USA > Ohio > Trumbull County > A twentieth century history of Trumbull County, Ohio; a narrative account of its historical progress, its people, and its principal interests, Volume I > Part 1
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Gc 977.101 T77up v.1 1411087
M. U
REYNOLDS HK TORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 00824 4375
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center
http://www.archive.org/details/twentiethcentury01upto
Dr and Tus J. M. Saben Oct. 20" 1909 - compliments of the author
A TWENTIETH CENTURY HISTORY OF
TRUMBULL COUNTY OHIO
A NARRATIVE ACCOUNT OF ITS HISTORICAL PROGRESS, ITS PEOPLE, AND ITS PRINCIPAL INTERESTS
BY HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON OF WARREN
VOLUME I
GC 977.101 ILLUSTRATED T77 up V.1
THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY CHICAGO 1909
iv
PREFACE
History of Cleveland, Whittlesey's History of Cleveland, Mathews' History of the Western Reserve, the reports of the Ohio Archeological Society, the Historical Collection of the Mahoning Valley Association, particularly the chapter on War- ren prepared by Lewis Morris Iddings, the works of Hon. B. A. Hinsdale, Hon. Jas. A. Garfield, the Memorial to the Pioneer Women of the Western Reserve, and many others.
She has taken great pains to verify all dates, names and facts and yet she knows there will be errors. She therefore begs those of critical minds to do some work of the same char- aeter before passing final judgment on this.
HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON.
1411087
PREFACE
In writing this History of Trumbull County the author has not attempted to present exhaustively any one of its many interesting and important features nor on the other hand to make of it an encyclopedia. She has aimed to tell in a simple way the simple story of an earnest, honest people, believing that when such homely facts are known the readers will be better able to understand the historical significance of the past and the conditions of today. She used as far as possible orig- inal MISS., letters, pictures and maps, but in the main does not feel that the volume contains much which is truly new. Even that which has heretofore been unpublished will probably be of more interest to the next historian than to the readers of today. She has done away with footnotes and has quoted liberally from all printed matter obtainable on the subject. She has tried to show what part women played in the early settlement of the county and their standing today. For ages men have written books and naturally have so well portrayed the doings of men that the world understands them. When women write as generally, then will women's part in history be equally elear. She is indebted to the Western Reserve Historical Society for many valuable books and papers ; to Mr. II. K. Morse of Poland and Mr. Whittlesey Adams of Warren for prepared material and important facts; to the descendants of the early families who were untiring in assisting her to corroborate and elncidate statements, - partienlarly was this true of Miss Elizabeth Iddings of Warren. She has quoted bodily and used ideas and facts from Howe's Historical Collection, Williams' History of Trumbull County, Portage County History, Kennedy's Early
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SURNAME FILE
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I.
REASON FOR COLONIZATION. - COLUMBES. - ISABELLA .- PILGRIMS .- PURITANS. 1
CHAPTER II.
SPAIN .- PORTUGAL .- FRANCE .- ENGLAND .- THE VIRGINIA CHARTER 4
CHAPTER III.
CONNECTICUT CONSTITUTION .- CHARTER OF 1662 .- CHARTER OAK .- CONNECTICUT IN PENNSYLVANIA .- CONNECTICUT MASSACRE AND LOSS OF CLAIM .- CHARLES IT'S GEOGRAPHY .- CONNECTICUT RE- SERVES PART OF HER GRANT. 8
CHAPTER IV.
COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY CONNECTICUT LEGISLATURE .- FIRE LANDS. -SECOND COMMITTEE .- ORIGINAL PURCHASERS .- QUANTITY OF LAND ON THIE RESERVE .- NATURAL RESOURCES .- MEN WHO PRE- CEDED CONNECTICUT SETTLERS .- GARFIELD'S SPEECHI. . 13
CHAPTER V.
YANKEES .- PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH .- SCOTCH IRISH .- SALT SPRINGS. -JUDGE SAMUEL IL. PARSONS.
CHAPTER VI.
LIST OF DIRECTORS AND SURVEYORS OF CONNECTICUT LAND COM- PANY .- THE WOMEN OF THE PARTY .- DETAILS OF THE TRIP .- SCHENECTADY .- FORT OSWEGO. - CANANDAIGUA. - BUFFALO. - COUNCIL WITH THE INDIANS AT BUFFALO CREEK .- WHISKEY AND THE SURVEYING PARTY .- CONNEAUT .- JULY 4TH. 1196. 27
CHAPTER VIL.
INDIAN COUNCIL AT CONNEAUT .- THE START OF THE SURVEYORS .- SETTING THE CORNER POST .- RUNNING THE PARALLEL .- SUM- MER AT CLEVELAND .- RETURN HOME .- WINTER AT CLEVELAND .--- WINTER AT CONNEAUT .- STARVATION 35
D
.نَـ
CONTENTS
CHAPTER VIII.
SETH PEASE .- SURVEYING PARTY OF 1997 .- TRIP OUT .- SUMMER SURVEY .- MUCH SICKNESS .- FIRST HARVEST .- AMIZI ATWATER. -RETURN HOME 44
CHAPTER IX.
KINGSBURY'S DEED .- SOUTHERN PORTION OF COUNTY SETTLED FIRST. -PIONEERS OF '98 AND 99 .- JOHN YOUNG .- JAMES HILLALAN .- EDWARDS .- DOAN .- CARTER .- HONEY .- HARMON .- LOVELAND .- MORGAN .- HARPERSFIELD .- CONNEAUT. - THORPE. - TAPPAN .- IIUDSON .- CANFIELD .- SHELDON. - WALWORTH .- PAINE. - AT- WATER .- HALL .- CAMPBELL .- MILLS. 18
CHAPTER X.
HOW THE FIRST SETTLERS CAME .- CARRYING CHILDREN IN APRONS .- THE BABY'S CRY .- SEEDS AND PLANTS .- CHESTNUT STUMPS AS STOVES .- FIRST OVENS .- FIRST LAUNDRIES .- EARLY HOUSES .- WINTER EVENINGS .- DISHES .- BRIC-À-BRAC .- CHAIRS .- FINAN- CIAL DEPENDENCE .- BOOKS .- FIRST SCHOOLS .- PIES. - CLOTH- ING. - BIG FAMILIES. - WOMEN'S SHOES. - HORSEBACK TO CHURCH .- SLEEPING ON HUSBAND'S GRAVE,-BREAD-MAKING .- BEARS .- WHISKEY. 60
CHAPTER XI.
EARLY SETTLERS OF WARREN .- QUINBY .- STORER .- MCMAHON .- COST OF PARK. - LANE. - CASE. - KING. - LEAVITT. - FAMILIES OF THESE MEN. - ADGATE. - EARLY HOUSES. - COUNTY WITHOUT LAW .- FORMATION OF COUNTY 73
CHAPTER XIL.
FIRST COURT HOUSE .- ORIGINAL SUBSCRIPTION LIST FOR SAME .- BRICK POND .-- SECOND COURT HOUSE .- SALE OF FIRST COURT HOUSE .- COURT CRIER .- FIRST JAIL IN WARREN .- SECOND JAIL. -DEBTOR'S ROOM .- THIRD JAIL .- FOURTH JAIL .- COUNTY SEAT WAR 90
CHAPTER XIII.
JAMES SCOTT HOUSE .- MRS. SCOTT AND INDIANS .- MRS. ROWE .- MRS. JUSTES SMITH .- MRS. TOD .- GRAETER HOUSE .- PARSONS HOME .- MERS. EDWARDS' WEDDING .- RAWDON HOUSE .- CASTLE WILLIAM .- LANE HOUSE .- HOME OF HENRY AND MARY STILES. -STEVENS-CROWELL PLACE .- WEBB PROPERTY .- DANA'S INSTI- TITE .- PEASE HOME .- IDDINGS HOME .- SOUTH STREET SOCIAL CENTER .- EDDINGS MLAP.
99
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER XIV.
EARLY LETTERS .-- FIRST MAIL ROUTE .- FIRST POSTMASTER .- GEN- ERAL PERKINS AND MAIL ROUTES. - ELEAZER GILSON. - ASAEL ADAMS AS MAIL CARRIER .- CARRYING BULLETS TO GENERAL PER- KINS. - ADVERTISED LIST. - LIST OF WARREN POSTMASTERS .- PRESIDENTIAL OFFICE. 121
CHAPTER XV.
INDIAN PATHS .- FIRST ROADS .- COACHES. - FERRIES. - LOTTERY .- CANALS .- RAILROADS. 121
CHAPTER XVI .- BENCH AND BAR.
INTRODUCTION. - BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. - STORIES. - LIST OF JUDGES 112
CHAPTER XVII.
INDIANS AS WARRIORS .- STATE MILITIA .- SOLDIERS OF 1812 .- SOL- DIERS OF 1861 .- WARREN BENEVOLENT SOCIETY. 194
CHAPTER XVIII .- RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS.
CONNECTICUT LAW .- FIRST MISSIONARIES .- FIRST CHURCH IN OLD TRUMBULL COUNTY .- FIRST PREACHING .- BAPTIST CHURCH .- PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH-CHRIST CHURCH ( EPISCOPAL ) .- C'EN- TRAL CHRISTIAN CHURCH. - FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH .- ST. MARY'S CHURCH ( ROMAN CATHOLIC) .- GERMAN LUTHERAN CHURCH .- ZION REFORMED CHURCHI .- TOD AVENUE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH .- CHRISTIAN SCIENCE CHURCHI. -GRACE UNITED EVANGELICAL CHURCH .- SECOND CHRISTIAN CHURCH 235
CHAPTER XIX .- SCHOOLS.
SCHOOL LANDS IN WESTERN RESERVE .- FIRST SCHOOLS AND TEACHI- ERS IN WARREN. - WARREN ACADEMY. - SCHOOL DISCIPLINE .- SELECT SCHOOLS .- BEGINNING OF PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM .- EARLY TEACHERS AND SUPERINTENDENTS. - REMINISCENCES .- UNCOMFORTABLE SCHOOLHOUSES .- OLD-TIME PEDAGOGY. - WAR- REN SCHOOLHOUSES FOR FIFTY YEARS .- PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHT- ERS .- BOARD OF EDUCATION. - SUPERINTENDENTS. - ALUMNI OF WARREN HIGH SCHOOL. 281
CHAPTER XX .- MEDICINE.
FRATERNITY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY PHYSICIANS .- THEODORE SHEP- ARD, "PHYSICIAN."-WOMEN IN THE PROFESSION .- MIRACULOUS CURES. - JOHN W. SEELY. - JOHN B. HARMON. - DANIEL B. WOODS .- PHYSICIANS OF LATER TIMES. - MEDICAL NOTES. .. . .. 315
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXI.
MASONS .- ODD FELLOWS .- KNIGHTS OF PYTHILAS 337
CHAPTER XXII .- BANKS.
OLD WESTERN RESERVE BANK .- FIRST NATIONAL BANK .- WARREN SAVINGS BANK. - COMMERCIAL NATIONAL BANK. - UNION NA- TIONAL BANK. - SECOND NATIONAL BANK. - TRUMBULL NA- TIONAL BANK .- WESTERN RESERVE NATIONAL BANK .- FARMERS" BANKING COMPANY OF WEST FARMINGTON .- DOLLAR SAVINGS BANK COMPANY OF NILES .- FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF CORT- LAND .- NORTH BLOOMFIELD BANKING COMPANY. 347
CHAPTER XXIII-NEWSPAPERS.
FIRST NEWSPAPER ON WESTERN RESERVE, "TRUMP OF FAME."- CHANGED TO "WESTERN RESERVE CHRONICLE."-PECULIAR CLIP- PINGS FROM "TRUMP OF FAME."-"TRUMBULL COUNTY WHIG." -"TRUMBULL COUNTY DEMOCRAT."-"WARREN DAILY CHRON- ICLE."-"NEWS LETTER."-"THE CONSTITUTION."-"THE WARREN RECORD." - "WESTERN RESERVE DEMOCRAT." -"WARREN TRIB- UNE."-"THE LIBERTY HERALD."-"THE CORTLAND GAZETTE."- -"CORTLAND HERALD." -"NILES INDEPENDENT." -"NILES NEWS" 356
CHAPTER XXIV .- CEMETERIES.
FIRST BURYING GROUND IN WESTERN RESERVE .- WARREN CEMETERY AND ITS DISTINGUISHED DEAD .- COFFINS AND HEARSES .- OAK- WOOD CEMETERY. 369
CHAPTER ANT.
AGRICULTURAL FAIRS .- FIRST MILLS 314
CHAPTER XXVI.
WARREN DEBATING SOCIETY .- MEMBERS AND DESCENDANTS .- PUBLIC LIBRARY .- CIRCULATING LIBRARY .- WARREN LIBRARY ASSOCIA- TION .- THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY .- TRUMBULL COUNTY ARTISTS. . 39
CHAPTER XXVII.
FIRE DEPARTMENT .- FIRE OF 1846 .- PRIMITIVE METHODS OF FIRE PROTECTION .- FIRE COMPANIES AND APPARATUS .- "THE GREAT FIRE."-CITY ILALL AND PAID DEPARTMENT. 388
CHAPTER XXVIII.
GERMAN AMERICAN FAMILIES OF TRUMBULL COUNTY. - DANIEL BISCHOFF .- CHRISTIANAR, VOIT, DIETZ, SHIALER. DERR, GOERING. IIUCKE, WALDECK, KOEHLER. ETC 39€
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXIX .- BRACEVILLE.
JONATHAN BRACE .- OVIATT FAMILY .- OTHER SETTLERS .- SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES .- PHALANX .- "BATTLE OF THE SNAKES."-TOR- NADO. 401
CHAPTER XXX .- BAZETT.A.
BAZETTA AND THE COUNTY SEAT. - FIRST SETTLERS. - FIRST OR-
CHARD .- BACONSBURG OR CORTLAND .- SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. . 408
CHAPTER XXXI .- BLOOMFIELD.
FIRST PROPRIETORS. - GRAND RIVER AND BLOOMFIELD SWAMPS .- FERRY FAMILY .- A PIONEER DOG .-- MEN AND WOMEN OF NOTE. -BROWN FAMILY .- SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. 413
CHAPTER XXXII .- BROOKFIELD.
"THE GREEN."-FIRST PERSONS AND EVENTS .- MILLS AND BLAST FURNACE .- SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS .- CHURCHES. 424
CHAPTER XXXIII .- BRISTOL.
GERMAN SETTLERS. - BAUGHMAN, SAGER AND BARBE. - SCHOOLS .- MENNONITE AND OTHER RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS. - TEM- PERANCE 428
CHAPTER XXXIV .- CHAMPION.
THE RUTAN FAMILY. - A PET DEER. - WILLIAM WOODROW. - MRS. WALKER'S EXPERIENCE WITH A BEAR .- EARLY SCHOOL TEACH- ERS .- CHURCHES. . 433
CHAPTER XXXT .- FARMINGTON.
ORIGINAL OWNERS AND NAME .- THE . WOLCOTTS .- TAFTSVILLE .- MIRS. JAMES STULL .- LEE FAMILY .- THE HYDES .- OTHER PIONEERS. -CHARLES A. DANA. - SCHOOLS. - FARMINGTON ACADEMY. - SUBSCRIPTION LIST FOR PREACHERS .- CHURCH SOCIETIES. 441
CHAPTER XXXVI .- FOWLER.
SALT MANUFACTURE BY INDIANS. - MRS. ASA FOOTE. - "TYRRELL HILL"-AN IMPORTANT MANUFACTURER .- THE MORROW, BALD- WIN, DOUD AND ALDERMAN FAMILIES .- CONGREGATIONAL, METII- ODIST AND CHRISTIAN CHURCHES. 452
CHAPTER XXXVII .- GREENE.
CANADIAN IMMIGRANTS. - THE WAKEFIELDS, HARRINGTONS AND OTHER PIONEERS. - CHARACTER OF FIRST SETTLERS. - PIONEER INCIDENTS .- EPITAPHS. - R. C. RICE'S REMINISCENCES. - FOR- MATION OF THE TOWNSHIP. - CALVINIST PIONEERS. - FIRST CHURCHES .- A BEAR STORY .- ATTENDING THE CORWIN MEET- ING .- THE SCHOOLS OF GREENE .- THE HARRINGTON SCHOOL. . . 158
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXXVIIL .- GUSTAVUS.
PELTON FAMILY. - THE GILDERS. - CALVIN CONE. - OTHER EARLY FAMILIES. - JOHN BROWN, JR. - A GREAT INVENTOR. - PHYSI- CIANS .- SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS .- RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS. .. 474
CHAPTER XXXIX .- HARTFORD.
BURGHILL, BROCKWAY'S HILL, DUTCH RIDGE .- THE BRAINARD AND BUSINELL FAMILIES. - ARRIVAL OF ELAM JONES. - FIRST EVENTS. - TEACHERS OF THE FIRST SCHOOLS. - CHURCH COM- MINION IS A GROVE .- FANNY DANA GAGE .- ORANGEVILLE. . ... 484
CHAPTER XL .- HOWLAND.
JOHN HART ADGATE .- DANIEL HANK .- A NOTED HOTEL .- SEELY FAMILY .- BARBER KING .- RATLIFFS. - REEVES FAMILY. - THE HEATON STOVE .- EWALT .- KENNEDY .- SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS. -HOWLAND FLAG STONE .- CHURCHES. 493
CHAPTER ALI .- HUBBARD.
SAMUEL TYLEE. - WILLIAM BURNETT. - OTHER EARLY FAMILIES .- ASAEL ADAMS' SCHOOL .- IRON AND COAL .- RELIGIOUS ORGANIZA- TIONS .- COALBURG. 501
CHAPTER XLH .- JOHNSTON.
CAPTAIN BRADLEY'S FAMILY. - TWO MECHANICS. - THE HINE PARTY .- SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. 508
CHAPTER XLII .- KINSMAN.
JOHN KINSMAN .- A PARTY OF FAMOUS MEN .- A CHEERFUL. ENER- HETIC WOMAN .- KINSMAN MILL .- DR. ALLEN .- A CENTURY-OLD CHURCH .- KINSMAN SCHOOLS. 513
CHAPTER XLIV .- LIBERTY.
FIRST SETTLERS .- GIRARD, CHURCHILL AND SODOM .- THIE PROMI- VENT FAMILIES OF TOWN AND COUNTRY .- GERMAN AMERICAN RESIDENTS .- SCHOOL> .- FIRST CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS. - LIB- ERTY CHURCHES 523
CHAPTER XLV .- LORDSTOWN.
SMALL HOMESTEADS IN THE BEGINNING .- A LAAND DEAL .- BAILEY'S CORNERS .- WELL KNOWN FAMILIES .- SCHOOLS .- RELIGION .... 538
CHAPTER XLVI .- MECCAA.
TURHAND KIRTLAND .- FIRST SETTLERS AND EVENTS .- TEACHERS AND SCHOOLHOUSES .- OIL SPECULATION .- "DIXIE."-THE CHURCHES 545
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER XLVII .- MESOPOTAMIA.
THE NAME .- SPERRY FAMILY .- THE GUILDS. -- TRACY. -- PIONEER DEVELOPMENT .- FIRST TEACHING AND PREACHING. . . 551
CHAPTER NEVIL .- NEWTON.
NEWTON FALLS .- " PRICETOWN."-JESSE HALLIDAY .- DR. BRONSON. -NEWTON FALLS VILLAGE. - SCHOOLS. - CHERCHE ORGANIZA- TIONS
CHAPTER XLIX .- SOUTHINGTON.
YANKEE SETTLERS. - THE NORTON FAMILY. - AN UNPROFESSIONAL PHYSICIAN .- WHITE .- THE SCHOOLS .- RELIGION AND ITS AD- HIERENTS .. 565
CHAPTER L .- VERNON.
THOMAS GIDDINGS' NARRATIVE .- THE ARRIVAL OF THE FIRST SET- TLERS AND THEIR EXPERIENCES .-- "BODILY EXERCISES."-MYRA K. PELTON'S ARTICLE .- SAD AND ROMANTIC INCIDENTS OF PIO- VEER LIFE .- VERNON'S NOTABLE FAMILIES. -- FIRST METHODIST CLASS IN RESERVE .- OTHER CHURCHES .- VERNON SCHOOLS. . . . 522
CHAPTER LI .- VIENNA.
FIRST EVENTS. - BATHSHEBA BURR. - HUTCHINS. - WOODFORD. - WHEELER .- BARTHOLOMEW .- BETTS .- JUMISON. - BALDWIN. - MACKEY .- THE SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. ..
589
CHAPTER LII .- WEATHERSFIELD.
HARMON FAMILY. - OHILTOWN. - MINERAL RIDGE. - NILES. - IRON MANUFACTURE .- THE EATON FAMILY .- FOUNDING AND GROWTHI OF NILES .- WILLIAM MCKINLEY .- SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. . . . 599
CHAPTER LIII.
CIVIL LISTS. - STATE SENATORS. - MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. - STATE REPRESENTATIVES .- GOVERNORS FROM TRUMBULL COUNTY .- MIS- CELLANEOUS NOTES 613
HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY
CHAPTER I.
REASONS FOR COLONIZATION .- COLUMBUS .- ISABELLA .- PILGRIMS. -PURITANS.
Desire for money and desire for religious liberty, in the ratio of ninety-nine to one, were the means of colonizing the New World. Women as well as men have had a hand in this coloniza- tion, but whereas the motive in men has been largely commer- cial, in women it has been largely religious.
When Columbus had declared his belief in a round world and had explained to leading men the great commercial advan- tages awaiting the nation which would finance his scheme, he was ridiculed. Few men believed he could find the gold of the east by sailing west. Columbus, as man has always done when he has utterly failed with men, turned to a woman-a queen. To be sure, he told her of the eastern gold which would be hers and of the fame which would come to Spain but he dwelt at great length on the opportunities she had for planting her religion in a new world.
History tells us that, because of her devotion to her church, she sold her jewels and raised the necessary money. At any rate, we know she herself contributed more than half the money he needed, and made the town of Palos give him two vessels. The discoveries he made did reflect credit upon her kingdom, and through the upper parts of South America and most of the West India Islands, Spanish is the language spoken, and the Roman Catholic religion is the universal religion. That religion, especially its ritual, is making itself felt in the United States today in ways we hardly recognize. That church mod-
Vol. 1-1
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HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY
ified the forms of the pagan worship and adopted them as their own. The Anglican church follows moderately many of these forms, while the ordinary Protestant chmureh follows today at a respectful distance. Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, and so on, read the Psalter, sing the Gloria, say the Creed, repeat the Lord's Prayer, and take on other forms to make the service attractive and effective. Three or four churches other than Catholic and Episcopal in Warren, in this year (1909) had ap- propriate services anring Holy Week. The vestments of the Episcopal priest are fashioned a little more and more after his Romish brother, while the garments of Protestant clergymen distinguish them often from their fellow men. In fact, if the Pilgrims, as they stepped upon the rock, conld have had a vision of the church of today, with its stained glass, its organ, its choir, its forms and ceremonies, possibly they would have re-embarked.
The Puritans came to this country seeking religions lib- erty. These Puritans were both men and women, they had been born in a constitutional monarchy where the established church was powerful, and the man became the monarch of the family, and the man preacher, the ruler of the community. On the rocky coast of New England the Puritan mother helped to carve out the nation, as well as did the Puritan father. She loved religions liberty as well as did he, but she spoke and acted at second hand. If she felt so strongly that she let her voice be heard, she endangered her life and was sometimes hung or burned as a witch or disturber. As we look back at the early Massachusetts days, we marvel at those early women. Accus- tomed to a mikl climate, they bore the severities of their new home with utmost patience and resignation. They bore and buried their children, in great numbers, and most of them vielded up their lives when young. Hundreds of grave-stones in New England, with only a little modification, testify that "Mary Anne Smith died at the age of twenty-six, leaving eight children to the tender mercy of God."
People of today are not alone in wondering how the Puritan could think he had religious liberty in his new home, for some of the Massachusetts residents at the time also thought so. To have more liberty and a larger chance for making money, these dissatisfied people moved on into Connecticut.
Still later, commereialism and religion, the latter's voice somewhat weakened, allured Connecticut people to Pennsyl-
3
HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY
vania. Here other men, also with love of money and religion, met them and after conflict turned them back, or rather the survivors.
Later, the Connecticut people made another effort, going in the eastern corner of the North-West Territory, where they accumulated property and modifled their religion and became powerful and prosperous, as we shall see.
CHAPTER II.
SPAIN .- PORTUGAL .- FRANCE .- ENGLAND .- THE VIRGINIA CHARTER.
Columbus was not the first man to believe the world was round, but he really believed it, and was anxious to prove what was then a theory. In August, 1492, with three small vessels and about one hundred men, some of them criminals, he set sail, and on October 12th sighted land, one of the Bahamas. Later he discovered Cuba. He returned home in January. Isabella and Ferdinand, and in fact all Spaniards were overjoyed at the success of the enterprise. The Queen hastened to the Pope, Alexander VI, and asked him to grant to Spain dominion over this new land.
When in the beginning Columbus had tried to interest the Portuguese in his adventure, that country had pretended it be- lieved nothing in the theory, but true to their reputed natures, while denying his claim, these people started out sailors to make the voyage, thus hoping to obtain the glory themselves. These sailors, however, had not the faith of Columbus, and, soon be- coming disheartened, turned back. However, when Columbus returned, Portugal was chagrined and immediately sent an ex- pedition to India, via Cape Hope, and thus De Gama, in 1498, reached the land all were seeking, before any European. These facts would be of no interest to the readers of this history, ex- cept that Pope Alexander believed Portugal as well as Spain had reached the "Golden Land," and "drawing a meridian one hundred leagnes west of the Azores, decreed that all new lands west of this line should belong to Spain, and those east to Portugal."
Columbus died without knowing that he had discovered a new world. On his second voyage he visited Porto Rico, which island, four hundred years later, was a part of the United States.
Spain and Portugal owned the land in the new world, pro-
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5
HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY
vided the people who lived here (erroneously named Indians) had no claim to the forests over which their fathers had roamed many centuries before either Portugal or Spain had heard of a round world or a short passage to India, and provided the Norsemen were not exploring with the idea of colonizing, which they were probably not.
Stupid, pennrions Henry VHE was quite disturbed by Colum- bus' snecess, and in 1497 sent John Cabot after India's gold, and the next year sent Sebastian Cabot, the son, on the same errand. The father landed on the North American coast and the son in the territory of the United States. Neither found treasure of any kind, and so England discontinued her voyages although upon these two expeditions England later laid claim to a goodly part of the land east of the Mississippi.
Spain for many years sent explorers or colonies to the new world, sometimes to South America and the Islands, some- times to Mexico, to Florida, to California and the country in between. However, about one hundred years from the time of Columbus' first voyage it became understood that Spain would confine herself to the southern part of the Northern continent.
France was slow in attempting to colonize in the western hemisphere. It was more than one hundred and fifty years from Columbus' first voyage before the Huguenots, for religious rea- sons, fled from France to make a new home in Florida. As this land was elaimed by the Spanish, the Spanish Christians slew the French Liberal Christians, and were in turn hanged by the French Regular Christians. Oh! the agony, the bloodshed, the torture inflicted by those supposing themselves to be the fol- lowers of the gentle, loving, the non-resisting Jesus.
In 1535 the French sailed into the St. Lawrence and from that time on made excursions in all directions. In 1605 there was a permanent settlement in Nova Scotia. In 1660 they were on Lake Superior, in 1673 on the upper Mississippi, in 1679 La Salle launched a boat of sixty tons, the "Griffin," on Lake Erie, and proceeded up the lakes. In 1682 he was at the monthi of the Mississippi. In fact, on the border of the land elaimed by the English, the French military posts were numerous and were constantly encroaching.
We remember that it was Isabella who started Columbus on the discovery of the new land, and it was Elizabeth who really began the planting of the English in the western world.
As we have seen, Henry VIE was a stingy fellow and too
6
HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY
self-centered to see beyond his borders. It is hardly for us, .Trumbull County descendants of the New England pioneers, to dwell on Henry's penuriousness, because this trait our ancestors brought with them into New England, on into New Connectient, and the great-great-grandchildren of Trumbull County, as a rule, hold on to the purse strings rather closely. They not only do not sell all that they have and give to the poor, but many of them think themselves the poor without reason. However, Trumbull County is not the only spot on earth where people are saving or where the church doctrine is not followed to the letter.
Henry VIII had to give much time to what for politeness is called "domestic affairs," but what in reality was a licentious life. He divorced and killed wives, and in the name of the church tortured and dispatched Christians.
Many historians try to belittle Elizabeth, saying the success of her reign was due not to her own ability, but to the wise men she drew around her. If this be true, does that fact itself not show a sagacious mind? It has been said that she was not virtuous. That is what the world says of any woman who has ability and talent, and uses them in a new line. It is the thing women, as a whole, least deserve and most dread. Elizabeth knew what they said,-she did not care. Wise was she, far wise above her generation. She may have had lovers in the insinu- ating sense, but she judieiously avoided a husband. She was a woman, and in that far-away time, heads rolled off of shoul- ders easily at a wave of a majestic hand and she did not like it. The position of heads was quite normal during her reign. She knew husbands could not be divorced without punishment. whereas lovers could be set aside easily; the quieter, the better.
At any rate, Elizabeth had time for things other than do- mestic (here, domestic is as applied usually to men), and one of these things was colonizing the new world. She granted charters to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and she and Sir Walter Raleigh real- ized that the new world was the place to cripple Spain. With the assistance of Sir Thomas Drake, a gentleman in those days, a pirate in onrs, she made the beginning.
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