USA > New York > Schenectady County > Schenectady > History of the city and county of Schenectady, N.Y.; > Part 2
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The destruction of the village and the subsequent dangers from the French and Indians discouraged the settlers in attempting to rebuild their houses and cultivate the ground. Nevertheless, as it was
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important that this frontier post should be main- tained a garrison was sent by the Governor, and the place was somewhat restored. In the wars between France and England, the settlers of the Mohawk Valley suffered long and severely. In 1748, toward the close of what is called the Old French War, Schenectady met with the greatest loss that it had experienced at any one time since 1690. At a place called Beukendaal, in the present town of Glenville and three miles from Schenectady, about 40 persons were drawn into an ambuscade of French and Indians, and 26 of them were killed.
Schenectady was in its early days largely indebted for its prosperity to transportation, especially by the Mohawk River. By the original grant, trade had been restricted; but in 1727, by the decision of the highest court, the restrictions were removed, and from that time onward the commerce of the place rapidly increased. Schenectady being situated at the foot of navigation on the Mohawk, there was a portage of sixteen miles by way of the Albany and Schenectady turnpike between the Binne Kill and the Hudson River. Above Schenectady there were many rifts, or rapids, necessitating severe labor or portage. Up to the year 1740, the early settlers used the largest-sized Indian bark canoe for trans- porting merchandise; but about that time this was superseded by the small batteau, a wooden vessel,
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sharp at both ends and generally manned by three men. In the history of Schoharie county it is stated that "these boats were forced over the rapids in the river with poles and ropes, the latter drawn by men on the shore. Such was the mode of transport- ing merchandise and Indian commodities to and from the west for a period of fifty years and until after the Revolution. A carrying-place in use at an early day was at Fort Stanwix [the present site of Rome], from the boatable waters of the Mohawk to Wood Creek; thence passing into Oneida Lake, the batteau proceeded into the Oswego River, and thence to Oswego on Lake Ontario, and to Niagara and elsewhere on that lake or the St. Lawrence, as they pleased to venture." After being carried around the Falls of Niagara to Chippewa, they went uninterruptedly on to Detroit, their usual limit, and sometimes even to Mackinaw.
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CHAPTER II.
Later History of Schenectady.
T HE later history of Schenectady is here con- sidered as beginning with the Revolutionary War; and for convenience we may continue the narrative of commercial progress. After the Re- volutionary War, the increasing emigration to the western part of the country required increased facilities for transportation and communication. Gen. Philip Schuyler, who was then Surveyor- General of the State of New York, succeeded in forming a corporate body known as the Inland Navigation Company, of which body many citizens of Schenectady and its vicinity were members. This company constructed a short canal at Wood Creek, uniting it with the navigable waters of the Mohawk, and also built a short canal and several locks at Little Falls, in both cases avoiding the necessity of portage or of unloading the vessels.
These works having been completed in 1795, additional wharves, docks and storehouses were built along the Main Binne Kill at Schenectady, and
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the commerce of the place was rapidly increased. To meet the wants of the growing commerce, an improved style of boat, called the Durham, was brought into use. This boat was, in shape, some- what like the modern canal-boat, with broad, flat bottom, straight sides, and a mast with square sails. The carrying capacity of the Durham boat was from eight to twenty tons. Most of these boats used on the Mohawk and further west were built at Schenectady.
In 1819, a destructive fire swept away the best business portion of Schenectady, including the ex- tensive wharves and freighting establishments, along the Main Binne Kill, together with many valuable dwellings and stores on Washington street (now avenue), and on Union, Church, State, and Front streets. This portion of the city never regained its commercial importance, as the construction of the Erie canal (begun in 1817 and completed in 1825) and of railroads centering at another point, caused the transfer of business to its present location, while the territory that had suffered from the conflagration was rebuilt with private residences. In 1808 the original Mohawk bridge was erected at the foot of Washington street. It was designed by the cele- brated bridge architect, Theodore Burr, and was considered a masterpiece of skill. Its original symmetry and beauty were afterward greatly mar-
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red by the addition of several piers and ungraceful coverings. In 1874, it was replaced by a new bridge, built on the same piers.
Railroad communication forms a most important feature in the commerce of Schenectady. The first two railroads constructed in the State centered here, the Mohawk and Hudson in 1831, and the Schenec- tady and Saratoga in 1832; and the first road of any length, or that belongs to the vast system now connecting the sea-coast and the great west, was built from Schenectady to Utica in 1836. A bill having been passed by the legislature in 1826 in- corporating the Mohawk and Hudson River Rail- road Company, the road was completed from Albany to Schenectady in 1831. In the following year a railroad was completed from Schenectady to Saratoga. The Utica and Schenectady railroad was completed in 1836, and the Schenectady and Troy branch in 1842. In 1853 the different railroads between Albany and Buffalo were consolidated, thus forming the New York Central railroad; and in 1869 this was consolidated with the Hudson River railroad. In 1872, the Schenectady and Duanes- burgh railroad was completed, running from Sche- nectady to Quaker Street, and connecting at that place with the Albany and Susquehanna railroad. In 1883, the New York, West Shore and Buffalo
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railroad, now the West Shore, was built. It passes through the western part of the county and has a station at South Schenectady, about three miles from the city. The Boston, Hoosac Tunnel & Western railroad, now the Boston & Maine, was built in 1884. It passes through the town of Glenville, crossing the Mohawk River about six miles west of Schenectady. It forms a junction with the West Shore railroad in the town of Rotterdam, about eight miles west of the city, and has a station in Scotia across the river from the city of Schenectady.
The city of Schenectady is now the center of a network of electric railways-reaching Lake George to the north, Gloversville to the west, and Albany and Troy to the east.
The superior facilities thus afforded by the dif- ferent railroads and the canal have given the city of Schenectady great advantages as a distributing center, and have greatly promoted the growth of manufacturing interests. The Schenectady Loco- motive Works, established in 1848, now a branch of the American Locomotive Co., manufactures all kinds of locomotives and employs about 8,000 men. The Westinghouse Company manufacture exten- sively agricultural machines. For many years the construction of steam boilers and engines was a prominent industry.
Schenectady, as shown above, has borne an
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honorable record for stability and progress in the various arts of peace. Her record is no less hon- orable in the achievements of war. In 1755, at the battle of Fort George, between the English and the French, the English commander, Sir William Johnson, says in his official report: "The Schenec-
tady officers and men fought like lions." During the Revolutionary War, the soldiers from Schenec- tady were conspicuous for their courage and patriotism, shown on many a hard-fought field, as at Oriskany, Saratoga, Monmouth, and Yorktown. In the war of 1812, although but one regular com- pany was organized here, many from this vicinity enlisted in regiments belonging to other localities. In the great Civil War, Schenectady County answered promptly to the call for volunteers, and no other county in the State furnished more men in proportion to its population to defend the Union.
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CHAPTER III. The Township of Niskayuna.
N ISKAYUNA, the smallest township in Schenec- tady County, was first settled by white men, about the year 1664. It is said to have derived its name from Co-nis-ti-gio-ne, the Indian term signifying "extensive corn-flats." A tribe of Indians bearing that name occupied this region when it was first settled by the whites. The present township was erected from Watervliet, Albany County, March 7, 1809, and had at that time a population of about 700.
The shape of Niskayuna is that of an irregular oblong. A line drawn parallel with the river, from the north-east to the south-east corner of the town- ship, would show its greatest length and be a little less than 7 miles long. Niskayuna is bounded on the north by the town of Glenville and Saratoga County, on the east by Saratoga County, on the south by Albany County, and on the west by the town of Rotterdam and the city of Schenectady. The surface is mostly upland. A wide strip of
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tertile flat land skirts the river, and from this steep bluffs rise abruptly. For a short distance from the river valley, the soil is of hard, stiff clay, and some- what swampy; further west and south, the soil is a rich, sandy loam and is highly productive.
The Mohawk River incloses the town on the north and east and, flowing the whole distance over a shallow and rocky bed, is celebrated for its beau- tiful scenery and excellence as a fishing-ground. The Lisha's Kill is a small stream which flows into the Mohawk in the south-eastern part of the town. Groot's Creek and Cowhorn Creek are also small streams flowing into the Mohawk at Schenectady.
Niskayuna is chiefly an agricultural region and produces broom-corn, grain, potatoes, and fruits in abundance. Extensive quarries of bluestone have been opened in the northern and eastern parts of the town, and the building stone of excellent quality finds a ready market in the adjacent cities. With the Erie Canal passing along its northern part, and the Troy branch, N. Y. C. & H. R. R., traversing the entire length of the town, together with excel- lent roads and turnpikes, the products of Niskayuna find an easy outlet.
Aqueduct, on the line of the Troy branch, N. Y. C. & H. R. R., is a small village. Niskayuna, a pleasant village in the south-east corner of the town, and on the Troy and Schenectady road.
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CHAPTER IV.
The Township of Rotterdam.
T HE township of Rotterdam was first settled by white men about the year 1661, and was named from the city of Rotterdam in Holland. The fertile river bottom-lands extending five miles west- ward from Schenectady were called by the early . settlers the Bouwland, meaning good or fertile land, and all the land lying west of this tract was known as Woestina, or Wilderness. Rotterdam was formed from Schenectady, April 14, 1820, and was formerly the third ward of the city. Additional lands were taken from the city in 1853, and in 1865 a portion of the town was re-ceded to the city. Population in 1880, 2,326.
The shape of the town of Rotterdam is very irregular. A line drawn in a south-easterly direction from its extreme north-western point and extending to the Albany County line would be about 13 miles long and would pass near Pattersonville, Rotterdam Junction, and Mohawkville. The mean width of the town is about 5 miles. Rotterdam is bounded
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on the north by Glenville; on the east, by Glenville, the city of Schenectady, and Niskayuna; on the south, by Albany County and Princetown; on the west, by Princetown.
With the exception of the flats along the river, the surface is hilly and broken in the north and west, and level and sandy in the south and east. The sand plains of the south and east are considerably higher than the lands along the river. The highest hills are in the north and are probably about 300 feet above the water in the river. The soil of the river-bottoms is a deep alluvium; that of the hilly regions, clay and gravel, underlaid by slate and bluestone. The sandy region is not naturally pro- ductive, but must be enriched to secure good crops.
The streams of Rotterdam are numerous and im- portant. The Mohawk River borders the town on its northern and eastern boundary, and the Nor- man's Kill flows for a short distance through the south-western part. The Sand-sea Kill is a rapid stream and flows into the Mohawk at Pattersonville. The Platte Kill, flowing into the river 5 miles west of the city, is justly celebrated for its many water- falls and the beauty of its scenery. The Poetens Kill and the Sweet Hill and Brandywine creeks are mill streams, which flow into the Mohawk at or near Schenectady.
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Rotterdam possesses abundant commercial ad- vantages. The Erie Canal traverses the entire length of the town on the north-east; the New York Cen- tral railroad crosses the south-east; the West Shore railroad crosses it centrally from north to south; the Delaware & Hudson railroad crosses from east to west; and the Boston & Maine railroad has its western terminus in the north.
Pattersonville, in the north-western part of Rot- terdam, is a pleasant, growing village, and an important shipping point for farm produce by way of the Erie Canal and the West Shore railroad. Population, 100. Rotterdam Junction, the terminus of the Boston & Maine railroad, and the point where the latter joins the West Shore railroad, is about a mile and a half east of Pattersonville, and has about 200 inhabitants. South Schenectady, situated at the junction of the Delaware & Hudson and the West Shore railroads, is an important shipping point for farm produce.
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CHAPTER V.
The Township of Glenville.
T HE township of Glenville was first settled by white men in the year 1665, when the region lying in the vicinity of what is now known as the village of Scotia was granted to a Scotchman, named Alexander Lindsay Glen; and in his honor the town was also named. It is the only town in the county north of the Mohawk River. It was formed from the fourth ward of the city April 14, 1820. Population, in 1880, 2,746.
The shape of the town of Glenville is that of a very irregular oblong. Its greatest length is from its north-western to its south-eastern corner, and extends a distance of about 121/2 miles. It has a mean width of about 5 miles. Glenville is bounded on the north by Saratoga County; on the east by Saratoga County and Niskayuna; on the south by Niskayuna, the city of Schenectady, and Rotterdam, and on the west by Rotterdam and Montgomery County.
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Glenville, like Rotterdam, is broken and hilly in the north and west, and nearly level in the south and east. The high hills of the west rise abruptly from the river to the height of about 300 feet; from the top of this range of hills the land slopes toward the north and east, forming a long fertile valley in the north, and terminating in a long slope of sandy loam in the east. At intervals the river is bordered by broad stretches of alluvial flat lands. The soil of the uplands is mostly of clay, underlaid with slate and bluestone. Birdseye limestone is found in the extreme northern part.
The southern and western parts of Glenville are bordered by the Mohawk River. The Chaugh- tanoonda Creek is a rapid stream, which flows into the Mohawk at Hoffman's Ferry. The Crabb's Kill is an important mill-stream in the northern part of the town. The Aelplatts Creek, the largest stream in the town, rises in the north-eastern part and flows into the river in the south-east.
For many years the manufacture of brooms formed an important industry in the town of Glen- ville, especially at Scotia and along the river; but on account of western competition the business has greatly declined in value. There are two grist-mills in Glenville, one situated on Crabb's Kill, and the other in the eastern part, on the Aelplatts Creek. Glenville produces in abundance all kinds of grain,
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hay, straw, broom-corn, potatoes, and fruit. Much of the land of the southern part is devoted to the raising of garden vegetables for the city market. Three lines of railroad cross the town: the New York Central through the south-western part; the Delaware & Hudson through the eastern part, and the Boston & Maine through the southern part. Excellent roads and turnpikes also traverse the town in all directions.
Scotia, in the southern part, is a pleasant village directly across the river from Schenectady, and has about 3,500 inhabitants. High Mills, in the north- east, has flouring-mills, and about 74 inhabitants. Glenville, in the north-west, is beautifully located in a fertile valley, and has about 200 inhabitants. Hoffman's Ferry, so named from a river ferry at this point, is a station on the New York Central railroad.
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CHAPTER VI.
The Township of Princetown.
A PORTION of the land comprising what is now known as the township of Princetown was originally ceded to the Reformed Dutch Church, of Schenectady, and the remainder belonged by right of patent to George Ingoldsby and Aaron Bradt, in the year 1737. It is not positively known just when the first settlement was made by white men, but the probable date is about 1700. Later, William Corry became proprietor and founded a settlement known as Corry's Bush, near the center of the town. Noth- ing remains of this settlement but the ruins of an old stone church and the mossy tombstones of the adjacent grave-yard. The present township of Princetown was formed March 20, 1798, and was named in honor of James Prince, a member of assembly from Albany County and residing at Schenectady. Population, in 1880, 826.
In shape, Princetown is long and narrow, its greatest length from north-west to south-east being
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about 101/2 miles, and its greatest width about 33/4 miles. Princetown is bounded on the north by Montgomery County and Rotterdam, on the east by Rotterdam, on the south by Albany County and Duanesburgh, on the west by Duanesburgh. The surface consists of hilly upland, broken in many places by fertile valleys. The general slope of the ground is toward the south-east. The soil is mostly of clay, generally fertile, and is underlaid with slate and bluestone. Owing to its peculiar shape, Prince- town has no streams of very great length. It touches the Mohawk at its north-easterly corner, and the Sand-sea Kill finds a source in the north-west. The Platte Kill rises near the center, and the Norman's Kill crosses the town in the south at its widest part. There are, also, numerous small, rapid streams.
The inhabitants of Princetown are chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits; hay and grain are raised in large quantities; much attention is also given to dairy farming, and there are two cheese factories in the town. With the exception of the Delaware & Hudson railroad, passing through the southern part of the town, Princetown has no special commercial advantages but the excellent highways which traverse its territory in every direction. Rynex Corners, in the central part, is a small hamlet and contains a cheese factory. Kelly's is a post-office
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and shipping point on the Delaware & Hudson rail- road, and contains a cheese factory. Gifford's, in the southern part, is a small village and has a post- office.
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CHAPTER VII. The Township of Duanesburgh.
Acc CCOUNTS of the early settlement of what is now known as the township of Duanesburgh are very meagre. Although much land had been previousuly taken up, it was generally in large lots, and actual settlements were not made until about the year 1765, when Hon. James Duane, of New York, became possessed of a large area within the limits of the town and engaged with twenty German families to emigrate from Pennsylvania and settle on his domain. Owing to the establishment of an unpopular system of quit-rents, settlements were for a number of years greatly retarded. The present township was formed from parts of Schoharie and Albany Counties, and was first recognized as a township in the year 1788, March 22. Population, in 1880, 2,995.
Besides being the most westerly, Duanesburgh is the largest town in Schenectady County. Its shape is that of an irregular triangle. A line drawn from its north-east to its south-west corner would show
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its greatest extent and would be about 14 miles in length. Duanesburgh is bounded on the north by Montgomery County and Princetown, on the east by Princetown, on the south by Albany and Schoharie Counties, on the west by Schoharie and Montgomery Counties. The surface is broken and hilly. The highest land is found in the north-eastern part, whence the surface slopes in every direction. The soil is mostly clay and gravel, underlaid with slate and bluestone, and is generally fertile.
The Schoharie Creek borders the town for a long distance on its western boundary. The banks of the creek are high and precipitous. Many of the finest farms in Duanesburgh are on the slope leading to this stream. The Norman's Kill rises in the southern part of the town, flows in an easterly direc- tion, and is an important mill-stream. Featherstone- haugh Lake, in the eastern part, is a beautiful sheet of pure spring water, covering an area of about 75 acres. Two miles north of this lake is a large body of water known as Maria Pond. This was formed by damming back the waters of the outlet of the lake, and it is an excellent reservoir for the mills on the Chuctanunda Creek, which has its source in this pond.
Delanson, in the southern part of the town, is the largest and most important village. Duanes- burgh, in the south, is a village of about 70 in-
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habitants and is a station on the Schenectady branch of the Delaware & Hudson railroad. On the Western Turnpike, about 2 miles north-west of this village, is a plat of 10 acres, originally set apart by Judge Duane for a town center. At present it is known by the name of Duanesburgh Churches, and contains an Episcopal and a Presbyterian church
and a few houses. Mariaville, in the north-eastern part of the town, on Maria Pond and at the source of the Chuctanunda Creek, has a beautiful location and contains a grist-mill and several other mills. It has about 100 inhabitants. Braman's Corners and Easton's Corners are hamlets in the north-western part of the town. The former has a population of about 80.
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CHAPTER VIII.
Education.
T HE early inhabitants of Schenectady, true to their inherited character, founded and main- tained with zealous care the institutions of religion and of education. In 1784, Dirck Romeyn became pastor of the First Reformed Dutch Church at Schenectady. Under his leadership in that year a meeting of the citizens was called, to take measures to found an academy. The academy building was soon after erected, on the north-west corner of Union and Ferry streets. The institution prospered for years; but its founders contemplated greater things, and largely through the influence of Domine Romeyn and General Philip Schuyler, a charter was obtained by which in 1795 Union College was founded. With great liberality the academy build- ing and endowments were then given to the trustees of Union College, the building to be sold and the proceeds used to procure a more convenient build- ing. Such building was erected on the north-east corner of Union and College streets, its original cost
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(including that of the site) being $60,000. In 1815, it was sold to the city and county, the college receiving in payment 3,000 acres of land, located in different parts of Schenectady County. In 1831, it was re-purchased by the college for $10,000, and in 1854 it was re-sold to the city for $6,000. It is now known as the "Union School" building. At an early period it became evident that the growth of the college would require more spacious accom- modations, and a tract of about 250 acres was secured on what is now known as College Hill. New buildings were begun there in 1812, and on that site the present college buildings are located.
Union College was incorporated by the Regents of the University of the State of New York February 25, 1795. It was the second college incorporated in the state, and the first north of the city of New York, and west of the Hudson River. It received its name from the circumstance that several religious denominations co-operated in its organization, and was the first college in the United States which was not of a strictly denominational character.
The first president of Union College was the Rev. John Blair Smith, who was elected in 1795, and resigned in 1799, only a few months before his death. He was succeeded by Jonathan Edwards, the younger, who died in 1801. The Rev. Jonathan Maxey, previously president of Brown University,
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succeeded Doctor Edwards, and resigned at the end of two years. In 1804 the Rev. Eliphalet Nott was elected president of Union College, which office he held until his death, on the 29th day of January, 1866. The Rev. Laurens P. Hickok, a graduate of the college, who had long acted as vice-president, was elected his successor. He resigned in 1868. The Rev. Charles A. Aiken succeeded Doctor Hickok in 1869, and resigned in 1871. The Rev. Eliphalet Nott Potter was elected president in 1871, and inaugurated June 20, 1872. Dr. Charles Alex- ander Richmond is now president.
Union College acquired by its charter, granted in 1795, full university powers, but the creation of post-graduate institutions at Schenectady was not found practicable. Schools of law and medicine, and also an astronomical observatory, have long existed at Albany, only a few miles distant.
The arrangement naturally suggested by these circumstances was, that the professional schools and the observatory at Albany should be united with Union College, under the charter and board of trus- tees of the latter. This was accordingly effected by the incorporation of Union University in 1873. The Albany College of Pharmacy was created by the Board of Regents, June 21, 1881, and incor- porated as a department of the university August 21 of the same year.
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An important era in the educational history of Schenectady began in 1816, with the introduction of what was called the "Lancaster School System," of which some of the leading features were that instruction was given from cards suspended on the walls, a whole class learning at one time from the same card, and that monitors from the higher classes were engaged during part of their time in the work of instructing the lower classes. This
method continued mainly in use till 1854.
In that
year the present free school system went into operation, the board of education being organized with two commissioners from each of the four wards of the city. The west college building (now known as the Main Union School building, on the corner of College and Union streets) having been pur- chased in January, 1855, rooms were prepared to accommodate about 450 pupils, and five teachers were appointed. The school was formally opened October 13, 1855, but the number of pupils far ex- ceeded expectation, and the school was closed for three weeks, in order to provide more room. In April, 1856, there were a superintendent and 18 teachers in the employ of the board.
In 1872 the classical department of the Union School was removed to the Delavan building, on the corner of Church and Union streets, now the Mohawk Club.
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The present school system has a splendid high school building-the successor to the old U. C. I., located on Nott Terrace as well as 22 splendid graded schools, with 348 teachers and 12,240 pupils.
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