USA > New York > Tioga County > Our county and its people : a memorial history of Tioga County, New York > Part 18
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Dr. Gamaliel H. Barstow, now familiarly recalled as Judge Bar- stow, by reason of his honorable service on the common pleas bench, but who began his career in the county as a physician, settled at what is now known as Nichols village in 1812, and erect- ed the first house at that place. He practiced medicine from 1812 to 1823, and then turned his attention to trading and farming. Other old medical practitioners of Nichols, though perhaps not pioneers in the profession, were Drs. John Petts, John Everett, and John Chubbnek. Dr. George P. Cady was perhaps one of the strongest representatives of his profession in Nichols, and began his career there in 1855, soon after his graduation at the old Berk- shire Medical college, at Pittsfield, Mass. He was partner with his uncle, Dr. G. M. Cady, the latter also a physician of promi- nence in the town, and a member of the county medical society from 1857. The younger Dr. G. M. Cady was the son of Dr. George P. Cady by his marriage with Susan Platt.
Dr. Platt F. Grow was one of the early physicians in the north- ern part of the county, and resided and practiced at Richford previous to 1837. The records fail to disclose the fact of his mem- bership in the medical society, and it is probable that he had none.
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THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.
He undoubtedly was a botanic physician, as his partner in 1828 was Dr. John Frank, who was afterward well known in Owego. Dr. Grow, with Richard Griffin, was selected to transcribe the Tioga county records for use in the newly erected county of Che- mung, and that employment brought him to Owego in 1837.
Dr. John Frank, who died in Owego June 17, 1889, was for many years a well known physician and prominent figure in local annals. He was one of three" oldest physicians" living at the county seat at the same time, and the venerable forms of the three were the frequent subjects of comment. Dr. Frank was born at Virgil, Cortland county, September 3, 1797, and was the son of an old revolutionary patriot. He began the practice of medicine at Rich- ford in 1828, partner with Dr. Platt F. Grow, and when the latter came to Owego in 1837 to transcribe certain of the county records for use in Chemung county, Dr. Frank came to assist in the work. When it was completed Dr. Frank opened a store in Lake street, but after a year resumed the practice of medicine, his residence and office being in Main street. He was a botanic physician, hence his name does not appear on the medical society records. However, he was a competent practitioner and had a large client- age in the village and town. At one time he owned an interest in the Owego Gazette. He was a prominent Odd Fellow and active in lodge work. .
Dr. Ezekiel B. Phelps was a physician and surgeon residing and in practice at Owego for a period of almost seventy years, and during that time he was regarded as one of the safest and most trusted of the old-school physicians of the county seat. He was born at Hebron, Tolland county, Conn., April 12, 1800, and read medicine with Drs. Peters and Simon of that place. He was grad- uated at the Medical College at New Haven, Conn., in March, 1824, and was licensed by that famous institution to practice physic and surgery. After practicing a short tinie in the east, Dr. Phelps came to Owego, September 24, 1824, and from that tinie to his death, June 2, 1892, was a physician of the village. When he came to Owego the only resident physician was Dr. Joel S. Paige, Dr. Paige becoming a member of the medical society in 1824, while Dr. Phelps was admitted to membership in 1829.
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OUR COUNTY AND ITS PEOPLE.
Dr. Phelps devoted himself wholly to professional work, and while he was interested in all measures looking to the public welfare, he sought no preferment in politics. His rides were long and fre- quently severe, but his was a strong physique, while his determi- nation was almost boundless. Herein lay the secret of his popu- larity, success and professional standing. His first wife was Sarah Hollenback Laning, daughter of General John Laning. After her death Dr. Phelps married with Laura A. Camp, daughter of Will- iam Camp.
Dr. Ezekiel Lovejoy, who came to Owego to practice medicine and surgery in 1829, and who died in the village August 15, 1871, has ever been regarded and mentioned as the father of homeop- athy in the county. More than that, he was one of the successful practitioners of the village, and a man popular with the whole people ; and even to this day the attention of the visiting stranger is always called to a large and comfortable dwelling house in Front street which was the residence of Dr. Lovejoy. He was born at Stratford, Conn., July 6, 1803, and studied medicine in New York city. He was a graduate of Union college, and a stu- dent of medicine under Dr. Valentine Mott, of New York. For a tinie, also, he was a surgeon in the United States navy. He came to Owego in 1829, and in that year was admitted to membership in the county medical society. He became a disciple of similia similibus curantur in 1847, and was one of the organizers of the homeopathic medical society of Tioga county in 1870. His only public office holding was that of the office of supervisor of the town of Owego, in 1854.
'Dr. Theodore Spencer Armstrong was for more than twenty years one of the best representatives of homeopathy in Owego, and in the county, although he was educated under allopathic teachings. Indeed, the suggestion has been made, and has much color of truth, that the most successful homeopathists in practice previous to a quarter of a century ago were those who acquired a medical education under the old school instruction. Dr. Arm- strong was the son of Henry Armstrong, the latter an early settler in Candor, and was born at Esperance, Schoharie county, in 1825. After a course of study with Dr. Spencer, of Geneva College, he
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THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.
was graduated from that institution and at once began practice at Speedsville, Tompkins county. About this time he accepted the doctrines of homeopathy, and in December, 1861, removed with his family to Owego, where he soon became recognized as one of the leading physicians of the locality. He practiced continuously until June 1, 1880, when he was appointed superintendent of the Binghamton Asylum for Chronic Insane (now known as Bingham- ton State Hospital), to which place he removed with his family. Dr. Armstrong continued at the head of that institution to the time of his death, December 28, 1891. His wife was Jeredine. daughter of Lorenzo Pratt, of Geneva. They had two sons, Henry Lee Armstrong, a business man of Elmira, and Theodore Bedell Armstrong, who died April 7, 1895 ; and two daughters, Kiamisia Birdsall, wife of Gurdon Hewitt Pumpelly, and Mary J, wife of Dr. John F. FitzGerald.
Dr. Hiram N. Eastman, one of the most noted physicians of Tioga county during the period of his residence and practice therein, was born in Herkimer county August 17, 1810. He was graduated at Fairfield Medical College, and in 1838 began practice at Candor. In January, 1840, he removed to Owego, where he practiced until December, 1861, and then removed to Geneva, hav- ing previously been appointed Professor of Materia Medica and Theory and Practice of Medicine in Geneva Medical College. In August, 1870, he was appointed Lecturer on Materia Medica and Hygiene at the University of Buffalo. Later on he removed to Waverly, Iowa, where he remained until October, 1874, and then returned to Owego, where he died October 14, 1879. His sons were Dr. C. C. Eastman, of the Binghamton State Hospital ; Dr. R. D. Eastman, of New York city ; Rev. Rush G. Eastman, of Torresdale, Penna., and Rev. George N. Eastman, of Cincinnati, Ohio. His daughters were Cornelia, a teacher in Ogontz semi- nary, near Philadelphia, and Carrie, of New York city.
Dr. John B. Benton was born at Liberty, Sullivan county, June 15, 1811, and was graduated at Fairfield Medical College in the same class with Dr. Eastman. He came to Spencer in 1840 and practiced medicine until 1862, when he removed to Owego ; thence returned to Spencer in 1882, and in 1886 removed to Ithaca, where
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OUR COUNTY AND ITS PEOPLE.
he died September 11, 1887. His sons are George F., John L., and Frank R. Benton, and his daughter is now Mrs. P. S. Stearns.
Dr. Seymour Churchill was born in the town of Newark Valley, December 22, 1810, and died at Owego July 9, 1864. He studied medicine with Dr. Sutton, of Newark Valley, and attended medi- cal lectures at Woodstock, Vt., New York city, and at Washing- ton. In 1839 Dr. Churchill was in practice at Flemingville, and in 1841 removed to Owego. In April, 1849, he was partner with Dr. J. Jay Hoyt, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, in the drug business and also in general medical practice, though Dr. Chur- chill had a drug store in the village in 1848. In 1861 Dr. Churchill was commissioned surgeon in the 23d N. Y. Infantry, and served until July, 1862, when he resigned on account of impaired health, and returned to Owego. In May, 1863, he again entered the serv- ice as surgeon to fill a vacancy in the 109th regiment, but failing health compelled his resignation in January, 1864.
Dr. Lucius H. Allen was another of the old time physicians of the county, practicing at Berkshire from 1830 to 1843, and after- ward at Owego, for a period of more than half a century. He was a native of Lunenburg (now Athens), Greene county, born Janu- ary 31, 1796. He read medicine in Connecticut, under Dr. Thomas Ponfret, and was graduated at Brown University, Providence, R. I., in 1820. He began professional life in this state, first at Buf- falo, then at Cherry Valley, whence he came to Berkshire in 1830, and thence to the county seat. Dr. Allen was a prominent physi- cian, earnest and sincere in his professional life and work, and an ardent advocate of temperance. After the close of the war of 1861-65 he was appointed medical examiner of pension applicants, and held that position several years. In 1835 he became partner in mercantile business with A. P. Storrs, and was one of the later firm of Allen, Storrs & Ball. He died in Owego May 2, 1888.
John Howe Arnold was born at Mansfield, Tolland county, Conn., in December, 1800, and acquired his medical education at the New Haven Medical College. He located first at Whitney's Point, Broome county, later moved to Missouri, and in 1845 settled in Owego, where he practiced with good success several years. He died August 1, 1876.
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THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.
Dr. Azel E. Metcalfe was born at Davenport, Delaware county, and came to practice medicine in Owego in 1837. For three years he was partner with Dr. Lovejoy, after which he removed to Ot- sego county and remained twenty-two years. In May, 1863, he returned to Owego, and two years later practiced medicine in part- nership with his son, Dr. G. W. Metcalfe, until the death of Dr. Metcalfe in 1874. Dr. Metcalfe, the senior, died May 27, 1882. His only daughter is the wife of Eli W. Stone, of Owego.
Dr. George W. Metcalfe, whose death was felt as a personal loss to a wide circle of friends in Owego, and to the medical profession in the entire county, was born July 22, 1837. He read medicine with his father, and was graduated at the New York University Medical College, after which he began practice at Clarksville, in this state. He then removed to Erie, Penna., to practice, but when the war began he enlisted and served first as assistant-surgeon, then as surgeon of the 76th N. Y. Vol. Infantry, and finally was pro- moted brigade surgeon on the staffs of Generals Rice and Hoffman, holding that position to the close of the war. He then returned to Owego and resumed medical practice, although impaired health unfitted him for its hard work. Dr. Metcalfe died in Owego in October, 1874.
Dr. Hallam C. Champlin was a physician and surgeon in prac- tice in Owego from 1852 to 1863, and from 1879 to 1884, and is especially remembered on account of his strong advocacy of spirit- ualism. He was born in Herkimer county in September, 1814, and was graduated at Albany Medical College January 24, 1843. After fourteen years practice as an allopath, Dr. Champlin became a convert to homeopathy, and so continued throughout his pro- fessional career. He died in Owego, April 4, 1884, leaving one son and two daughters.
In writing of the old physicians of the county the name of Dr. Joel S. Paige must be mentioned, for he indeed was one of the prominent practitioners of Owego for many years. He came from the east, united with the county medical society in 1824, and was its president in 1845. About the time of the war Dr. Paige removed with his family to Alexander, N. Y., where he died about twenty years ago. His home in Owego was at the northeast corner of
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OUR COUNTY AND ITS PEOPLE.
Main and Paige streets, Paige street being so named in allusion to him. Dr. H. Worthington Paige, of New York city, is the grand- son of Dr. Joel S. Paige.
Dr. Elijah Powell was for many years one of the leading physi- cians of Tioga county, and withal one of its most influential and useful citizens. He resided in Richford and was chiefly instru- mental in building that village. He was superintendent of com- mon schools of the county, and the first school commissioner elect- ed under the law of 1856. Dr. Powell was born at Pharsalia, Chenango county, October 3, 1800, and began the practice of med- icine in Richford in 1823. Of his life as a physician and business man more is said in another department of this work. He joined the medical society in 1829, and in 1858 and '59 was its president. He died in Richford, January 12, 1876.
In Richford Dr. Elisha Briggs was one of the earliest physicians, in practice in 1820 and perhaps at an earlier date. Dr. Ezekiel Seaman was another early physician in Richford. In Spencer Dr. Lewis Beers, Dr. Holmes, and Dr. Jotham Purdy were among the pioneers of the profession. In Candor Dr: Horatio Worcester is said to have been the first physician, while over in Newark Valley, in addition to the early physicians already mentioned, may be re- called the names of Dr. Scamory, Dr. William Sutton, Dr. Curtis, Dr. Nelson and others of later years.
THE TIOGA COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY.
Extracting from the records of the society, it is learned that "At a respectable meeting of the physicians and surgeons of the county of Tioga, for the purpose of forming a medical society in conformity to the act of the Assembly, April 4, 1806," Dr. John Ross was chosen moderator. The physicians present at that time were Drs. Amos Park, A. Gates White, William Benson, John Ross, Elias Satterlee and Urial Bennett. The six present proceed- ed to complete the organization by the election of officers and the adoption of a constitution and by-laws authorized by the act for the government of the society. The officers elected were as fol- lows : Amos Park, president; A. Gates White, vice-president ; William Benson, secretary ; John Ross, treasurer ; and Elias Sat- terlee and Urial Bennett, censors.
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THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.
This first meeting was held at Newtown, at the time indicated, and indeed the other early meetings were held at the same settle- ment so long as the eastern boundary of the county was Owego creek. At a later meeting in the same year the members agreed upon and adopted a fee bill and laid such strictness on the practice of "physic and surgery" as the law authorized. Under the act of April 4, 1806, the state society, and also the county societies, were clothed with what might at this time appear to be extra- ordinary powers, for into the control of the society was given the authority to license applicants to practice, and also for proper cause to revoke that license. Especially, however, did the society aim to stop all practices which savored of quackery, and were far more earnest in their endeavors in this direction than are the medical men of the present day. Yet during the last score of years the state legislature has dealt generously with the profession at large, and while quackery has not been fully abolished, the legitimate practice has been elevated to a much higher standing. The registration act of 1880 has had the effect to place every prac- titioner squarely on record, and if its requirements are not met the law defines the liability and prescribes the penalty.
The original members of the Tioga county medical society were but six in number, and during the ten years next following the organization the increase was quite small. This growth is perhaps best shown by reference to the society's records, from which is taken for the purposes of this chapter the names of all the mem- bers, with a mention of the year in which membership began. The statement may be made, however, that there have been pe- riods in the history of the society during which no meetings were held, or at least during which no records appear to have been kept. These lapses were from 1807 to 1811; from 1840 to 1845; froni 1849 to 1857, and from 1860 to 1868. So far as can be determined by records in existence the members of the society have been as follows :
1806-Original members, Amos Park, Will- 1811-Lewis Beers, Joseph Speed, Simeon iam Benson, A. Gates White, John Ross, Powers.
Elias Satterlee, Urial Bennett.
1812-Ichabod Meacher.
1807-William S. Garrod.
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OUR COUNTY AND ITS PEOPLE.
1813-Clark Winans, Horace Bacon, Will- 1857-George P. Cady, Alexander Ennis, iam Baeon. J. J. Harris, George M. Cady.
1814-Rulandus Bancroft. 1858-George W. Mctcalf, N. S. Cooley.
1816-Samuel Gordon, Samuel Moore, 1860-Edward C. Coryell, John B. Benton. Ezekiel Webb, John S. Rexford, Gama- 1868-George H. Scott, W. J. Burr. N. H. licl HI. Barstow.
Brundage, W. R. Bates, James Allen, Isaac W. Lewis, Jr., E. Daniels, C. L. Stiles, John H. Tanner.
1817-Milo Taylor.
1818-Lemuel Hudson, John P. Hoyt, Charles Woodworth.
1869-C. R. Heaton, W. E. Johnson, Charles Lanning, G. W. Beach.
1819 -- James Cook, George Hibbard.
1820-Jotham Purdy, David McAllister, C. 1870-D. J. Tinkham, T. F. Bliss, Dr. B. Nichols, Joel Tallmadge, Jr.
Whitney.
1821-John Everett, Uriah Smith, James 1872-W. L. Ayer, R. E. Moore. DeLand.
1822-Thesus Brooks.
1874-R. S. Harnden, E. E. Pease, D. D. Ilarnden, J. C. Starkey, W. R. Nicol.
1824-Sylvester Knapp, Isaac Kennedy, 1875-H. N. Eastman, C. E. Hollenbeck, Samuel Barclay, Joel S. Paige. C. C. Eastman, W. R. Buttles.
1825-Hezekiah Woodruff, N. D. Gardiner, 1876-R. C. Tappan, C. R. Rogers, Dr.
Erastus L. Hart, A. W. Mckay, John P. Rood, S. Miller.
Kennedy, Ozias Spring, Isaac T. Hollister. 1877-W. H. Fisher, H. P. Vosburgh, James 1826-Guy Hulett. H. Tinkham.
1827-Townsend Seeley.
1878-A. T. Pearsall. A. E. Blair, Alonzo Norris, L. D. Farnham.
1828-Nelson Winton, J. Talcott Waldo.
1829-Ezekiel B. Phelps, Elijah Powell, Sr. 1879-F. P. Blair, A. W. Post, Ralph D. 1830-Norman Smith, C. Bentley, Horace Eastman, R. W. Eastman.
Seaman, J. Montanye Green, D. H. Mon- 1880-Charles S. Vaughn, W. H. Allen, E. roe, Ebenezer Smith, H. Bates.
1831-Maxwell Richardson, Henry M. 1881-Mary L. Briggs, E. J. Stone. Graves, Horace Mosher, Ezekiel Love- 1882-James M. Barrett.
joy, John Pitts.
1883-F. D. Bailey.
1832-Winthrop E. Booth, Weller D. Rood. 1884-A. J. Harris.
1835-Alfred Griffin, H. K. Webster, 1885-C. S. Payne.
Nathaniel Aspinwall, J. S. Jones, Ed- 1886-I. S. Vreeland, C. W. Chidester, J. mund Delaney.
T. Tucker, G. B. Lewis, W. H. Lincoln,
1836-John Payne, Eleazer Lyman, Festus J. W. Jansen. Demorest, Asa P. Howell, Nathaniel 1887-George M. Cady, Edward Beck.
Boynton, Dr. Webster, Tracy Beadle.
1889-R. L. Lounsbury.
1837-Lucius II. Allen, A. E. Metcalfe, 1890-D. S. Anderson.
William Sutton, H. Hemingway.
1838-R. B. Root, I. Howland,
1845-J. H. Arnold, H. N. Eastman, S. Churchill.
1892-R. L. Smith.
1846-E. Daniels, James Finlcy.
1894-W. C. Everett.
1847-James Kecler.
1896-R. T. Gates.
1848-Richard A. Crandall, John C. Tappan, J. C. Dixon.
1891-Thomas Washburn, J. E. Leonard, H. L, Knapp, A. F. Crans, C. F. Gris- wold, Henry A. Glover.
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THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.
SUCCESSION OF PRESIDENTS.
1806-10 -- Dr. Amos Park.
1860-67-Dr. George M. Cady.
1811-Dr. Lewis Beers.
1868-Dr. L. H. Allen.
1812-19-Dr. A. Gates White.
1869-Dr. George P. Cady.
1820-Dr. Lemuel Hudson.
1870-Dr. Wm. Josiah Burr.
1821-Dr. Lewis Beers.
1871-Dr. George H. Scott.
1822-Dr. David McAllister.
1872-Dr. James Allen.
1823-Dr. Gamaliel II. Barstow.
1873-Dr. W. E. Johnson.
1824-Dr. A. Gates White.
1874-Dr. G. W. Metcalfe.
1825-Dr. James Cook.
1875-Dr. J. B. Benton.
1826-27-Dr. Lemuel Hudson.
1876-Dr. Charles L. Stiles.
1828-Dr. Rulandus Baneroft. 1877-Dr. Daniel DeWitt Harnden.
1829-30-Dr. J. Talcott Waldo. 1878-Dr. Warren L. Ayer.
1831- Dr. Erastus L. Hart.
1879-Dr. William Josiah Burr.
1832-34-Dr. Jotham Purdy.
1880-Dr. Cornelius R. Rogers.
1835-Dr. Erastus L. Hart.
1881-Dr. LeRoy D. Farnham.
1836-Dr. Jotham Purdy.
1882-Dr. Rufus S. Harnden.
1837-Dr. J. Taleott Waldo.
1883-Dr. Ralph D. Eastman.
1838-44-Dr. J. Pitts.
1884-Dr. E. J. Stone.
1845-46-Dr. Lueius H. Allen.
1885-Dr. George P. Cady.
1847-Dr. Joel S. Paige.
1886-87 -- Dr. Charles L. Stiles.
1848-Dr. R. B. Root.
1888-90-Dr. Warren L. Ayer.
1849-56-Dr. John Everett.
1891-92-Dr. James M. Barrett.
1857-Dr. J. H. Allen.
1893-94-Dr. George M. Cady.
1858-59-Dr. Elijah Powell.
1895-Dr. Charles L. Stiles.
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1896.
President, Cornelius R. Rogers ; vice-president, Warren L. Ayer ; secretary, Ralph D. Eastman ; treasurer, James M. Bar- rett ; censors, George M. Cady, H. L. Knapp, D. S. Anderson ; committee on hygiene, Carlton R. Heaton, W. C. Everett, I. S. Vreeland ; committee on obituary notices, Charles L. Stiles, C. W. Chidester, James M. Barrett ; delegate to state medical society, D. S. Anderson.
THE HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY OF TIOGA COUNTY Was organized July 20, 1870, by Drs. Lovejoy, Armstrong, Green- leaf, Hawley, Walsh, and Hunter, they comprising nearly all the disciples of Hahnemann then residing in the county.
The organization was perfected by the election of officers as fol- lows : President, Dr. Ezekiel Lovejoy ; vice-president, Dr. Haw- ley ; treasurer and secretary, Dr. John T. Greenleaf ; censors, Drs. Armstrong, Hunter and Walsh.
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OUR COUNTY AND ITS PEOPLE.
The life of the society, however, was not long, the homoeopathic physicians in the county being so few that the number necessary to constitute a quorum was with difficulty assembled in meeting, and the result was that in 1875 the society was dissolved and its members united with the larger organizations in adjoining coun- ties, a few in the Southern Tier society, and others in that includ- ing the counties of Broome, Cortland, Tompkins, and Tioga.
Among the prominent homeopathic physicians in this county, past and present, not before mentioned in this chapter, may be recalled Dr. E. B. Sprague, of Owego, whose practice began in 1853 and ended at his death, in 1874. Another was Dr. A. R. Vail, who came to Owego in 1863, and left in 1868. Dr. John Talcott Greenleaf, founder and superintendent of the Glenmary Home, was born in Owego. He was a student of Dr. Armstrong, a graduate from the Homoeopathic Medical College of New York city, March 1, 1867, and has ever since practiced in the village of Owego. Dr. R. B. Jenks was also a student under Dr. Armstrong, and a graduate of New York Homoeopathic College. He practiced as partner with Dr. Armstrong, but afterward removed to Elmira. Dr. Hunter was a practitioner at Candor, and Drs. Hawley and Cadmus at Waverly. Dr. Merritt T. Dutcher was born in Niagara county, December 17, 1843, and was brought up on a farm. Dur- ing the war he served in Co. K, 151st N. Y. Infantry, from Sep- tember 6, 1862, to May 30, 1865. He read medicine and was graduated at the New York Homoeopathic College. In 1882 he came to Owego and has since been a resident of the village. Dr. Walsh practiced in Owego a few years, beginning in 1870, and afterward removed to Michigan.
The Twenty-sixth Senatorial District Eclectic Medical Society was organized September 12, 1865, with the following members ; John Frank and James Wilson, of Owego ; J. B. White, of Spen- cer; F. D. Gridley, of Whitney's Point; I. P. Matthews, of Nichols ; P. A. Johnson, of Waverly, and W. W. Wheaton, of Binghamton. The first officers were : James Wilson, president ; W. W. Wheaton, vice-president ; P. A. Johnson, recording secre- tary ; F. D. Gridley, corresponding secretary ; and John Frank, treasurer.
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THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.
Under an act of the legislature passed in 1880, and acts supple- mentary thereto, each physician in the county (and in each county in the state) is required to register in the office of the county clerk his name, residence, place of birth, date of diploma, and the insti- tution from which he was graduated, and the authority by which he claims the right to practice medicine in the county. In com- pliance with the requirements of the several acts there has been a very general registration by the physicians of this county ; and in order to bring to the attention of the reader the names of as many as possible of the past and present practitioners, there have been taken from the records the names, with other data referred to, of those legally qualified to practice medicine in Tioga county since the law was passed.
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