USA > New York > History of the Seventh Regiment of New York, 1806-1889 > Part 2
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. 465
ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME I.
STEEL PORTRAITS.
COLONEL PROSPER M. WETMORE
. Frontispiece Face page 158
66 LEVI HART .
MORGAN L. SMITH
256
JOHN M. CATLIN .
66
304
WASHINGTON R. VERMILYE .
320
66 ANDREW A. BREMNER .
66 336
66 ABRAM DURYEE
66
438
VIGNETTES.
PAGE
PAGE
GOVERNOR STUYVESANT
4
CAPTAIN ROOME
263
CAPTAIN TALCOTT ·
59
PRESIDENT VAN BUREN
268
GOVERNOR TOMPKINS
84
COLONEL CATLIN
271
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL KUMBEL
92
VICE-PRESIDENT JOHNSON
. 277
SERGEANT TAYLOR
114
PRESIDENT HARRISON . 280
MAJOR HAWLEY
119
GOVERNOR SEWARD . . . 289
MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE .
120
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL BACKHOUSE . 291
. 299
MAJOR TELFAIR
156
CAPTAIN CONGER
307
CAPTAIN VALENTINE
159 GOVERNOR WRIGHT .
. 317
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL SIMONS .
164 PRESIDENT POLK
327
COLONEL MANNING
166
PRESIDENT ADAMS
. 332
PRESIDENT MONROE .
191 GENERAL SCOTT
334
CAPTAIN BROWER .
206 CAPTAIN LOUTREL
. 338
PRESIDENT JACKSON.
210
EDWIN FORREST
341
GOVERNOR MARCY
234
GENERAL WORTH
. 353
CAPTAIN HOLT.
239 GOVERNOR FISH
358
GENERAL MORTON
251 GENERAL WOOL
360
CAPTAIN DENISON
252 PRESIDENT TAYLOR .
. 361
MAJOR ROOME .
257 GENERAL PAEZ.
. 362
LINUS W. STEVENS
180
270
WILLIAM JONES
136
CAPTAIN CUMINGS
CAPTAIN SPICER
ILLUSTRATIONS.
xvii
PAGE
PAGE
MAJOR MORTON
. 363
GOVERNOR MORGAN . 436
PRESIDENT FILLMORE
. 370 CAPTAIN LAUNITZ
. 443
MAJOR DIVVER
. 372 LIEUTENANT-COLONEL CRAWFORD . 462
LIEUT .- COLONEL BRINCKERHOFF
. 378
PRESIDENT LINCOLN. . . 467
MISS DIVVER
·
. 386 MAJOR ANDERSON .
.
. 469
FRESIDENT PIERCE .
. 388 FITZ-JAMES O'BRIEN 474
PRESIDENT BUCHANAN
. 425
GENERAL BUTLER
479
GOVERNOR KING
. 432
GENERAL LANDER
489
WOODCUTS, ETC.
NEW YORK IN THE DUTCH PERIOD .
1 POWDER-HORN AND CANTEEN . . 273
THE STADT-HUYS
7
BLOCK-HOUSE . 285
FORT GEORGE, 1740.
19
UNIFORM HAT, 1842-'53 . . 290
FLINT-LOCK GUN 43
UNIFORM, SEVENTH REGIMENT, 1835-
THE NORTH BATTERY, 1814 76 .
1853. Face 296
ARTILLERY SOLDIER, 1806-'14 . 83 ·
ARTILLERY SOLDIER, 1815-'24.
. 102
SHAKESPEARE TAVERN
108
AMERICAN FLAG, 1777
. 331
COAT OF ARMS, 1824 109
ASTOR PLACE RIOT .
Face 346
ASHER TAYLOR'S ALBUM . 115
OLD MILL AT NEWPORT . 366
PARK THEATRE, 1825
129
AMERICAN FLAG, 1795-1818
. 376
SEVENTH REGIMENT SOLDIER, 1825 . 132 SEVENTH REGIMENT STANDARDS,
1826 . 139
AMERICAN RIFLEMAN, 1776 145
MATCHLOCK GUN · . 168
FRENCH SOLDIERS, 1780 177
WORTH MONUMENT .
. 418
TOMB OF LAFAYETTE
.
184
MOUNT VERNON
. 426
CERTIFICATE OF MEMBERSHIP, 1831. 186 CAMP CLINTON . . 189
LAFAYETTE MEDAL .
197
CAMP PUTNAM Face 202
CAMP HAMILTON . 218
COAT OF ARMS, 1835
233
FRIGATE CONSTITUTION . 483
BADGE OF "ORDER OF MERIT
"
. 237
ANNAPOLIS NAVAL ACADEMY .
. 485
MINUTE-MAN, 1775 .
253
OPENING THE ROAD TO WASHING-
AMERICAN INFANTRYMEN, 1812-'34 . 265
TON .
Face 494
387
CAMP WORTH .
Face 398
FANEUIL HALL.
. 408
TOMB OF WASHINGTON
. 427
EXECUTIVE MANSION . 447
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION . 448
TOMPKINS MARKET ARMORY 459
MARCH OF THE SEVENTH, 1861. Face 474
-
CAMP TRUMBULL Face 382
NEW CITY ARSENAL . 385
UNIFORM HAT, 1853 .
BUNKER HILL MONUMENT
.
. 301
CAMP SCHUYLER
Face 314
2
HISTORY OF THE SEVENTH REGIMENT.
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
THE MILITIA OF NEW YORK CITY. 1609-1805.
IN the month of September, 1609, Captain Hendrick Hudson, commanding the yacht Half Moon, passed the island of Manhattan, and proceeded on a voyage of discovery up the river which now bears his name. As the famous Dutch mariner returned from his unsuccessful search for a direct passage to China and the East Indies, and slowly drifted past the high land now known as Washington Heights, he was saluted with a shower of arrows from a hostile band of Indians-a warn- ing to all future traders and colonists in this part New York in the Dutch period. of the New World that to secure peace they must always be pre- pared for war. And from that day to this the organization and preparation necessary for the successful defense and protection of life and property have been not the least important among the cares and duties of the inhabitants of Manhattan Island. Not upon the few regular and professional soldiers stationed in its fortifications, but upon its armed and organized militia-its citizen soldiery-New York has mainly depended, both in days colonial and since the Revolution, for its safety from foreign and domestic foes.
2
HISTORY OF THE SEVENTH REGIMENT.
1633
The colonists, traders, and adventurers who first arrived at Manhattan were soldiers from necessity. They built their huts in the shadow of the rude redoubt erected at the lower end of the island, and upon their own armed vigilance was often dependent the safety of their lives and property. Nor were they relieved from military duty when the first Dutch Governor, Peter Minuit, built on the triangle formed by the southern part of Manhattan Island the defensive works christened Fort Amsterdam ; or when his successor, Wouter Van Twiller, in 1633, garrisoned the post with a hundred regular soldiers from Holland. The Dutch West India Company made it imperative upon all men able to bear arms, whether traders or inhabitants, to provide themselves with muskets, and to aid in the public defense. They were duly enrolled, and were allowed to select their own officers, subject to the approval of the Governor. This militia organization was called the Burgher Corps, and, when no immediate danger was apprehended, paraded once a year, and at a later period once in three months, for muster and the inspection of arms. The arms of the militia of New Amsterdam were neither uniform in kind or caliber, but were numbered, stamped, and registered, to prevent their sale to the Indians. Military uniforms were unknown to the citizen soldiers of this primitive period, and the Burghers appeared upon parade and upon guard, as upon all other occasions, in linsey-woolsey coats, with large brass buttons, broad-brimmed and low-crowned hats, and baggy breeches. The parade-ground for both regulars and militia was " the Green before the Fort," now the Bowling Green. When danger was imminent from the Indians, or from the English traders who prowled up and down the Atlantic coast, or from the trespass- ing and adventurous Yankees, all were summoned to arms. Occa- sionally a part of the militia could be induced to volunteer for a raid upon the Indians, or upon their dangerous neighbors on the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers, but as a general rule the Dutch militiamen preferred to smoke their pipes in peace, and to take up arms only when danger threatened their own homes. In the latter case the Burgher Corps was obliged to assist the garrison of the fort in the performance of sentry duty, and the "Burgher Guard or Watch " was an institution whose claims upon the services of the sturdy Dutch citizens were imperative. Sentry duty, however, was not entirely to the taste of the Dutch soldiers, regulars or
,
3
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
1647
militia ; for it is related that one morning at two o'clock, in the year 1634, a ship arrived in the harbor and found the whole town asleep. No sentinel appeared upon the walls of the fort; no burgher soldier challenged the new-comers, or was conscious of their arrival. A salute of three guns from the vessel at daybreak aroused and terrified both soldiers and citizens, but all heartily rejoiced that friends instead of enemies had disturbed their slum- bers, and proceeded at once to drown their terrors by drinking the health of the Dutch skipper and of the cargo of new colonists.
The good-natured and easy-going Director and Governor, Wou- ter Van Twiller, was succeeded in 1638 by the fiery, irritable, and capricious William Kieft. His reckless imprudence now involved the colony in wars with the Indians, and for several years there was no peace for the Dutch militiamen. They were often mustered and sometimes drilled daily ; they toiled with the pick, spade, and axe, in strengthening the fortifications, and in building a palisade wall across the island ; they stood guard by night and by day, in sunshine and storm ; and they enlisted in the occasional expeditions against the tribes of hostile Indians in the surrounding country. That the militiamen of New Netherlands were not unlike the sol- diers of other periods in the world's history is apparent from the following ordinance regulating the Burgher Guard, adopted by the Director and Council, November 19, 1643 :
I. If any one on the Burgher Guard take the name of God in vain, he shall forfeit for the first offense ten stivers, for the second offense twenty stivers, and for the third time thirty stivers.
II. Whosoever on the Burgher Guard speaks ill of a comrade shall forfeit thirty stivers.
III. Whosoever comes fuddled or intoxicated on guard shall for such offense pay twenty stivers. Whosoever is absent from his watch, without lawful reason, shall forfeit fifty stivers.
IV. After the watch is duly performed and daylight is come, and the reveille beaten, whoever discharges his gun or musket without orders of his corporal, shall pay one guilder.
It was not until 1645 that peace smiled again upon New Am- sterdam, and her citizen soldiers were allowed to devote their time and labor to more congenial pursuits.
In 1647 a new Director and Governor, Peter Stuyvesant, the successor of Kieft, arrived at New Amsterdam. He was an old soldier and had lost a leg in the Dutch service, and, like many vet-
4
HISTORY OF THE SEVENTH REGIMENT.
1652
erans of more modern days, had a supreme contempt for militia- men. Among the charges preferred by the people against the new Governor to the States-General in 1651, was that "the Burghers' arms have not been inspected every three months, nor the Burgher Companies mustered under arms, as their High Mightinesses di- rected; and when the officers of the Burgher Companies, through good dis- position for the public service request- ed the Director to allow them to bring the corps once under arms they receive for answer from His Honor, 'When I want you for that purpose I shall send for you.'"
But when, in 1652, war between England and Holland was declared, and the city of New Amster- dam was threatened by a hostile fleet, Governor Stuyvesant yielded to the necessities of the hour, and ordered a muster and inspec- tion of the militia, which is described by that veritable historian, Diedrich Knickerbocker, as follows :
Peter Stuyvesant, like all old soldiers who have seen service and smelt gun- powder, had no great respect for militia troops; however, he determined to give them a trial, and accordingly called for a general muster, inspection, and review. But, oh Mars and Bellona! what a turning out was here! Here came old Roeant Cuckaburt, with a short blunderbuss on his shoulder and a long horseman's sword trailing by his side, and Barent Dirkson, with something that looked like a copper kettle turned upside down on his head, and a couple of old horse-pistols in his belt, and Dirk Volkertson, with a long duck fowling-piece without any ramrod, and a host more, armed higgledy-piggledy with swords, hatchets, snickersees, crow- bars, broomsticks, and what not; the officers distinguished from the rest by hav- ing their slouched hats cocked up with pins and surmounted with cocktail feathers.
The sturdy Peter eyed this non-descript host with some such rueful aspect as a man would eye the devil, and determined to give his feather-bed soldiers a sea- soning. He accordingly put them through their manual exercise over and over again ; trudged them backward and forward about the streets of New Amsterdam until their short legs ached and their fat sides sweated again, and finally encamped them in the evening on the summit of a hill without the city to give them a taste of camp-life, intending the next day to renew the toils and perils of the field. But so it came to pass that in the night there fell a great and heavy rain and melted away the army, so that in the morning when Gaffer Phoebus shed his first beams upon the camp scarce a warrior remained except Peter Stuyvesant and his trumpeter, Van Corlear.
5
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
1664
This awful desolation of a whole army would have appalled a commander of less renown, but it seemed to confirm Peter's want of confidence in the militia system, which he thenceforward used to call in joke-for he sometimes indulged in a joke-William the Testy's broken reed. He now took into his service a good- ly number of burly, broad-shouldered, broad-bottomed Dutchmen, whom he paid in good silver and gold, and of whom he boasted that whether they could stand fire or not, they were at least water-proof.
The indifference of the Governor to the militia of New Amster- dam was fully reciprocated, for when, in 1655, he attempted to raise troops for his famous expedition against the Swedes upon the Delaware, he appealed to the Burghers in vain. The officers of the two companies of the Burgher Corps supported his warlike aspira- tions, but when the drums were sent through the town to beat up recruits, few responded to the summons, and the Governor was finally obliged to appeal for aid to the Dutch settlements up the Hudson. But the time at length arrived when Governor Stuyve- sant learned, as have many wiser statesmen since, that a thoroughly organized and disciplined militia is necessary to the safety of the state. In 1664 the ships and soldiers of the Duke of York ap- peared before New Amsterdam and demanded its surrender, and the stout-hearted old Governor vainly appealed to the disaffected militiamen. The Burgher Corps, now increased to three companies, was indifferent to the result, and wisely considered resistance to be useless, and on the 8th day of September the English standard was unfurled from the fort, and the city of New Amsterdam became the city of New York. The Dutch East India Company grumbled at the pacific termination of their power in America, but Governor Stuyvesant in a memorial to " The High and Mighty Lords, States- General of the United Netherlands," truly stated that "he em- ployed all possible means to put himself in proper defence, but was necessitated to surrender through the unwillingness of the militia, the protests and menaces of the Burghers, the weakness of the fort, the scarcity of provisions and munitions of war, and the small num- ber of soldiers."
The Burgher companies of New Amsterdam, if not warlike in disposition or distinguished for military accomplishments, were always faithful to their homes, and to the defense of the lives and property of the people. Their officers were selected from among the most distinguished burghers of the city, and many of them achieved political distinction. Captain Arent Van Hatten and Martin Kregier
1673
6
HISTORY OF THE SEVENTH REGIMENT.
of the Burgher Companies were the first Burgomasters of the new city ; Captain Paulus L. Vandergrist, Lieutenant Pieter Wolfensen Van Couwenhoven and Ensign Johannes Pietersen Van Bruggh were also Burgomasters at a subsequent period, and Ensign Cornelis Steinwyck became mayor of the city under the English régime.
The first English Governor, Colonel Richard Nicolls, disarmed the people and disbanded the Burgher companies. Among the laws established by James, Duke of York, for the government of the Province of New York, and published March 1, 1665, was one relating to " Military Affairs." This law provided that every male person between sixteen and sixty years of age should furnish him- self with a good gun and the necessary ammunition, and " duly at- tend the Military Exercises and Service, as Trayning, Watching and Warding, when they are thereunto required by their officers," and that there be "in each town four days of Trayning and in Each Ryding a General Trayning in Each year " ; that the officers shall be chosen by election " which is to bee the plurality of voyces of the soldiers," subject to the approval of the Governor; that the arms and ammunition be inspected every three months ; that fines for neglect of duty be imposed and collected and employed in buy- ing drums, colors, and halberds, and for other necessary military purposes ; that officers may punish any soldier "for disorder or contempt by Stocks, Riding the Wooden Horse, and other military punishment "; that persons who can not furnish the arms or am- munition required by law, may pay to the commanding officer of the district their value in Corn, or may be put to work until the amount is earned ; that no person shall be compelled to bear arms " outside of the borders of this government," and no one be ex- empt in wars defensive; and that specified penalties be imposed for disobedience, desertion, sleeping on post, absence from the watch, and other military offenses. Such were the principal pro- visions of the first militia law for the Province of New York; but the law was not strictly enforced by Governor Nicolls or his suc- cessor, Colonel Lovelace, nor was the organization of military com- panies encouraged. The English rulers had no great confidence in the loyalty of the Dutch citizens, who were constantly irritated and enraged by tyrannous exactions. The recapture of New York by the Dutch in July, 1673, was therefore a welcome event to a large majority of its people.
7
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
1694
Captain Anthony Clove, the new Dutch Governor, immediately reorganized four Burgher companies, Major Jacobus Van de Water commanding, and placed them on active duty. Besides working upon the fortifications, they were assem- bled daily for drill, and in turn mounted guard at night. The com- pany detailed for the guard assem- bled at the beat of the drum in front of the Stadt-Huys, at the head of Coenties Slip, for inspection one half-hour before sun-set. The guard was mounted with due ceremony at sunset, when the gate of the city was also closed.
Stadt-Huys.
The following is an extract from the instructions of Governor Clove to Major Van de Water on this subject :
The Major shall take good care that the gate be opened in the morning at sun- rise, and locked in the evening at sunset, to which end before the time fixed he shall go to the main guard and apply to the commanding officer and obtain from him an escort of at least one sergeant and six soldiers provided with their arms, wherewith he shall proceed to the Fort to procure the keys, and having opened or locked the gate, bring the keys back to the Fort, and at the same time come and receive the word from the Governor; he shall then return to the City Hall and communicate the orders received to the Sergeant of the Guard to be notified to whom they may concern.
The officers of the militia commissioned by Governor Clove in 1673 were men of talent and distinction. Among the number were Nicolas Bayard, Cornelis Steinwyck, Gabriel Minvielle, and Stephanus Van Cortlandt, who under the subsequent administra- tion of the English became mayors of the city. The warlike prep- arations of Governor Clove proved unnecessary, for on the 9th of February, 1674, a treaty of peace was signed between England and the States-General restoring New York to the English, and on the 10th of November of the same year the fort was surrendered to Major Edmund Andros, who had been appointed Governor by the Duke of York.
The militia companies organized by Governor Clove were con- tinued by the new English Governor, and performed watch and
8
HISTORY OF THE SEVENTH REGIMENT.
1686
police duties under ordinances established by the Governor and Council, of which the following is an extract :
If any one come upon the watch overcharged with drink he shall pay two guilders, but if abusive or quite drunk he shall pay four guilders. No cursing or swearing shall be allowed upon the watch nor any gaminges at dice or cards, nor any Exercise of drinkinges upon the penalty of four guilders,
For a long period the duties of the watch, to which every in- habitant was liable, were military or semi-military in their charac- ter, and were performed under arms. It was not until December, 1700, that the Common Council authorized the mayor to ap- point a "Constables' Watch," to consist of a constable and twelve able-bodied men, and imposed a fine upon any person neglecting duty upon said watch when duly warned. In November, 1734, the Common Council resolved that twelve persons, including two constables, be hired as the city watch.
Colonel Thomas Dongan succeeded Governor Andros in 1683, and the Duke of York conferred upon him the following powers in respect to the militia, being substantially the same as were re- ceived by all the English Governors of New York previous to the American Revolution :
And I do also impower and authorize you, wth advice of my said Councill, to settle and establish a Militia of the inhabitants, to be mustered and disciplined undr such officers as you shall nominate and appoint, and that they may be ready in any case of any invasion or suddaine insurrecôn, to oppose the Enemy; and in yt case you are to leavy, arme, and employ the inhabitants agst such forriegne and other enemyes, represse, fight wth, kill, and destroy them.
In 1685 the Duke of York succeeded to the throne, under the title of James II, and in 1686 issued the following additional in- structions :
27. And all military officers, upon misbehavior & unfaithfulness in the Execu- tion of their trust, you shall suspend or discharge, as shall appear upon due Ex- amination to be most agreable to Justice.
43. You shall take care that all Planters and Christian servants bee well & fitly provided with arms, and that they be listed under officers, and when & as often as you shall think fitt, mustered & trained, whereby they may be in a better readiness for ye Defence of our said Province under your Government.
44. And you are to take Especial care that neither the frequency nor unrea- sonableness of remote marches, musters & Trainings bee an unnecessary Impedi- ment to ye officers of ye Planters.
48. In case of distress of any of our Plantations you shall, upon Application of the respective Govrs thereof to you, assist them with what aid the condition & safety of your Government can permit.
9
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
1689
The following is an extract from the commission of Governor Thomas Dongan, issued by James II, June 10, 1686 :
And we doe hereby give & grant unto you the said Thomas Dongan, by Yor- self, your Captains & Commanders by you to be authorized, full power and author- ity to levy, arm, muster, command, and imploy all persons whatsoever residing within Our said Province of New York ; And as occasion shall serve them to trans- ferr from one place to another for the resisting and withstanding of all Enemys, Pirats, and Rebells both at Sea and at Land. And to transport such fforces to any of our Plantations in America as occasion shall require for the defence of the same against Invasion or Attempts of any of our Enemys. And them, if occasion shall require, to pursue and prosecute in or out of the limits of our said Province and Plantations or any of them. And to Execute Martial Law in the time of Invasion, Insurrection or Warr, and during the continuance of the same, as alsoe upon Soldiers in pay.
Governor Dongan encouraged improvement in the drill and discipline of the militia companies or train-bands, and commissioned the most able and prominent men of the city as officers. Of the number, Nicholas Bayard, Gabriel Minvielle, Abram De Peyster, John De Peyster, Nicholas De Meyer, Charles Lodowick, Francis Rambouts, Isaac De Reimer, Jacobus Van Courtlandt, and William Merritt became mayors of the city at various periods in its history, and Captain Jacob Leisler is the leading historical figure of the English colonial times. The number of companies having increased to six, they were organized as a regiment, and on the 8th of Octo- ber, 1686, Nicholas Bayard was commissioned to be "Colonel of a Regiment of Foot," being the first colonel of militia in the city of New York. In August, 1688, Governor Dongan was succeeded by Francis Nicholson, which event was soon followed by the news of the abdication and flight of James II, and that William and Mary had been proclaimed King and Queen of England.
Upon the receipt of the news of the accession of William and Mary, the people of New York at once divided into two violent political parties. The one, insignificant in numbers, but formidable in wealth, talent, and energy, was composed of those who were in favor and in office under James II, to which party the Papists were generally attached ; the other was composed of the mass of the peo- ple, the Protestant citizens. The excitement increased until the 27th of April, 1689, when the militia officers were called in council with the Governor, and it was decided that to preserve order it was necessary that one company of the city militia mount guard daily
10
1691
HISTORY OF THE SEVENTH REGIMENT.
at the fort. On the 31st of May a difficulty occurred between the Governor and the officers in command of the company of militia on duty in the fort, and the people assembled en masse, took pos- session of the fort in the name of William and Mary, and disarmed the regular soldiers. The keys of the fort were delivered to Cap- tain Lodowick, and a proclamation and address to William and Mary were issued, signed by all the captains of militia and four hundred men, congratulating the sovereigns upon their accession to the throne ; upon " the re-establishment and preservation of the true Protestant religion, liberty, and property," and " our deliver- ance from Tyranny, Popery, and Slavery "; pledging loyalty and obedience, and promising "to keep and guard ye fort against all Your Majesties Enemies whatsoever until such time as your Majes- ty's Royall will shall be further known." The militia having re- fused to obey Colonel Bayard, and their officers having declined to meet Governor Nicholson in council, the latter fled to England, and a Committee of Safety was organized, which appointed Captain Jacob Leisler, the senior militia captain, commander-in-chief, with full power to preserve the peace and suppress rebellion until the arrival of instructions from England.
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