USA > New York > Portrait gallery of the Chamber of Commerce of the state of New-York : catalogue and biographical sketches > Part 21
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January 17, 1759, Mrs. MARTHA (DANDRIDGE) CUSTIS, a young and beautiful widow lady of great wealth, (the MARTHA WASHINGTON of a later period, ) and for the next fifteen years devoted himself to the cultivation, en- largement and improvement of his magnificent estate of Mount Vernon, interrupted only by his annual attendance in winter upon the sessions of the Colonial Legislature at Williamsburg. This season of rest was diligently improved by WASHINGTON, in careful study of every department of military science, till the gallant Colonel of the frontier service, in 1754-1758, had qualified himself thoroughly for much higher commands in the war, which he felt was soon to come. In the Legislature of the Colony, too, he had constantly urged the enlargement and thorough drilling of the militia.
The first premonitions of the coming conflict came from the North. Thus far, Virginia, under her Royal Governors, had had little experience of oppression, while New-York and Boston, especially the latter, had been grievously wronged, and subjected to gross and cruel insults and out- rages. These culminated, in 1774, in the closure, by Act of Parliament, of the port of Boston. WASHINGTON was the leader of the Virginia Legislature, and as he foresaw that the rod of the oppressor, if unresisted, would soon be laid on the backs of all the Colonies, he showed the Legislature and the people of Virginia, that " the cause of Boston was their cause." Virginia led the way in calling a Congress of all the Colonies to meet in Philadelphia, September 5, 1774, to secure their common liberties, if possible, by peace- ful means. In this Congress, GEORGE WASHINGTON rep- resented Virginia as her first delegate. Its remonstrances and appeals exhibited the highest abilities, as well as the loftiest patriotism. In October, the Congress dissolved, but recommended the Colonies to send delegates to another Congress in the spring of 1775. Meantime, several of the Colonies had felt it necessary to raise local bodies of troops to repel the insults and aggressions of the British forces, of which considerable bodies were stationed in or near the larger seaport cities. The battles of Concord and Lexing-
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ton had been fought, and the evidences that the British Cabinet were determined to force a bitter conflict were overwhelming. Among the earliest acts of this Second Con- gress, which met May 10, 1775, and of which WASHINGTON was again a member, was the selection of a Commander-in- Chief of the Colonial forces. This high and responsible office was unanimously conferred upon GEORGE WASHING- TON. Fully comprehending the peril, sacrifice and labor it involved, he accepted it, June 19th, 1775, but upon the express condition that he should receive no salary. He would keep an exact account of his expenditures, and expect Congress to pay them, and nothing more. He repaired immediately to Boston, near which the battle of Bunker Hill, between the British troops and the besieging provincials, had been fought, June 17, 1775. General GAGE was occupying Boston with a large force. WASHINGTON was not in a condition to attempt an active siege of the city, but it was an excellent opportunity to thoroughly train and discipline his army for future effective action, and he fully improved it. The general feeling among the American people was, that the British Government, finding them a unit in their resistance to the attempted oppressive measures, would recede from them, and that the old con- dition of amity and peace would be restored. Very few in the summer and autumn of 1775, believed that a revolu- tion would be necessary. But the British Cabinet and Parliament seemed bent on driving the colonists to inde- pendence. They would not receive the petition of Con- gress ; they ordered the bombardment of the town of Fal- mouth, (now Portland, Me. ; ) they prohibited trade with the Colonies, and authorized the capture of their vessels ; they seized and impressed into their navy, American seamen in great numbers along the American coast, and in every way sought to goad them into open revolt. Thus pro- voked and insulted, the American leaders soon began to consider whether independence was not desirable. Even WASHINGTON, calm, cool and self-poised as he usually was, wrote from the head of the army, in May, 1776: "A reconciliation with Great Britain is impossible. When I
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took command of the army, I abhorred the idea of independ- ence, but I am now fully satisfied that nothing else will save us." While WASHINGTON did not dare to assault the British troops in Boston, he compelled them to evacu- ate that city in March, 1776, by a masterly blockade of all their sources of supply. General HowE made his way toward New-York, which he occupied about September 1st, after defeating the American army in the battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776. He also occupied the Lower Hudson soon after, and WASHINGTON was obliged to retire behind the Delaware River, with a small, ill-provided army ; but by the surprises of Trenton and Princeton, he regained much of his lost ground in New-Jersey. How he kept his army in the field-so ill-clothed, ill-fed and ill-paid were they-is a mystery not easily solved. There was no cen- tral government, having authority to raise men, provisions or money. In 1777-78, the sufferings of the army were terrible. At Valley Forge, only a day's march north of Philadelphia, they were in need of all things, and WASII- INGTON's private fortune was heavily drawn upon to sup- ply their imperative needs. Yet in the former year occurred the successful battle of Bennington, the two battles of Saratoga, and the capture of BURGOYNE'S army ; and during the latter, Sir HENRY CLINTON was compelled to evacuate Philadelphia, and the severe but indecisive battle of Monmouth, N. J., was fought. Later in the year, the British captured Savannah. In 1779 and 1780, the fortunes of war were against the American Com- mander, especially at the South. North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia were overrun and held by the British troops, while BENEDICT ARNOLD's treachery had nearly cost WASHINGTON the control of the strongholds on the Hudson. But the campaign of 1781 restored the pres- tige of American arms. TARLETON was defeated at Cow- pens, S. C. ; CORNWALLIS was crippled at Guilford Court House, and defeated at Eutaw Springs ; MARION and his partisans cleared North Carolina and most of South Carolina of British troops, and CORNWALLIS, coming north to join Sir HENRY CLINTON, was hemmed in at Yorktown,
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Va., by WASHINGTON and ROCHAMBEAU, and compelled to surrender his whole force, about 8,000 men, October 19, 1781. This virtually ended the war. On November 30, 1782, a preliminary treaty of peace was arranged at Paris ; the definitive treaty was signed September 3, 1783, and between July, 1782, and November, 1783, all the cities occu- pied by British troops were evacuated, New-York City last of all. On December 4, 1783, at FRAUNCES' Tavern, (still standing on the corner of Broad and Pearl Streets, Feb- ruary, 1890,) in this city, WASHINGTON took leave of his officers in an address full of affection and patriotism, and on December 23d he resigned his commission to Congress, then in session at Annapolis, Md., and retired, without regret, to his beloved home at Mount Vernon.
He had, before resigning his commission, addressed a circular letter to the Governors of the several States, call- ing their attention to the necessity of some changes in the Constitution, under which the war had been carried on. This was the old Articles of Confederation which had proved so imperfect a reliance, during the seven years of conflict. It was for the modification of this that WASHINGTON was so anxious ; and during the three or four years that followed the close of the war, his correspondence on this subject was very extensive, and he was much gratified when, on February 21st, 1787, Congress called upon the States to send delegates to a convention at Philadelphia, for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, "to render the Federal Constitution ade- quate to the exigencies of the Government and the preser- vation of the Union."
This Convention met May 14, 1787, and continued its sessions till September 17. WASHINGTON was a delegate, and was unanimously chosen President. The members were the most eminent statesmen in the country. It was decided to have an entirely new Constitution, rather than to attempt to revise the old Articles of Confederation. Two parties were developed in this Convention, both equally patriotic, but differing widely in their views in regard to the organization and powers of the nation. One
17
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party wanted a strong Central Government, and would have been willing to strip the States of all powers, except those of merely local administration ; the other party desired only a very slightly modified Confederation, with plenary powers for the individual States. Both parties were extremists, and their advocates were obliged to make concessions, until the juste milieu was arrived at in the present Constitution and its earlier amendments. WASII- INGTON presided with impartiality, and, though inclined to a strong government, he was so just and judicious that while he exerted a powerful influence over the action of the Convention, he disarmed all hostility, and secured a unanimous adoption of the Constitution by the eleven States represented in the Convention. On its adjournment the harder task remained, of securing its ratification by at least nine States, which number was necessary for its adoption. In this work WASHIINGTON labored zealously, with voice and pen, yet with such patriotism and delicate regard for the feelings and rights of others, that he won all hearts. In the autumn of 1788 eleven States had given in their adhesion to the new Constitution ; and, by Act of the old Congress, the first Wednesday of January was designated for the election of the new Congress and the Electoral College ; the first Wednesday of February for the College to meet and choose the new Executive ; and the first Wednesday of March as the time, and New-York City as the place for the meeting of Congress and the inauguration of the first President.
For the first President it would have seemed treason to the people to mention any other name than WASHINGTON'S, and he was unanimously elected. Of his inauguration, which did not take place till April 30, 1789, we have had every possible detail narrated, in the recent Centennial Anniver- sary in our City in April, 1889. His first term as President was largely devoted to the perfecting of the details of the new organization, and passing the necessary statutes for putting it in complete operation, the establishment of the Supreme Court, and the creation of the Departments of State, Finance, War, Navy and Justice. There were
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no definitively formed parties, and only one occasion for the exercise of the veto power. North Carolina and Rhode Island both accepted the Constitution in 1790, on which events WASHINGTON heartily congratulated Congress and the country.
In 1792, at the second election for President, he was desirous of retiring, but the people would hear of no other name, and he yielded to the universal wish, and was again elected by the unanimous vote of every Electoral College. During the two terms, 1789-1797, three States, Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee, were added to the Union, and there was great growth and development in all the States, while there were no discords to mar the harmony of the new Republic.
At the third election, in 1796, WASHINGTON was again most urgently entreated to take the Presidential chair, but positively refused. He felt that two terms were sufficient, and he longed for the quiet and rest of private life. For forty-five years of his active life he had been almost con- stantly engaged in the service of his country, his State or his Colony.
In September, 1796, just before the election, he issued to his countrymen his memorable "Farewell Address," which, in language, sentiment and patriotism, was the most admirable legacy he could have left to the nation he had created. In March, 1797, he returned to Mount Vernon to spend his remaining days in a well earned quiet and peace. His administration of the government for these two terms had been far more successful than even the most sanguine friends of the new Republic had dared to hope. The finances of the country had been relieved from embarrassment, the public credit was fully restored ; every department of industry was quickened into new life ; the revenue derived from imports had proved a bond of union to the whole country, and had produced astonishing results upon the trade and commerce of all the States. The exports from the Union had risen from nineteen millions to over fifty-six millions of dollars per annum, while the imports had increased in a like proportion. The progress
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of the States in their new career, in self-government, intelli- gence and education, was exceedingly encouraging, not only to the friends of liberty in this country, but to their sympathizing allies abroad.
Once more was the nation's hero called from his well earned repose at Mount Vernon, to serve his country, and, patriot that he was, he accepted the trust. In 1798, a war with France seemed imminent, and he was called by Con- gress to take command of all the United States forces, with the rank of Lieutenant-General. He had just commenced to organize his troops, when a treaty of peace was signed between the two nations, and put an end to all further action. WASHINGTON died at Mount Vernon, after a short but severe illness, December 14, 1799, in the sixty eighth year of his age. The whole country was enshrouded with gloom, by the sad intelligence of his death. The mourning was universal. Men of all parties in politics and of all creeds in religion, not only in all States of the Union, but in foreign lands, united in paying honor to the memory of the man who was "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." His remains were deposited in a family vault at Mount Vernon, and the estate has since become the property of the nation.
We close this sketch with the following extract from the eloquent address, delivered by the Hon. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, at the Centennial Celebration of April 30, 1889 :
"No man ever stood for so much to his country and to mankind, as WASHINGTON.
"He, with unerring judgment, was always the leader of the people. MILTON said of CROMWELL : 'That war made him great, peace greater.' The superiority of WASHING- TON's character and genius were more conspicuous in the formation of our government, and in putting it on inde- structible foundations, than in leading armies to victory, and conquering the independence of his country. 'The Union in any event,' is the central thought in his farewell address, and all the years of his grand life were devoted to its formation and preservation. He fought as a youth with BRADDOCK, and in the capture of Fort Duquesne, for
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the protection of the whole country. As Commander-in- Chief of the Continental Army, his commission was from the Congress of the United Colonies. He inspired the movement for the Republic, was President and domi- nant spirit of the Convention which framed its Constitu- tion, and its President for eight years, and guided its course until satisfied that moving safely along the broad highway of time, it would be surely ascending toward the first place among the nations of the world, the asylum of the oppressed, the home of the free."
MOSES TAYLOR.
MOSES TAYLOR, for fifty years a merchant and banker, was born in New-York City, at the corner of Broadway and Morris Street, January 11th, 1806. He was of English stock ; his great grandfather, who bore the same name, having emigrated from London in 1736. Mr. TAYLOR'S father, JACOB B. TAYLOR, was for several terms an Alder- man for the Ninth and Fifteenth Wards; in the days when a seat in that body was regarded as a high honor, and a position to be sought after by men of character and intelligence.
MOSES attended the best schools the City then afforded, but though an obedient and industrious pupil, business had for him greater charms than study ; and, at the age of fifteen, he became a clerk in the large mercantile and shipping house of G. G. & S. HOWLAND. He remained with this house more than ten years, and his industry, integrity, energy and foresight made him invaluable to his employers. When he was twenty-six years of age he had accumulated fifteen thousand dollars, and with this small capital he set up in business for himself, in modest quar- ters, at No. 44 South Street ; selecting the West Indies, and particularly the Cuban trade, as his specialty. His business was prosperous during the next two years, but in December, 1835, occurred in New-York the first great
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fire of the century, and his warehouse and goods were swept away. Nothing except his books of accounts was saved. He opened an office the same day, in the basement of his house in Morris Street, and soon after procured tem- porary quarters in Broad Street, and resumed business with speedy success. He also made arrangements with his landlord, while the ruins were yet smouldering, for the re-building, on a larger scale, of the warehouse, No. 44 South Street, which he subsequently purchased, and occu- pied for nearly fifty years.
In 1855, Mr. TAYLOR was elected President of the City Bank of New-York, which office he held up to his death. Under his control the affairs of the Bank were managed with great financial skill, and it safely outrode the panics which seriously embarrassed many other banking institu- tions. Mr. TAYLOR was a member of the Committee of the Associated Banks of the City of New-York, which, in 1861-62, made large loans to the Government to sustain its credit, then greatly imperilled. Securities exceeding two hundred millions of dollars in value passed through the hands of this Committee, and it was largely due to their prompt support that the nation was saved from threatened financial disaster. Mr. TAYLOR was untiring in his efforts to maintain the credit of the Government, and his advice was sought by the Secretary of the Treasury on many trying occasions.
Mr. TAYLOR was one of the directors of the Company that laid the first Atlantic Cable, and its Treasurer. He was largely interested in the coal lands of the Wyoming and Lehigh Valleys, Penn., and the owner of large blocks of the mining and railway stocks of that region. He was President of the Lackawanna Coal and Iron Company, and held a considerable interest in the Manhattan Gas Com- pany, of this City ; was connected with the Georgia Central Railroad, the Western Union Telegraph Company, the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company and other financial institutions. He died in this City May 23d, 1882, in the 77th year of his age. His immense fortune at the time of his death was estimated at forty millions of dollars.
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ROBERT B. POTTER.
MAJOR-GENERAL ROBERT B. POTTER was the son of ALONZO POTTER, Bishop of Pennsylvania, and SARAII MARIA, daughter of ELIPHALET NOTT, President of Union College, N. Y. He was born at Boston, where his parents were at that time temporarily residing, in July, 1829, and died at Newport, R. I., February 19th, 1887. Educated at Union College, the breaking out of the war found him en- gaged in a chamber practice of the law. He at once began a training for the military service, and attached himself to a regiment; joining, under the three years' call, the " Shepard Rifles," which was shortly consolidated with other similar organizations into the 51st New-York Volun- teers. Young POTTER was mustered Major of this regiment on the 11th October, 1861. At Annapolis, to which they were sent, the regiment organization was completed by the appointment of EDWARD FERRERO as Colonel, POTTER as Lieutenant-Colonel, and CHARLES W. LE GENDRE, a French gentleman, resident in America, as Major.
This regiment, from the fact of POTTER's connection with it, became the special charge of the merchants of New-York. A Committee was formed, whose headquarters were in the rooms of the Chamber of Commerce, which, by the sums of money for extra bounties raised among the merchants and bankers of New-York, kept its ranks full from its marching to its disbandment at the close of the war, a procedure by which its officers were maintained in the service ; and, one after the other, in turn promoted to Brigade and Division commands.
In February, 1862, the Brigade to which the 51st was attached was embarked, under command of Brigadier- General RENO, for service on the Carolina coast. In that month they attacked Roanoke Island, and POTTER led his men first over the Confederate works. In March he par- ticipated in the capture of Newbern, where he fell shot through the body. In the same engagement Major LE
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GENDRE was dangerously hurt by a ball through the mouth.
In May, POTTER returned to his regiment as Colonel ; FERRERO having been promoted Brigadier-General. In July the 51st was assigned to the Ninth Army Corps, BURNSIDE commanding. In August, RENO's command, with POTTER's regiment, was sent to re-enforce POPE in Virginia, and was constantly in service till the second Bull Run.
On the re-organization of the army under MCCLELLAN, the Ninth Corps, under RENO, was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and in September were engaged with LEE at South Mountain ; POTTER's regiment forming the head of the attacking column. In this engagement RENO fell. Following the enemy's line of retreat, POTTER led his men in person across the Antietam Bridge. In December he, with his regiment, were engaged at Fredericksburg in sup- port of a battery, and so exposed that they lost a fifth of their number in ten minutes.
In March, 1863, Colonel POTTER was promoted Brigadier- General for gallant service at Fredericksburg, and ordered to the Department of the Ohio, which BURNSIDE com- manded, with headquarters at Cincinnati. Here POTTER was named President of the Commission which tried and convicted VALLANDIGHAM, for treasonable conduct within the lines. In June, General POTTER marched with PARKE into Kentucky, and was assigned to the command of the Second Division. LE GENDRE, now its Colonel, had joined his regiment. In July, his superior officers being too ill for service, General POTTER found himself in command of the Ninth Corps, and made his headquarters at Lexing- ton. Marching to Knoxville, he was appointed, in general orders, to the command of the Ninth Corps, which was already virtually under his orders. In the defence of Knoxville he was especially distinguished, both by his manœuvres in the field against LONGSTREET's column of relief and in the seige, the brunt of which fell on his com- mand.
After the relief of Knoxville, POTTER joined BURNSIDE
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in the East and engaged in the recruiting of the Ninth Corps, in which POTTER secured the aid of his many friends in the Chamber of Commerce, the New-York Stock Exchange and the New-York Produce Exchange. He was now assigned to the command of the Second Brigade of the Second Division of this corps, but in consequence of the illness of General PARKE, POTTER held the command of this division, first by seniority, and later by assignment, till the close of the war.
He was hotly engaged during the battles of the Wilder- ness, in one of which Colonel LE GENDRE received a dan- gerous wound in the face, losing an eye. POTTER's divi- sion followed the movement to the south of the James River, and was posted in advance within eighty yards of the enemy's line at. Petersburg. It was his command that was engaged in the Mine of Cemetery Hill Fort, and on the Court Martial which sat on this unfortunate affair he was the only officer, of all engaged, who was exempted from cen- sure. In the close engagements which followed he was constantly in action. In the final attack on the Petersburg lines, in March, 1865, he carried the works opposite to his command by assault, and was reforming his line, when he fell, shot through the body by a ball from a shrapnell shell. He was taken to the Jones House, where, as he lay between life and death, he was visited by President LINCOLN, then on his way from City Point to Petersburg.
In July, 1865, on the disbandment of the Ninth Corps, General POTTER was assigned in the new arrangements to the command of the district of Connecticut and Rhode Island, with headquarters at Newport. On the day of his (second) marriage he was commissioned by the Secretary of War, Mr. STANTON, full Major-General. In January, 1866, he was "honorably mustered out of the service of the United States." He was subsequently appointed Colonel of the Forty-ninth Regiment of Infantry, U. S. A., but declined.
General HANCOCK said to the author of this sketch, " that General POTTER was one of the twelve best officers in the United States service-West Point graduates included."
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General GRANT, in his Memoirs, speaks of him in terms of praise.
At the close of his service he was appointed Receiver of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, a position of the highest responsibility and trust. At the end of this engagement he passed several years in Europe, endeavoring to recruit his shattered health. The close of his life was spent at Newport, where he died.
As a soldier he was brave and dashing to a fault, always ready to lead, and with a coolness under fire which never failed him. He was in private life a charming companion, kind of heart, and accomplished in varied ways.
It is because of his intimate relations with the mer- chants of New-York that his bust finds a suitable
1 place in the Art Gallery of the Chamber of Commerce. The bust is the work of WILLIAM CLARKE NOBLE, of Newport, R. I., from measurements taken from the face after death, with the aid of a sketch and photographs, and is considered by his family and friends a highly satisfactory representation of this distinguished officer in the vigor of his health. It was presented to the Chamber of Commerce in February, 1890, by a number of gentlemen, officers of the army, members of the New-York Bar, to which he belonged, and merchants, members of the Chamber.
INDEX TO BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
PAGE
ALSOP, JOHN, ..
30
ANDREWS, LORING, 137
ASTOR, JOHN JACOB, 170
BACHE, THEOPHYLACT 24
BARKER, JACOB, 232
BARNES, ALFRED S.,. 235
BATES, JOSHUA,
140
BLUNT, GEORGE W. 127
BOORMAN, JAMES, 198
BRIGHT, JOHN, 105
BROOME, JOHN, 225
BROWN, JAMES,
238
CAROW, ISAAC, 36
CASWELL, JOHN, 229
CHITTENDEN, SIMEON B., 212
CLAFLIN, HORACE B., 217
CLINTON, DE WITT,
83
COBDEN, RICHARD,
102
CODDINGTON, THOMAS B.,
125
COLDEN, CADWALLADER,.
99
268
INDEX.
PAGE COOPER, PETER,. 146
CORNING, HANSON K.,. 248
COWDIN, ELLIOT C., 162
CRUGER, JOHN,
17
DODGE, WILLIAM E., 53
EGERTON, FRANCIS, . 100
FISH, PRESERVED, 155
FOGG, WILLIAM H. 64
GOODHUE, JONATHAN, 129
GREEN, JOHN C., 179
GRINNELL, MOSES H., 44
GRISWOLD, GEORGE,.
132
HAMILTON, ALEXANDER,. 69
HICKS, ELIAS, 47
HOPE, GEORGE T.,. 119
JONES, WALTER R., 134
KING, JAMES GORE, . 37
KING, JOHN A., 90
KINGSLAND, AMBROSE C.,. 114
LANE, GEORGE W. 57
LEAVITT, DAVID, 156
LEE, GIDEON, . 110
LENOX, ROBERT 34
MCCREA, ROBERT,. 169
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 269
PAGE
MCCURDY, ROBERT H.
227
MARSHALL, CHARLES H. 183
MAURY, MATTHEW,.
66
MILBANK, JEREMIAII ..
224
MORGAN, EDWIN D.
95
MURRAY, JOIIN,
33
OPDYKE, GEORGE,
60
PERIT, PELATIAII, . 48
PHELPS, ANSON G.,. 116
PHELPS, JOHN J., 200
POTTER, ROBERT B. 263
PRIME, RUFUS,
205
RAY, CORNELIUS, 177
RAY, ROBERT, 178
ROBERTS, MARSHALL O., 203
ROBINSON, JEREMIAHI P., 122
RUGGLES, SAMUEL B., 174
SANDS, COMFORT 193
SCHWAB, GUSTAV, 159
SHERMAN, BENJAMIN B.,
153
SHERMAN, ISAAC,.
209
SHERMAN, JOHN, 76
SKIDDY, FRANCIS,
158
SMITH-DRAKE, DANIEL,. 231
SPOFFORD, PAUL 189
STOKKS, JAMES, 187
STUART, KINLOCII, 166
STUART, ROBERT L., 167
STURGES, JONATILAN 59
1
.
270
INDEX.
PAGE
TAYLOR, MOSES, 261
TILESTON, THOMAS, 191
TRIMBLE, GEORGE T. 206
VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS,. 242
VANDERBILT, WILLIAM H. 245
WALTON, WILLIAM, 28
WASHINGTON, GEORGE, 250
WHITE, HENRY, 20
WOLFE, JOHN DAVID, 150
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