool occurs depends on the contents of the sand outside the limits of the oil. If the sand contains salt water the oil and gas will rise to the highest parts of the sand body, called anticlines, while if the sands contain gas beyond the limits of the oil pools, the oil, being heavier, will run into the synclines or the lowest parts of the sand. Where the sand pinches out down the dip, the oil will run down as far as it can and the gas will be found up the dip. The Fords Brook Fourth Sand Pool, the Main Nile Pool, the Clarksville Pool, and pos- sibly the Chipmunk and Bradford Pools occur in this type of structure. This type and the sand lenses presently to be discussed constitute the two dominant types of structure in New York State. Where the oil accumulation is influenced by struc- ture and where the structure can be determined, it is possible to decrease the number of dry holes greatly by the use of geology.
A number of pools occur in sand lenses of porous rock in tight sands. The Fords Brook Third Sand Pool, the lower streak of the Richburg, the small pool on the Gil- bert and adjoining farms north of Richburg, in lot 35, Wirt, the pool at West Notch, some of the sand lenses of the Nile Pool, the Madison Hill pool and the New York portion of the Bradford pool occur in such sand lenses. Pools in these lenses cannot be predicted by geology, and their discovery must be left to chance. If the structure had been mapped at the time the pools in the New York oil field were being opened up, a large number of dry holes could have been saved. At the present time practically all the good structures which it is possible to find have been already tested. Moreover, the well logs are so incomplete that it is not possible to use them in a satisfactory man- ner in mapping the structure outside of the oil and gas pools. There are probably some small oil pools left undiscovered in New York State, but as they could not be predicted in advance of the drill, a large number of dry holes would have to be put down to find them.
The well logs of the dry holes are often thrown away when the well is aban- doned. Logs would be much more useful if they contained more data than is usually found in them. No log may be considered complete unless it includes all the dis- tinctive formations from the surface to the bottom and the contents of all porous. rocks.
While the structural problems just discussed are very interesting from a scien- tific point of view, the questions connected with flooding are of far greater practical value. There seems to be no doubt that the quantity of oil which will be obtained from flooding is vastly greater than that which could be obtained by simply pump- ing the wells, even allowing for the still undiscovered pools. The amount of oil
1091
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
which may be extracted from an acre by flooding depends of course on the thick- ness of the oil sand. Some of the highly successful floods have extracted 10,000 to 12,000 bbls. per acre, but in these cases the sand was about 40 feet thick and very rich. A fair guess as to the yield of a 20 foot sand would be 5,000 barrels per acre, but it should be understood that this means 20 feet of good pay sand. The average per acre depends on the average thickness and this is very hard to estimate, for many of the well logs classify as oil sand the shale breaks and parts of the sand that are too hard to produce oil. The average thickness is probably about 20 feet, but may be as low as 15. Assuming that the average thickness is 20 feet, the average yield per acre should be about 5,000 bbl. and the total yield for the whole field something like 300,000,000 bbl. At the same time it should be emphasized that, in the present stage of flooding it is not possible to do more than guess concerning these figures.
Two HUNDRED BARRELS AN ACRE FOOT OF SAND.
Mr. Russell's guess, as he calls it, of 300,000,000 barrels of reserves, differs widely from the assistant state geologist's esti- mate of 90,000,000 barrels. The former has evidently taken a present producing area in New York State of 60,000 acres and assumed that it will all successfully flood and that the recovery will average 5,000 barrels an acre.
I believe that a recovery of 200 barrels per acre foot from the New York State oil sands is fairly reasonable. Assuming for the whole field an average of fifteen feet depth of such well-saturated sandstone, and that 35,000 acres of the 50,000 acres now produc- ing can be successfully flooded, we arrive at average reserves of 3,000 barrels an acre and 105,000,000 barrels of total recoverable reserves by the flooding method. If practically the whole 50,000 acres is eventually flooded, or the remaining oil recovered by some other more improved way, the reserves may mount up to Mr. Russell's 300,000,000 barrels.
Vacuum pumps on producing wells, in connection with the pressure flood; air or gas bubbles in accordance with a process patented by Mr. Russell; the introduction with the water of soda or other chemicals after the recommendation of engineers of the U. S. Geological Survey-such methods may lead to greater re- covery than now anticipated.
POROSITY OF OIL. ROCK.
Mr. A. F. Melcher, a petroleum technologist of the U. S. Geo- logical Survey, says :
"Different rocks have different amounts of pore space between their grains. Usually oil occurs in rocks that have a large pore space, and as sandstone generally-
1092
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
contains the highest proportion of pore space, the rocks that contain commercial deposits of oil and gas are commonly sandstones. A relation apparently exists be- tween the average porosity of an oil sand and the amount of oil that is recoverable by present methods. The initial production of oil, from some normal wells where the sand may be assumed to have an average porosity of 15 per cent is said to be 10 to 50 barrels, and the average yield by flooding with water is estimated as not more than 4000 barrels to the acre. A sample of the oil sand from the Bolivar, New York, district had a porosity of 21.3 per cent, and in the part of this field near the well from which the sample was obtained the initial production is commonly from 200 to 300 barrels, and the yield of oil by flooding with water is said to be 10,000 to 12,000 barrels to the acre."
Cores have been taken by means of diamond drilling of the oil-bearing sand, both from a well that had been flooded, and from wells that had not been so treated. Examinations were made of these cores by the Federal technologists at Washington, and porosity reported as above. A general conclusion was reached that not over 20 per cent of the rock's original oil content had been removed by the old methods of production, and that after the present custom of flooding with water had apparently recovered all it could, there still remains in the sand a large amount of oil.
Mr. L. S. Panyity, petroleum geologist and engineer, recently said in the periodical "Oil Trade":
"The accompanying diagram shows an ideal method of laying out a property for flooding where the geological conditions of dip are known, this also indicates the so- called 'Strike Theory' of flooding, which was originated by the present writer, the purpose of which is to indicate from a geological study of the Bradford oil district that the fastest movement of the water through the Bradford sand is not up or down the dip but along the strike of the formation. It will be noticed that the water wells are drilled up and down the dip, so that the direction of the fast movement of the water, which the writer claims to be along the strike of the formation, may be used to good advantage, thus a faster recovery may be obtained.
"Flooding may appear to be a rather crude method to a great many operators that are not acquainted with its actual operation, and its success may be questioned without a personal study of it, but nevertheless acreage which ten years ago could be bought for the material or junk that was in the wells, today sells for not less than one thousand dollars per acre, and a number of deals of the present year were above that figure. When it is considered that such unheard of prices are being paid in a territory which ordinarily is considered as totally depleted, the method in force must have some effect to bring about such values.
"Recovery of oil by this method differs a great deal from ordinary producing methods, where the operator simply drills his wells and allows them to produce ac- cording to the usual custom. But in this field a great deal depends on the individual ability of the operator and his methods. Thus instead of awaiting a natural period of production here the operator is enabled to make a quick drilling campaign and closer locations, thereby a quick recovery without the danger of reducing the so-called 'rock-pressure,' the depletion of which would mean a quick end to the natural pro- ducing wells. Flooding is more of a mining method, and it becomes possible to estimate the amount of oil that may be recovered, the cost of recovery and the time period, and thus total income may be approximated very closely and the element of hazard, such as dry hole drilling, is eliminated and everything is in the control of the operator.
"The whole story in a nutshell is this: By using the flooding process natural
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LEGEND
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Oil Wells Ist Row
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L.S.PARTITY
The "strike" or "two-push" method drilling plan for flood property, so-called because production in each Well is benefited by flooding in the two nearest water wells,
4- Direction of Fast Flow ->
along the strike of the sand
1095
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
wells are brought back to life and their production increased from five to ten barrels per day."
PETROLEUM PRICES AT THE WELLS.
Few raw materials or commodities have had a history of such great price fluctuations as petroleum. When oil was discovered in paying quantities in Allegany County, New York, June, 1879, the price was 65 cents a barrel. But in 1860 petroleum had sold on Oil Creek, Pennsylvania, for $20 a barrel, and the very next year at only 10 cents a barrel. The great changes in price after oil production began in New York State were not so startling, but after an advance on January 1, 1880, to $1.25, a decline to 75 cents the next year, a rise January 1, 1882, to $1.33, and a drop within six months to 50 cents a barrel in July of the same year, the market rose and fell from a peak of $1.25 in January, 1883, to a low of 55 cents in July, 1884. From 1879 to 1894 the average price was from 80 cents to 90 cents a barrel.
A short-lived speculation towards the last of 1894 forced the market to $2.60 in January, 1895. From then till the beginning of the World war in 1914, the market worked higher as the de- mand for gasoline for motor fuel increased, with a gradual climb from a low of 65 cents in 1898 to high of $1.90 in 1903; $2.50 in 1914, with an average covering nearly two decades of about $1.50. As the comparatively low cost of operations did not differ much during this time, it will be seen that there were nearly twenty years, from 1894 to 1914, of fairly prosperous times in the oil business.
World war conditions shot the price from $2.50 at the end of 1915 to $3.15 at the end of 1916; $3.75 in January, 1918; and $5.25 at the end of 1919, to a peak of $6.10, which was maintained for the last six months of 1920. The next year, 1921, the drop was perpendicular and precipitate from $6.10 to $2.25 a barrel, caused by an overproduction brought about by the stimulation of excess new drilling by the inflated prices of war time. The prices given here are for "Pennsylvania" oil, at the wells, a name given to the high-grade petroleum of paraffine base, produced in the Appalachian fields, which extend from southwestern New York, through Pennsylvania and southeastern Ohio into West Virginia.
These have been the highest prices paid for any petroleum in
1096
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
the world. While Pennsylvania oil brought $6.10 a barrel in 1920, high gravity Oklahoma crude of asphalt base sold for $3.50 a barrel. In July, 1925, Pennsylvania oil, in the Allegany-Brad- ford fields, of 40-41 Baumé gravity, sold for $4.15 a barrel, while asphaltic Mid-Continent oil of a fraction below 41 degrees Baumé gravity brought $2.36 a barrel. This difference in price is caused by several factors; first, the superior quality of the lubricating oils made from the "Pennsylvania" crude; second, proximity to great centers of demand, and third, the existence in the Appa- lachian fields of a large number of well-established competing refineries.
CRUDE OIL PRICES SINCE 1912.
The average yearly prices of Pennsylvania oil-Bradford, Pennsylvania, and Allegany County, New York, grade-and the high and low quotations, are given as follows since 1912 :
Year
High
Low
Average
1912
2.00
1.35
1.60
1913
2.50
2.00
2.46
1914
2.50
1.45
1.88
1915
2.25
1.35
1.56
1916
2.85
2.25
2.51
1917
3.75
2.85
3.25
1918
4.00
3.75
3.97
1919
5.00
4.00
4.13
1920
6.10
5.00
5.97
1921
6.10
2.25
3.32
1922
4.00
3.00
3.17
1923
4.25
2.60
3.33
1924
4.50
2.85
3.61
PRICES OF GASOLINE.
This is a story of crude oil in the Genesee Country, and is not concerned about the refined products of petroleum, but let us make a record here of the average price which the retail consumer of gasoline has paid in Wellsville, before and since the World war:
1912-In drums at refinery, 12c to 15c a gallon.
1920-Filling station, 30c a gallon.
1921-Filling station, 25c to 28c a gallon.
1922-Filling station, 24c a gallon.
1923-Filling station, 20c a gallon.
1924-Filling station, 20c a gallon.
1925-Filling station, 22c a gallon.
1097
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
FORTY-TWO-GALLON BARRELS.
A barrel of crude oil is an arbitrary measure of forty-two liquid gallons. In the early days of the industry on Oil Creek, Pennsylvania, oak barrels were commonly used, but pipe lines for the transportation of petroleum came into early use and nowadays barrels are never used for crude oil.
A lady from Boston was being shown the National Transit Company's pump station on the main line three miles east of Wellsville. This was many years ago and there were then over a hundred steel tanks there of a capacity of 35,000 barrels of oil each. The lady was so informed. She inquired how they got the barrels into the tanks.
A few years later one of the big tanks full of oil was struck by lightning and burned.
The pump station is still in existence in 1925, but only a few tanks are in use there. Oil from the western fields is still pumped through the lines there on its way to the Atlantic Coast.
CRUDE OIL REFINED BY THE WELLSVILLE, NEW YORK, REFINERY.
Year
Barrels
Year
Barrels
1902 (Oct., Nov., Dec.)
37,740.62
1914
230,135.08
1903
186,896.51
1915
212,240.76
1904
237,459.01
1916
213,827.40
1905
243,196.94
1917
213,876.60
1906
251,533.80
1918
220,923.69
1907
277,629.14
1919
241,487.52
1908
274,018.20
1920
260,258.70
1909
286,431.06
1921
279,304.83
1910
272,773.45
1922
279,312.79
1911
242,224.14
1923
320,825.58
1912
221,720.56
1924
364,193.23
1913
231,099.31
LIST OF ORIGINAL OFFICERS, DIRECTORS AND STOCKHOLDERS IN WELLSVILLE, NEW YORK, REFINING COMPANY, 1901.
President-James H. McEwen.
Arthur Doherty
Geo. E. DeGolia
Vice-President-James Macken.
Henry Norton
Secretary-A. C. Woodman.
A. C. Woodman
Treasurer-W. J. Richardson.
A. C. McDonell
Directors
James H. McEwen James Macken W. J. Richardson
H. E. Worthington Stockholders
A. C. Woodman
Geo. E. DeGolia
1
1
i
1
1
1
1098
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
W. J. Richardson
James Thornton
A. R. Doherty Alfred S. Brown H. E. Worthington
James Macken
James H. McEwen Riley Allen E. C. Brown
Macken & Brecken- ridge
THE UNION PIPE LINE COMPANY.
Original Officers 1901
Present Officers 1925
President-A. C. Woodman
Vice-President-James Macken
John P. Herrick
Treasurer-Geo. DeGolia
W. J. Richardson
Secretary-W. J. Richardson
O. W. Walchli
Original Directors
Present Directors
Riley Allen
John P. Herrick
James T. Ward
O. W. Walchli
James L. Macken
R. A. Lish
Alex. McDonnell
A. L. Shaner
Thomas B. Love
W. J. Brannen
A. C. Woodman
Geo. H. Taber, Jr.
H. E. Worthington
J. A. Wilber
George E. DeGolia
W. Wilkinson
Anson W. Stone
R. B. Moore
THE FORDS BROOK PIPE LINE COMPANY.
Original Officers 1907
Present Officers 1925
President-A. C. Woodman
Lewis H. Thornton
Vice-President-L. H. Thornton.
Geo. H. Taber, Jr.
Secretary-E. M. Lyons.
R. A. Lish
Treasurer-E. M. Lyons.
O. W. Walchli
Original Directors
Present Directors
Lewis H. Thornton
Lewis H. Thornton
M. E. Thornton
M. T. Fisher
W. K. Thornton
J. H. Fisher
E. M. Lyons
Geo. B. Rooth, Jr.
S. B. Knight
Geo. H. Taber, Jr.
Ambrose Higgins
O. W. Walchli
H. E. Worthington
R. C. Sawyer
A. C. Woodman
R. A. Lish
TOTAL NUMBER OF BARRELS RUN BY PRODUCERS TO TIDEWATER PIPE LINE AND DAILY AVERAGE PRODUCTION PER WELL. (This covers production in New York State only.)
Well
Year
Production
Average
1909
497,347.72
.26
1913
351,025.02 17
1910
440,122.31
22
1914
352,789.36
17
1911
394,110.37
20
1915
335,419.54
.16
1912
342,751.92
17
1916
325,418.55 15
Geo. H. Taber, Jr.
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
1099
1917
345,889.02
15
1921
448,713.98
17
1918
365,335.88
15
1922
464,537.51
.18
1919
378,251.27
15
1923
608,049.15
23
1920
415,048.28
16
1924
603,167.69
22
AVERAGE NUMBER OF WELLS CONNECTED TO TIDEWATER PIPE LINE IN NEW YORK STATE.
Year
Wells
1909
5283
1917
6175
1910
5420
1918
6769
1911
5465
1919
6776
1912
5448
1920
.6921
1913
5584
1921
7099
1914
5776
1922
7184
1915
5827
1923
7316
1916
5868
1924
6711
UNION PIPE LINE COMPANY OF ALLEGANY COUNTY, NEW YORK, FIELD, SUPPLYING WELLSVILLE, NEW YORK, REFINERY.
Year
Runs
Increase over pre- vious year
No. Tanks
No. Wells
Average Daily Production per well
1901
10,147.42
1902
64,646.46
536.20%
1903
146,375.54
126.42%
1904
170,551.52
9.68%
1905
171,679.07
.66%
239
1400
.33
1906
175,569.17
2.26%
1907
198,128.77
12.84%
1908
199,923.14
.81%
1909
214,637.95
7.36%
1910
213,225.03
0.06%
1911
186,289.43
12.63%
371
2297
.22
1912
169,562.18
8.97%
367
2315
.20
1913
172,777.01
1.89%
377
2339
.20
1914
162,336.36
6.04%
385
2372
.18
1915
151,023.08*
6.96%
384
2445
.16*
1916
155,179.15
2.75%
371
2529
.168
1917
158,760.32
2.31%
378
2630
.165
1918
171,463.60
7.41%
396
2859
.167
1919
195,067.19
13.77%
408
2957
.183
1920
214,037.88
9.73%
415
3079
.190
1921
233,634.78
8.39%
426
3137
.204
1922
235,618.54
0.85%
429
3066
.210
1923
280,035.64
18.85%
449
3142
.240
1924
325,300.45
16.16%
402
2741
.2806
1
1100
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
CRUDE OIL RUNS FROM WELLS, ALLEGANY COUNTY, NEW YORK, FIELD.
Year
Allegany Line
Line
Madison Line
Union Pipe Line
Tide-Water Line
1907
59,962.33
20,167.94
197,498.87
1908
54,486.72
17,463.43
202,068.06
1909
52,243.96
17,021.42
217,165.68
1910
47,347.46
13,921.24
211,504.75
1911
42,417.12
11,580.99
188,226.03
1912
42,620.33
10,680.93
168,419.30
1913
40,151.80
12,961.60
1,260.40
176,725.51
1914
41,314.74
13,787.24
8,934.76
166,098.34
1915
37,221.03
11.656.03
12.340.62
+151,023.08
396,423.12
1916
33,211.94
11,332.31
14,104.00
155,179.15
384,895.98
1917
30,946.05
11,059.62
13,110.51
158,760.32
388,961.11
1918
28,559.58
11,021.10
9,879.41
171,463.60
+365,389.88
1919
26,781.04
10,258.69
9,380.60
195,067.19
378,251.27
1920
26,299.37
10,386.48
9,385.33
214,187.52
415,048.28
1921
26,859.78
9,298.26
9,512.01
233,634.78
448,713.92
1922
25 891.50
8,731.00
9,071.75
235,618.54
464,537.51
1923
25,229.14
7,936.30
7,624.50
280,035.64
608,049.15
1924
24,059.25
7,841.37
6,992.16
325,300.45
*675,171.83
A BEAUTIFUL GOLDEN-GREEN OIL.
The petroleum of the Allegany County, New York, field is very similar to that of Cattaraugus County. It is commonly dark green in color with a golden caste. When thrown against the sun's light at the shooting of a well it is a beautiful golden green, very different from the black oils of the Mid-Continent fields. It has an average gravity on the Baumé scale of 40.5, the pools dif- fering somewhat in both color and gravity of their oil.
Fords Brook
40.1 Baumé gravity
Bolivar-Richburg, Alma, etc.
39.8 Baumé gravity
Madison Hill, Wellsville
42.3 Baumé gravity
Scio Pool
42.8 Baumé gravity
Mr. Otto W. Walchli, general manager of the Wellsville Re- finery for the Sinclair Refining Company, has kindly given the following interesting information as to the products refined from Allegany County, New York, petroleum.
*Tide-water and Vacuum Runs.
+Low Point.
For total oil produced in New York State for the above years, the runs from Cat- taraugus County wells must be added.
Fords Brook
1101
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
WELLSVILLE, NEW YORK, REFINERY YIELDS FROM CRUDE OIL.
Year 1904
Steam Cylinder Oil
13.86%
Benzine and Gasoline 11.12%
Kerosene
44.43%
Wax Distillate
24.00%
Cylinder Stocks
16.08%
Loss in Refining
4.37%
Total
100.00%
Year 1914
Benzine and Gasoline
16.50%
Kerosene
25.22%
Fuel Oil
23.35%
Light Lubgs.
14.66%
White Wax
2.09%
Total
100.00%
NEW YORK STATE OIL PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION.
A strong organization of oil producers has been in active exist- ence for the past seven years; the New York State Oil Producers Association. The officers are :
President
Ray B. Moore, Bolivar.
Lewis T. Thornton Wellsville
N. V. V. Franchot, Olean.
Chairman of the Board
John P. Herrick.
.Olean
J. A. Wilber, Bolivar.
Vice-President
E. J. Atwood, Andover.
E. J. Atwood
Andover
W. J. Richardson, Wellsville.
F. E. Richart, Wellsville.
Vice-President
William Duke, Jr., Wellsville.
George H. Bradley
Bolivar
George H. Bradley, Bolivar.
The Directors are:
Lewis H. Thornton, Wellsville.
John P. Herrick, Olean.
Cassius Congdon, West Clarksville. S. B. Tuttle, Scio.
OIL PRODUCTION FROM ALLEGANY COUNTY, NEW YORK, FIELD.
1880
5,000 Barrels
1885
2,800,000 Barrels
1881
606,000 Barrels
1886
2,300,000 Barrels
1882
6,450,000 Barrels
1887
1,700,000 Barrels
1883
4,800,000 Barrels
1888
1,200,000 Barrels
1884
400,000 Barrels
1889
1,250,000 Barrels
EARLY WELLS DRILLED IN ALLEGANY COUNTY, NEW YORK, FIELD.
1880
80 Wells
1885
386 Wells
1881
618 Wells
1886
299 Wells
1882
1,605 Wells
1887
55 Wells
1883
1,270 Wells
1888
41 Wells
1884
501 Wells
1889
260 Wells
Loss in Refining 4.32%
Total
100.00%
Year 1924
Benzine and Gasoline 32.49%
Kerosene
6.71%
Fuel Oil 24.58%
Light Lubgs. 15.95%
White Wax
1.36%
Steam Cylinder Oil 15.45%
Loss in Refining 3.46%
A. L. Shaner, Bolivar.
Harry Goodrich, Richburg.
Forest J. Wilson, Bolivar.
1102
HISTORY OF THE GENESEE COUNTRY
TIDE-WATER PIPE LINE.
Mr. J. E. Golden, president of the Tide-Water Pipe Line Com- pany, has furnished much valuable data for this article. He says,
"The Tide-Water Pipe Line Company commenced its operations in what is known as the 'Allegany Field' in the State of New York some time during the year 1881, continuing thereafter until the year 1895, at which time the business was transferred to the National Transit Company. We again connected this field to production in August, 1903, and have continued since that time. During the year, 1894, the prin- cipal office of this company, located at Titusville, Pa., was destroyed by fire, and the. records containing the information were totally destroyed at that time."
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