Biographical history of northeastern Ohio : embracing the counties of Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning, Part 1

Author: Lewis Publishing Company
Publication date: 1893
Publisher: Chicago : Lewis Pub. Co.
Number of Pages: 786


USA > Ohio > Mahoning County > Biographical history of northeastern Ohio : embracing the counties of Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning > Part 1
USA > Ohio > Trumbull County > Biographical history of northeastern Ohio : embracing the counties of Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning > Part 1
USA > Ohio > Ashtabula County > Biographical history of northeastern Ohio : embracing the counties of Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning > Part 1


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org.


Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85 | Part 86 | Part 87 | Part 88 | Part 89 | Part 90 | Part 91



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GEN


SEN


ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY


L 3 1833 02399 2123


GENEALOGY 977.101 AS8B


Biographical History


-OF-


NORTHEASTERN OHIO


Embracing the Counties of


Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning.


Containing Portraits of all the Presidents of the United States, with a Biography of each, together with Portraits and Biographies of Joshua R. Giddings, Benjamin F. Wade, and a large number of the Early Settlers and Represent- ative Families of to-day.


" Biography is the only true history."-Emerson. «


CHICAGO: THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1893.


Van norman 2.00


OCT 10 193%.


PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.


George Washington. .


9


John Adams


14


Thomas Jefferson


20


James Buchanan


80


James Madison


26


Abraham Lincoln


84


James Monroe


32


Andrew Johnson


93


John Quincy Adams


38


Ulysses S. Grant


96


Andrew Jackson


47


R. B. Hayes.


102


Martin Van Buren


52


J. A. Garfield.


109


William Henry Harrison


56


Chester A. Arthur


113


Grover Cleveland


117


Benjamin Harrison


120


Zachary Taylor


68


415125


John Tyler


60


James K. Polk.


64


Millard Fillmore.


Franklin Pierce


BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.


A


Bonnell, W. S 617


Boone, George .599


Booth, C. C. . 696


Bosworth, Mary J 253


Ague, James. 400


Aldrich, E. T. C. 196


Allen, J. E.


220


Allen, J. F


498


Allison, W. C .. .309


Alloway, G. W. 488


Anderson, W. S. 646


Andrews, Austin


458


Andrews, Lucius


.406


Andrews, W. C.


414


Applegate, J. .600


Arner, A. L. .


181


Austin, Harmon. .416


Austin, H. F .250


B


Badger, L. D. 209


Bailey, A. D. 254


Baker, A. R. 239


Baker, G. A. .635


Baldwin, Jesse 680


Baldwin, L. I. 215


Banning, A. .. 443


Barber, B. O. 297


Bardwell, H. J. .538


Bassett, H. P. 372


Bates, H. J.


.349


Battles, B. T. .269


Battles, G. W .357


Beals, A. E ..


234


Beals, Ethener


.234


Bean, J. H. . .


.552


Beardsley, L. M. .345


Beckwith, H. P.


.172


Beckwith, P. G 172


Beebe, R. D 279


Beeman, Wm. .239


Belden, A ... .301


Benedict, Hiram 267


Bentley, A. G. .484


Bentley, Mary .603


Benton, W. S .352


Betteker, Martin .369


Betts, E. J 235


Bixler, F. .649


Blackman, I. G .. 695


Blackman, S. P. .597


Blakeley, Henry .229


Blood, F. B .. 219


Clark, James 511


Dodge, C. R.


.420


Blosser; Jacob. .. 660


Bonnell, Henry. .603


Bonnell, H. O. .606


Bonnell, J. M. . .572


Clark, Smith.


267


Clarke, J. H. 621


Cline, L. S 492


Cobb, R. A. 299


Cochran, L. E. .557


Cole, L. S. 287


Coleman, Francis 155


Colton, H. F 266


324


Cook, M. W 273


Cook, Nicholas 274


Cooper, D. P.


544


Cooper, 517


Cooper, R. 649


Cooper, Wm. 578


Cornelius, Wm 644


Cornell, A. B. 471


Cowdery, N. A. 441


Cranage, G. H.


.371


Crandall, Nelson 469


Creed, J. A. 625


Crosby, D. L. 198


Crum, Gideon. 578


Crum, Levi .634


Cunningham, J. S 558


Curry, Z. P.


553


D


Dabney, Wm 340


Dana, W. H. 554


Darling, O. C. 213


Davey, T. E. 652


Davidson, D. A. 543


Davidson, James .669


Davis, G. C. 663


Davis, J. R. 535


Davis, J. S ..


550


Davis, R. W 139


Davis, Wm.


269


Davis, Wm. 286


Dean, A. L. . 284


Dean, M. A. 300


323


Deemer, W. R.


.562


243 Deetrick, John. .682


Cessna, J. P 577 De Hart, C. P .. 230


Dennison, D. G .343


.344


Chinnock, A. E.


437


Dennison, J. S.


Detchon, Oswald .630


Dickey, J. W .. .534


Dickinson, G. W


207


Dickson, J. A. .681


.490


Clark, M. S 705 Dow, J. M. 170


Clark, Mrs. M. S 708 Drake, A. A .. 353


Clark, S. C .. 271 Drennen, Grant .347


Durst, E. L ..


.371


Clark, W. N


338


Durst, Lewis.


.370


Bonnell, Wm. .601


C


Cadwell, J. P. 146


Caldwell, J. A. 167


Caldwell, P. T. 489


Callahan. D. 443


Calvin, A. 580


686


Campbell, L. L.


Campbell, W. L


Cantwell, J. F


686


Carlile, S. 304


Carlton, S. P 392


Carson, J. G.


384


Carson, W. F 667


Case, Bert. 325


Case, G. S 349


Case, W. N.


Cassidy, James


Chaffee, J. G.


327


Chinnock, C. J


Christophel, P 664


Chryst, S. R. 503


Clapp, C. F 357


Clark & Rader 338 Dickson, J. M.


265


Bubb, C. C. 436


Buck, M. 652


Burnett, A. C. 512


Bush, Lewis. 705


Bushnell, J. C. A. 186


Buss, Wm. G. 149


Butler, C. W. 547


Butler, J. G., Jr 467


Butts, J. R. 256


Byrnes, H. O. .. 347


Bowman, J. C. 299


Brady, J. E. 504


Breaden, Wm 487


Brenner, C. F. 625


Brinkerhoff, E. .279


Bronson, Wm. 314


Brooke, G. W .684


Brooks, A. J


330


Brown, J. S.


Cook, James.


Abell, L. 264


Adams, F. T. .551


Botsford, J. L. 687


403


693


Campbell, B. M 615


V


CONTENTS.


E


Eddy, B. O. 732


Edson, Royal. 154


Edwards, Wm. J 721


Edwards, J. H. 523


Eichhorn, J. F


469


Ellis, Wm. B.


668


Ensign, J. N 308


Erskine, James .542


Ewalt, Harris. 376


Ewalt, J. H. 348


Ewing, John 711


F


Fansler, Henry 395


Fassett, Henry. 221


Fee, Wm. T .. 373


Fenstermaker, P 380


Fenstermaker, S. 402


Fenton, C. S. 243


F'errin, G . . .631


Ferry, N. F


293


Fink, John. .482


Fisk, David 402


X Fitch, Z. R. 151


Ford, E. L. . .. 459


Hills, H. B.


470


Ford, J. S. 568


Ford, Tod 702


Forney, Abram .634


Foster, L. T .636


Fowler, James 244


Frazier, S. R. .573


Frederick, I. L. 724


Fredericks, J. N 194


Freer, F. F. 438


Fulkerson, C 556


G


Gault, John .. 520


Gething, E. C. .563


Gibson, R. D. .650


Gibson, W. T. 464


Giddings, J. R 125


Gilbert, A. S. 414


Gilchrist, W. L 152 Gillen, Peter. 611


Gilling, James 281


Gordon, A. H. 292


Graham, A. C 280


Granger, Isaac 309


Green, J. R. 720


Griffin, W. J 346


Gross, E. C 193


Groves, J. 303


H


Hahn, W. I .514


Hall, Curtis 288


Hall, D. 332


Hall, H. E. 584


Hall, H. HI 134


Hall, J. A 332


Hall, Jesse .331


Hall, Wm .. 332


Hamilton, H 474


K


Kay, J. T. .532


Keefer, Jonathan. 237


Keefer, George 315


Keene, J. F. .410


Kennedy, C. C 854


Kennedy, J. L.


408


Kennedy, J. B. .500


Kennedy, J. P .620


Kennedy, W. W .383


Kepner, A. P. .: 246


Kincaid, R.


King, A. P.


.318


King, J. F.


King, L. W 561


King, S. S. .382


Kirk, Wm .. 579


Kirtland, C. 'N 703


Kline, Abram 375


Klute, John .. 523


Knapp, Obed. 143


Knauf, Frank .576


Knox, T. S. 276


Kotheimer, J. B .622


Kroeck, August. .633


L


Lane, L. 526


Laver, J .. .690


Lawyer, C., Jr .. 214


Leach, Benjamin. .400


Leach, John


.550


Leitch, A. J 251


Lett, John. 485


Lett, John S. 642


Lewis, G. S. .. 246


Lewis, G. T. .680


Lewis, J. B. .415


Lewis, R. K. 257


Lillibridge, D. S 260


Lillie, F. M. .593


Lindsley, A. H. 153


Lipply, Benjamin ... 683


Lipply, C. 463


Lipply, S 196


Loftns, Peter


201


Logan, Mathiew 678


Lomax, Eliab. .434


Loutzenhisar, T 329


Loveland, D. S. 704


Loveless, W. A. 295


Love, S. L ... 567


Lower, Jacob. 628


Lowry, J. J 714


Lung Bros. 540


Lynn, E. F. 698


Lynn, G. E. 326


M


Maag, Wm. F. ,20


Mackey, James 694


Mackey, James 731


Mackey, Robert. .605


Mahaffey, G. O. 188


Mangun, J. W. 537


Manning, W. J 524


I


Irwin, J W 365


Irwin, Wm.


.365


J


Jackson, J. M. 658


Jacobs, John. .304


Jacobs, M. F. .330


Jewett, G. F. .632


Job, D. M. 495


Johnson, E. 263


Johnson, Wallace. 263


Johnson, Wm. M: 531


Johnston, J. R. 564


Jones, A. W. 589


Jones, E. E. 199


Jones, E. R. .569


Jones, J. C. 359


Judd, John. .182


Justice, I. A. 509


413


Holloway, L. 590


Holman, Charles. 381


Horton, W. P.


231


Hoskins, A. O


218


Howard, Wm .. 242


Howells, Wm. Dean .184


Hubbard, A. F. 137


Hubbard, Henry 189


Hubbard, J. C. .226


Hughes, W. K. 545


Hulbert, J. D. 141


Hyde, Ira. 405


316


Hine, L. C.


274


Hiney, James


491


Hirst, B. D.


Hofses, George.


724


Holcomb, H. D


.566


Holliday, J. J


£42


Heasley, V 459


Heedy, H. W. 529


Henry, George


228


Hershey, S. B


168


Hickox, W. D. 255


Hilker, Charles 591


171


Ford, J. II. .. 499


Hine, D ..


713


Hatfield, M. I 436


Hathaway, I. N


173


Hawley, T. E ..


179


Hawley, T. R.


177


Hay, Alexander


150


Hays, R. P.


Hartzell, Henry. .360


Haskell, J. W. 203 258


Hassell, George


.303


Harris, Henry .582


Harris, James .351


Harris, W. E. 397


Hart, R. S .. 273


Harmon, Julian 421


Harrington, C. A .283


Harrington, F. 187


Harris, F. R. 248


Harman, David. .522


Harmon, John. 157


Hills,


291


Vi


CONTENTS.


Mannix, A. B 431


March, S. Q .. 448


Mason, II. H. 427


Mason, II. T. 379


Maxwell, A. B 725


Mayers, C. R 368


McCall, W. H 144


McClain, R. A. 609


McCombes, N. J 401


McCombs, Wm. 439


McCombs, W. S 518


Paulin, E. 689


Pease, Irwin 183


Perkins, H. B. 366


Perkins, Simon 387


Plan, A. C 496


Pine Hill Stock Farm, 690


Pinkerton, H. J 270


Pinkerton, R. C. 270


Poole, Calvin 176


Poole, H. H. 176


Powers, A. I. 430


Powers, M. W 540


Price, Jesse 616


Price, Samuel. 657


Putnam, C. S


190


Q


Miller, E. P.


725


Miller, I. B


653


Miller, R.


584


Miller, W. L.


711


Miner, A. G.


.341


Miner, F. B.


374


Read Family 277


Read, Ira.


277


Reddy, L. A.


460


Reed, E. A. 362


Reed, James


156


Reed, James 158


Reeve, A. L. 225


Reeve, L. C. 185


Reeve, Leonidas 133


Stewart, John.


275


Reeves, John 376 Stewart, J. J .. 313


Stewart, S. L. 450


Stiles, E H.


208


Stiles, W. R. 483


Storm, Michael 386


Storm, S 386


Ritter, Levi. 170 Streber, Edgar 628


Strock, C. H. 319


Strong, T. C. 200


Stroup, L. D 598


Strouse, J. D 521


Strouss, Isaac 543


Struble, J. C. 245


Stull, J. M. 403


Sullivan, J. J 339


Swain, Thomas 382


T


Tayler, G. H.


335


Tayler, R. W. 654


Tayler, Wick 653


Taylor, E. B. 305


Sayers, W. Y


409


Schiller, A. W.


Schnorrenberger, J. C. 552 Schnurrenberger, L. V. 665


Shafer, W. J. 391


Shaffer, D. D. 598


Shaw, John 660


Shay, M. H 640


Sherwood, H. A 334


Shields, J. D. 545


Shields, J. I). 648


Shields, J. G. 658


Shilling, Wm 506


Shook, Silas 630


Simons, W. E. 581


Simonton, L. J 497


Simpson, G. N 718


Smiley, F. M. 188


Smiley, W. H. 302


Smith, Alfred. 571


Smith, G. N. 444


Smith, H. D. 629


Smith, Ira. 468


Smith, John 648


Smith, Samuel 472


Smith, S. F 310


Snyder, F. J 244


Southwick, E. J 451


Spencer, P. R. 223


Sprague, W. E 612


Stambaugh, C. H. 338


Stambaugh, C. H. 431


Stambaugb, D. B.


685


Stambaugh, Jacob. 691


Stambaugh, Jacob. 623


Stam baugh, J. E. 608


Stambangh, John, Sr. 661


Stambaugh, John 670


Stambaugh, John, Jr 533


Stambaugh, Wm 338


Stewart, C. E 551


Stewart, H. T. 180


Moore, 'T. L.


528 148


Morford, C. R ..


Morris, Wm. M 224


Morrison, F. E. 230


Morrison, J. O 249


Morrison, J. W. 507


Morrison, W. A.


440


Morse, E. L. 236


Mott, L. W. 435


266


N


Neilson, James 650


Nessle, J. B. 519


Newton, North .549


Nutt, J. H. 525


0


Oatley, Burke 412


Oatley, Lewis. 240


Ohl, E. J 446


Ohl, L. C. 659


Oliver, Jerry 393


Orr, J. K 647


Orr, J. S. .4:6


Osborn, S. C. 233


Osborne, D. C. 145


Osborne, L. 699


Osgood, C. B


364


Osmer, A. F


I'


Palmer, O. A 290


Pardee, 1. Il. 234


Park, J. I. 536


Parsons, B. F 411


McCoy, Wm 648


Mccullough, J.


596


McDowell, R. J


240


McFarland, W. R


272


McIntyre, Hngh.


.333


McKelvey, H. C.


195


McKinney, A. C.


McNabb, C. W


655


McNamara, T.


645


McRoberts, James


378


Metcalf, E. R.


Merrill, L. F


466


Miller, C. A.


725


Miller, E. G.


734


Miller Family.


Quinby, G. II


312


R


Rader, James.


338


Ramsdell, J. B 320


Moherman, Daniel


637


Moherman, J. S. 659


Montgomery, R. M .539


Moore, D. T 703


733


Moore, II. R.


Regula, Fred. 328


Renkenberger, F. A


728


Renner, G. J


541


Reno, J. M


527


Rice, L. P 282


Ritezel, Wm 333


Robbins, T. N 311


Roberts, C. H. 252


Roe, H. H. 411


389


Rogers, Joseph. 340


Rogers, Loren


3-41


Roller, F. J


Rose, G. E. 697


Rose, T. H. 289


Rosensteel, W. W. 548


Rummell, Peter 447


Rupright, Win. 624


S


Sanderson, T. W 656


Sanford, L. W. 322


Taylor, E. E. 211


Moberman, Jobn F 627


247


Miller, Simon


389


617


McNabb, M. C.


.. 164


285


Murdock, George


Rogers, B


548


Stewart, John. 480


505


vii


CONTENTS.


Taylor, H. K


564


Taylor, Wm. 530


Williams, E. R.


179


Templeton, M. 565


Wade, E. C. 212


Williams, W. T


.399


Thomas, W. A.


445


Wadsworth, W. R. 385


353


Wilson, E. M


647


Thompson, R. F.


689


Walker, Elisha. 261


Wilson, H. C.


355


Tibbits, A.


356


Walker, Isaac. 702


Wilson, James, Sr


259


Tod, David


159


Walton, E. S


614


Wilson, James, Jr


249


Tod, Henry.


159


Warner, Jonathan 409


Wilson, J. P.


.407


Truesdale, C. R


676


Warren, A. E. 562


208


Wilson, W. W


433


Watson, Porter.


546


Wilson, W. W.


438


Webb, C. H.


.574


Winans, J. J. 361


Webster, E. B


555


Winfield, T. A.


285


Wehr, Perry.


Winfield, W. C.


.712


Weir, F. B.


394


Wing, J. K .. 453


Weir, John ..


394


Wirt, William 692


Ulrich, S. A .. .619


Wolcott, L. C.


241


Wheeler, A. A


Wolcott, O. L.


.396


White, A. C.


165


Wood, Myron


677


White, Frank


Woodman, B. H


197


Whitney, C. F


393


Whittlesey, E


722


Van Fleet, J. 674.


Wick, C. B.


461


Wick, Hugh B.


177


Van Orsdel, J. R. 386


Wick, M. C


.586


Van Wye, Abram 465


Wick, Paul 493


Y


Van Wye, H. W.


290


Willey, Andrew 902


Vogan, J. E.


473


Willey, A. P. 202


Williams, C. C. 395


Wade, B. F 199


Williams, W. J. 313


Wilson, D. M


639


Thomas, W. F.


359


Townsend, M. D


205


Troxel, G. F 327


Warner, M. J 217


Wilson, .O. O


Wilson, T. K.


.398


Truesdale, S. H


476


Tuttle, F. A.


147


Tuttle, G. M.


296


U


Underwood, R. A 238


V


Vail, J. W 710


Woolf, A. J 626


Woolf, Jacob. 560


Woolley, J. R


594


Ward, C. S 311


Wilson, Joseph


298


587


Watson, Peter H


517


Wellendorf, L


.575


317


513


Woodworth, L. D 515


Van Fossen, R B 363


Youngstown Printing Co .... .734


1


Thomas, Theodore .415


Wagstaff, Edward.


1


r


GEORGE WASHINGTON.


9


GEORGE W ASHINGTON.


EORGE WASHING- TON, the " Father of his Country" and its first President, 1789- '97, was born Febru- ary 22, 1732, in Wash- ington Parish, West- moreland County, Virginia. His father, Augustine Wash- ington, first married Jane But- ler, who bore him four chil- dren, and March 6, 1730, he married Mary Ball. Of six children by his second mar- riage, George was the eldest, the others being Betty, Samuel, John, Au- gustine, Charles and Mildred, of whom the youngest died in infancy. Little is known of the early years of Washington, beyond the fact that the house in which he was born was burned during his early child- hood, and that his father thereupon moved to another farm, inherited from his paternal ancestors, situated in Stafford County, on the north bank of the Rappahannock, where he acted as agent of the Principio Iron Works in the immediate vicinity, and died there in 1743.


From earliest childhood George devet- oped a noble character. He had a vigorous constitution, a fine form, and great bodily strength. His education was somewhat de-


fective, being confined to the elementary branches taught him by his mother and at a, neighboring school. He developed, how- ever, a fondness for mathematics, and en- joyed in that branch the instructions of a private teacher. On leaving school he re- sided for some time at Mount Vernon with his half brother, Lawrence, who acted as his guardian, and who had married a daugh- ter of his neighbor at Belvoir on the Poto- mac, the wealthy William Fairfax, for some time president of the executive council of the colony. Both Fairfax and his son-in-law, Lawrence Washington, had served with dis- tinction in 1740 as officers of an American battalion at the siege of Carthagena, and were friends and correspondents of Admiral Vernon, for whom the latter's residence on the Potomac has been named. George's inclinations were for a similar career, and a midshipman's warrant was procured for him, probably through the influence of the Admiral; but through the opposition of his mother the project was abandoned. The family connection with the Fairfaxes, how- ever, opened another career for the young man, who, at the age of sixteen, was ap- pointed surveyor to the immense estates of the eccentric Lord Fairfax, who was then on a visit at Belvoir, and who shortly after- ward established his baronial residence at Greenway Court, in the Shenandoah Valley.


PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.


Three years were passed by young Wash- ington in a rough frontier life, gaining ex- perience which afterward proved very es- sential to him.


In 1751, when the Virginia militia were put under training with a view to active service against France, Washington, though only nineteen years of age, was appointed Adjutant with the rank of Major. In Sep- tember of that year the failing health of Lawrence Washington rendered it neces- sary for him to seek a warmer climate, and George accompanied him in a voyage to Barbadoes. They returned early in 1752, and Lawrence shortly afterward died, leav- ing his large property to an infant daughter. In his will George was named one of the executors and as eventual heir to Mount Vernon, and by the death of the infant niece soon succeeded to that estate.


On the arrival of Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia in 1752 the militia was reorganized, and the prov- ince divided into four districts. Washing- ton was commissioned by Dinwiddie Adju- tant-General of the Northern District in 1753, and in November of that year a most important as well as hazardous mission was assigned him. This was to proceed to the Canadian posts recently established on French Creek, near Lake Eric, to demand in the name of the King of England the withdrawal of the French from a territory claimed by Virginia. This enterprise had been declined by more than one officer, since it involved a journey through an ex- tensive and almost unexplored wilderness in the occupancy of savage Indian tribes, either hostile to the English, or of doubtful attachment. Major Washington, however, accepted the commission with alacrity ; and, accompanied by Captain Gist, he reached Fort Le Bœuf on French Creek, delivered his dispatches and received reply, which, of course, was a polite refusal to surrender the posts. This reply was of such a character


as to induce the Assembly of Virginia to authorize the executive to raise a regiment of 300 men for the purpose of maintaining the asserted rights of the British crown over the territory claimed. As Washing- ton declined to be a candidate for that post, the command of this regiment was given to Colonel Joshua Fry, and Major Washing- ton, at his own request, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel. On the march to Ohio, news was received that a party previously sent to build a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela with the Ohio had been driven back by a considerable French force, which had completed the work there be- gun, and named it Fort Duquesne, in honor of the Marquis Duquesne, then Governor of Canada. This was the beginning of the great " French and Indian war," which con- tinued seven years. On the death of Colonel Fry, Washington succeeded to the com- `mand of the regiment, and so well did he fulfill his trust that the Virginia Assembly commissioned him as Commander-in-Chief of all the forces raised in the colony.


A cessation of all Indian hostility on the frontier having followed the expulsion of the French from the Ohio, the object of Washington was accomplished and he re- signed his commission as Commander-in- Chief of the Virginia forces. He then pro- ceeded to Williamsburg to take his seat in the General Assembly, of which he had been elected a member.


January 17, 1759, Washington married Mrs. Martha (Dandridge) Custis, a young and beautiful widow of great wealth, and de- voted himself for the ensuing fifteen years to the quiet pursuits of agriculture, inter- rupted only by his annual attendance in winter upon the Colonial Legislature at Williamsburg, until summoned by his country to enter upon that other arena in which his fame was to become world wide.


It is unnecessary here to trace the details of the struggle upon the question of local


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GEORGE WASHINGTON.


self-government, which, after ten years, cul- minated by act of Parliament of the port of Boston. It was at the instance of Virginia that a congress of all the colonies was called to meet at Philadelphia September 5, 1774, to secure their common liberties-if possible by peaceful means. To this Congress Colonel Washington was sent as a dele- gate. On dissolving in October, it recom- mended the colonies to send deputies to another Congress the following spring. In the meantime several of the colonies felt impelled to raise local forces to repel in- sults and aggressions on the part of British troops, so that on the assembling of the next Congress, May 10, 1775, the war prepara- tions of the mother country were unmis- takable. The battles of Concord and Lex- ington had been fought. Among the earliest acts, therefore, of the Congress was the selection of a commander-in-chief of the colonial forces. This office was unani- mously conferred upon Washington, still a member of the Congress. He accepted it on June 19, but on the express condition he should receive no salary.


He immediately repaired to the vicinity of Boston, against which point the British ministry had concentrated their forces. As early as April General Gage had 3,000 troops in and around this proscribed city. During the fall and winter the British policy clearly indicated a purpose to divide pub- lic sentiment and to build up a British party in the colonies. Those who sided with the ministry were stigmatized by the patriots as " Tories," while the patriots took to them- selves the name of " Whigs."


As early as 1776 the leading men had come to the conclusion that there was no hope except in separation and indepen- dence. In May of that year Washington wrote from the head of the army in New York: " A reconciliation with Great Brit- ain is impossible. When I took command of the army I abhorred the idea | fender of their liberties, and everywhere


of independence ; but I am now fully satis- fied that nothing else will save us."


It is not the object of this sketch to trace the military acts of the patriot hero, 10 whose hands the fortunes and liberties of the United States were confided during the seven years' bloody struggle that ensued until the treaty of 1783, in which England acknowledged the independence of each of the thirteen States, and negotiated with them, jointly, as separate sovereignties. The merits of Washington as a military chief- tain have been considerably discussed, espe- cially by writers in his own country. Dur- ing the war he was most bitterly assailed for incompetency, and great efforts were made to displace him; but he never for a moment lost the confidence of either the Congress or the people. December 4, 1783, the great commander took leave of his offi- cers in most affectionate and patriotic terms, and went to Annapolis, Maryland, where the Congress of the States was in session, and to that body, when peace and order prevailed everywhere, resigned his com- mission and retired to Mount Vernon.


It was in 1788 that Washington was called to the chief magistracy of the nation. He received every electoral vote cast in all the colleges of the States voting for the office of President. The 4th of March, 1789, was the time appointed for the Government of the United States to begin its operations, but several weeks elapsed before quorums of both the newly constituted houses of the Congress were assembled. The city of New York was the place where the Congress then met. April 16 Washington left his home to enter upon the discharge of his new duties. He set out with a purpose of traveling privately, and without attracting any public attention ; but this was impossi- ble. Everywhere on his way he was niet with thronging crowds, eager to see the man whom they regarded as the chief de-


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PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.


he was hailed with those public manifesta- tions of joy, regard and love which spring spontaneously from the hearts of an affec- tionate and grateful people. His reception in New York was marked by a grandeur and an enthusiasm never before witnessed in that metropolis. The inauguration took place April 30, in the presence of an immense multitude which had assembled to witness the new and imposing ceremony. The oath of office was administered by Robert R. Livingston, Chancellor of the State. When this sacred pledge was given, he retired with the other officials into the Senate chamber, where he delivered his inaugural address to both houses of the newly con- stituted Congress in joint assembly.


In the manifold details of his civil ad- ministration, Washington proved himself equal to the requirements of his position. The greater portion of the first session of the first Congress was occupied in passing the necessary statutes for putting the new organization into complete operation. In the discussions brought up in the course of this legislation the nature and character of the new system came under general review. On no one of them did any decided antago- nism of opinion arise. All held it to be a limited government, clothed only with spe- cific powers conferred by delegation from the States. There was no change in the name of the legislative department; it still remained "the Congress of the United States of America." There was no change in the original flag of the country, and none in the seal, which still remains with the Grecian escutcheon borne by the eagle, with other emblems, under the great and expressive motto, " E Pluribus Unum."


The first division of parties arose upon the manner of construing the powers dele- gated, and they were first styled "strict constructionists " and " latitudinarian con- structionists." The former were for con- fining the action of the Government strictly


within its specific and limited sphere, wni'e the others were for enlarging its powers by inference and implication. Hamilton and Jefferson, both members of the first cabinet. were regarded as the chief leaders, respect ively, of these rising antagonistic parties which have existed, under different names from that day to this. Washington was re garded as holding a neutral position between them, though, by mature deliberation, he vetoed the first apportionment bill, in 1790, passed by the party headed by Hamilton, which was based upon a principle construct- ively leading to centralization or consoli- dation. This was the first exercise of the veto power under the present Constitution. It created considerable excitement at the time. · Another bill was soon passed in pur- suance of Mr. Jefferson's views, which has been adhered to in principle in every ap portionment act passed since.




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