USA > Ohio > Mahoning County > Biographical history of northeastern Ohio : embracing the counties of Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning > Part 1
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USA > Ohio > Ashtabula County > Biographical history of northeastern Ohio : embracing the counties of Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning > Part 1
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GEN
SEN
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
L 3 1833 02399 2123
GENEALOGY 977.101 AS8B
Biographical History
-OF-
NORTHEASTERN OHIO
Embracing the Counties of
Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning.
Containing Portraits of all the Presidents of the United States, with a Biography of each, together with Portraits and Biographies of Joshua R. Giddings, Benjamin F. Wade, and a large number of the Early Settlers and Represent- ative Families of to-day.
" Biography is the only true history."-Emerson. «
CHICAGO: THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1893.
Van norman 2.00
OCT 10 193%.
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
George Washington. .
9
John Adams
14
Thomas Jefferson
20
James Buchanan
80
James Madison
26
Abraham Lincoln
84
James Monroe
32
Andrew Johnson
93
John Quincy Adams
38
Ulysses S. Grant
96
Andrew Jackson
47
R. B. Hayes.
102
Martin Van Buren
52
J. A. Garfield.
109
William Henry Harrison
56
Chester A. Arthur
113
Grover Cleveland
117
Benjamin Harrison
120
Zachary Taylor
68
415125
John Tyler
60
James K. Polk.
64
Millard Fillmore.
Franklin Pierce
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
A
Bonnell, W. S 617
Boone, George .599
Booth, C. C. . 696
Bosworth, Mary J 253
Ague, James. 400
Aldrich, E. T. C. 196
Allen, J. E.
220
Allen, J. F
498
Allison, W. C .. .309
Alloway, G. W. 488
Anderson, W. S. 646
Andrews, Austin
458
Andrews, Lucius
.406
Andrews, W. C.
414
Applegate, J. .600
Arner, A. L. .
181
Austin, Harmon. .416
Austin, H. F .250
B
Badger, L. D. 209
Bailey, A. D. 254
Baker, A. R. 239
Baker, G. A. .635
Baldwin, Jesse 680
Baldwin, L. I. 215
Banning, A. .. 443
Barber, B. O. 297
Bardwell, H. J. .538
Bassett, H. P. 372
Bates, H. J.
.349
Battles, B. T. .269
Battles, G. W .357
Beals, A. E ..
234
Beals, Ethener
.234
Bean, J. H. . .
.552
Beardsley, L. M. .345
Beckwith, H. P.
.172
Beckwith, P. G 172
Beebe, R. D 279
Beeman, Wm. .239
Belden, A ... .301
Benedict, Hiram 267
Bentley, A. G. .484
Bentley, Mary .603
Benton, W. S .352
Betteker, Martin .369
Betts, E. J 235
Bixler, F. .649
Blackman, I. G .. 695
Blackman, S. P. .597
Blakeley, Henry .229
Blood, F. B .. 219
Clark, James 511
Dodge, C. R.
.420
Blosser; Jacob. .. 660
Bonnell, Henry. .603
Bonnell, H. O. .606
Bonnell, J. M. . .572
Clark, Smith.
267
Clarke, J. H. 621
Cline, L. S 492
Cobb, R. A. 299
Cochran, L. E. .557
Cole, L. S. 287
Coleman, Francis 155
Colton, H. F 266
324
Cook, M. W 273
Cook, Nicholas 274
Cooper, D. P.
544
Cooper, 517
Cooper, R. 649
Cooper, Wm. 578
Cornelius, Wm 644
Cornell, A. B. 471
Cowdery, N. A. 441
Cranage, G. H.
.371
Crandall, Nelson 469
Creed, J. A. 625
Crosby, D. L. 198
Crum, Gideon. 578
Crum, Levi .634
Cunningham, J. S 558
Curry, Z. P.
553
D
Dabney, Wm 340
Dana, W. H. 554
Darling, O. C. 213
Davey, T. E. 652
Davidson, D. A. 543
Davidson, James .669
Davis, G. C. 663
Davis, J. R. 535
Davis, J. S ..
550
Davis, R. W 139
Davis, Wm.
269
Davis, Wm. 286
Dean, A. L. . 284
Dean, M. A. 300
323
Deemer, W. R.
.562
243 Deetrick, John. .682
Cessna, J. P 577 De Hart, C. P .. 230
Dennison, D. G .343
.344
Chinnock, A. E.
437
Dennison, J. S.
Detchon, Oswald .630
Dickey, J. W .. .534
Dickinson, G. W
207
Dickson, J. A. .681
.490
Clark, M. S 705 Dow, J. M. 170
Clark, Mrs. M. S 708 Drake, A. A .. 353
Clark, S. C .. 271 Drennen, Grant .347
Durst, E. L ..
.371
Clark, W. N
338
Durst, Lewis.
.370
Bonnell, Wm. .601
C
Cadwell, J. P. 146
Caldwell, J. A. 167
Caldwell, P. T. 489
Callahan. D. 443
Calvin, A. 580
686
Campbell, L. L.
Campbell, W. L
Cantwell, J. F
686
Carlile, S. 304
Carlton, S. P 392
Carson, J. G.
384
Carson, W. F 667
Case, Bert. 325
Case, G. S 349
Case, W. N.
Cassidy, James
Chaffee, J. G.
327
Chinnock, C. J
Christophel, P 664
Chryst, S. R. 503
Clapp, C. F 357
Clark & Rader 338 Dickson, J. M.
265
Bubb, C. C. 436
Buck, M. 652
Burnett, A. C. 512
Bush, Lewis. 705
Bushnell, J. C. A. 186
Buss, Wm. G. 149
Butler, C. W. 547
Butler, J. G., Jr 467
Butts, J. R. 256
Byrnes, H. O. .. 347
Bowman, J. C. 299
Brady, J. E. 504
Breaden, Wm 487
Brenner, C. F. 625
Brinkerhoff, E. .279
Bronson, Wm. 314
Brooke, G. W .684
Brooks, A. J
330
Brown, J. S.
Cook, James.
Abell, L. 264
Adams, F. T. .551
Botsford, J. L. 687
403
693
Campbell, B. M 615
V
CONTENTS.
E
Eddy, B. O. 732
Edson, Royal. 154
Edwards, Wm. J 721
Edwards, J. H. 523
Eichhorn, J. F
469
Ellis, Wm. B.
668
Ensign, J. N 308
Erskine, James .542
Ewalt, Harris. 376
Ewalt, J. H. 348
Ewing, John 711
F
Fansler, Henry 395
Fassett, Henry. 221
Fee, Wm. T .. 373
Fenstermaker, P 380
Fenstermaker, S. 402
Fenton, C. S. 243
F'errin, G . . .631
Ferry, N. F
293
Fink, John. .482
Fisk, David 402
X Fitch, Z. R. 151
Ford, E. L. . .. 459
Hills, H. B.
470
Ford, J. S. 568
Ford, Tod 702
Forney, Abram .634
Foster, L. T .636
Fowler, James 244
Frazier, S. R. .573
Frederick, I. L. 724
Fredericks, J. N 194
Freer, F. F. 438
Fulkerson, C 556
G
Gault, John .. 520
Gething, E. C. .563
Gibson, R. D. .650
Gibson, W. T. 464
Giddings, J. R 125
Gilbert, A. S. 414
Gilchrist, W. L 152 Gillen, Peter. 611
Gilling, James 281
Gordon, A. H. 292
Graham, A. C 280
Granger, Isaac 309
Green, J. R. 720
Griffin, W. J 346
Gross, E. C 193
Groves, J. 303
H
Hahn, W. I .514
Hall, Curtis 288
Hall, D. 332
Hall, H. E. 584
Hall, H. HI 134
Hall, J. A 332
Hall, Jesse .331
Hall, Wm .. 332
Hamilton, H 474
K
Kay, J. T. .532
Keefer, Jonathan. 237
Keefer, George 315
Keene, J. F. .410
Kennedy, C. C 854
Kennedy, J. L.
408
Kennedy, J. B. .500
Kennedy, J. P .620
Kennedy, W. W .383
Kepner, A. P. .: 246
Kincaid, R.
King, A. P.
.318
King, J. F.
King, L. W 561
King, S. S. .382
Kirk, Wm .. 579
Kirtland, C. 'N 703
Kline, Abram 375
Klute, John .. 523
Knapp, Obed. 143
Knauf, Frank .576
Knox, T. S. 276
Kotheimer, J. B .622
Kroeck, August. .633
L
Lane, L. 526
Laver, J .. .690
Lawyer, C., Jr .. 214
Leach, Benjamin. .400
Leach, John
.550
Leitch, A. J 251
Lett, John. 485
Lett, John S. 642
Lewis, G. S. .. 246
Lewis, G. T. .680
Lewis, J. B. .415
Lewis, R. K. 257
Lillibridge, D. S 260
Lillie, F. M. .593
Lindsley, A. H. 153
Lipply, Benjamin ... 683
Lipply, C. 463
Lipply, S 196
Loftns, Peter
201
Logan, Mathiew 678
Lomax, Eliab. .434
Loutzenhisar, T 329
Loveland, D. S. 704
Loveless, W. A. 295
Love, S. L ... 567
Lower, Jacob. 628
Lowry, J. J 714
Lung Bros. 540
Lynn, E. F. 698
Lynn, G. E. 326
M
Maag, Wm. F. ,20
Mackey, James 694
Mackey, James 731
Mackey, Robert. .605
Mahaffey, G. O. 188
Mangun, J. W. 537
Manning, W. J 524
I
Irwin, J W 365
Irwin, Wm.
.365
J
Jackson, J. M. 658
Jacobs, John. .304
Jacobs, M. F. .330
Jewett, G. F. .632
Job, D. M. 495
Johnson, E. 263
Johnson, Wallace. 263
Johnson, Wm. M: 531
Johnston, J. R. 564
Jones, A. W. 589
Jones, E. E. 199
Jones, E. R. .569
Jones, J. C. 359
Judd, John. .182
Justice, I. A. 509
413
Holloway, L. 590
Holman, Charles. 381
Horton, W. P.
231
Hoskins, A. O
218
Howard, Wm .. 242
Howells, Wm. Dean .184
Hubbard, A. F. 137
Hubbard, Henry 189
Hubbard, J. C. .226
Hughes, W. K. 545
Hulbert, J. D. 141
Hyde, Ira. 405
316
Hine, L. C.
274
Hiney, James
491
Hirst, B. D.
Hofses, George.
724
Holcomb, H. D
.566
Holliday, J. J
£42
Heasley, V 459
Heedy, H. W. 529
Henry, George
228
Hershey, S. B
168
Hickox, W. D. 255
Hilker, Charles 591
171
Ford, J. II. .. 499
Hine, D ..
713
Hatfield, M. I 436
Hathaway, I. N
173
Hawley, T. E ..
179
Hawley, T. R.
177
Hay, Alexander
150
Hays, R. P.
Hartzell, Henry. .360
Haskell, J. W. 203 258
Hassell, George
.303
Harris, Henry .582
Harris, James .351
Harris, W. E. 397
Hart, R. S .. 273
Harmon, Julian 421
Harrington, C. A .283
Harrington, F. 187
Harris, F. R. 248
Harman, David. .522
Harmon, John. 157
Hills,
291
Vi
CONTENTS.
Mannix, A. B 431
March, S. Q .. 448
Mason, II. H. 427
Mason, II. T. 379
Maxwell, A. B 725
Mayers, C. R 368
McCall, W. H 144
McClain, R. A. 609
McCombes, N. J 401
McCombs, Wm. 439
McCombs, W. S 518
Paulin, E. 689
Pease, Irwin 183
Perkins, H. B. 366
Perkins, Simon 387
Plan, A. C 496
Pine Hill Stock Farm, 690
Pinkerton, H. J 270
Pinkerton, R. C. 270
Poole, Calvin 176
Poole, H. H. 176
Powers, A. I. 430
Powers, M. W 540
Price, Jesse 616
Price, Samuel. 657
Putnam, C. S
190
Q
Miller, E. P.
725
Miller, I. B
653
Miller, R.
584
Miller, W. L.
711
Miner, A. G.
.341
Miner, F. B.
374
Read Family 277
Read, Ira.
277
Reddy, L. A.
460
Reed, E. A. 362
Reed, James
156
Reed, James 158
Reeve, A. L. 225
Reeve, L. C. 185
Reeve, Leonidas 133
Stewart, John.
275
Reeves, John 376 Stewart, J. J .. 313
Stewart, S. L. 450
Stiles, E H.
208
Stiles, W. R. 483
Storm, Michael 386
Storm, S 386
Ritter, Levi. 170 Streber, Edgar 628
Strock, C. H. 319
Strong, T. C. 200
Stroup, L. D 598
Strouse, J. D 521
Strouss, Isaac 543
Struble, J. C. 245
Stull, J. M. 403
Sullivan, J. J 339
Swain, Thomas 382
T
Tayler, G. H.
335
Tayler, R. W. 654
Tayler, Wick 653
Taylor, E. B. 305
Sayers, W. Y
409
Schiller, A. W.
Schnorrenberger, J. C. 552 Schnurrenberger, L. V. 665
Shafer, W. J. 391
Shaffer, D. D. 598
Shaw, John 660
Shay, M. H 640
Sherwood, H. A 334
Shields, J. D. 545
Shields, J. I). 648
Shields, J. G. 658
Shilling, Wm 506
Shook, Silas 630
Simons, W. E. 581
Simonton, L. J 497
Simpson, G. N 718
Smiley, F. M. 188
Smiley, W. H. 302
Smith, Alfred. 571
Smith, G. N. 444
Smith, H. D. 629
Smith, Ira. 468
Smith, John 648
Smith, Samuel 472
Smith, S. F 310
Snyder, F. J 244
Southwick, E. J 451
Spencer, P. R. 223
Sprague, W. E 612
Stambaugh, C. H. 338
Stambaugh, C. H. 431
Stambaugb, D. B.
685
Stambaugh, Jacob. 691
Stambaugh, Jacob. 623
Stam baugh, J. E. 608
Stambangh, John, Sr. 661
Stambaugh, John 670
Stambaugh, John, Jr 533
Stambaugh, Wm 338
Stewart, C. E 551
Stewart, H. T. 180
Moore, 'T. L.
528 148
Morford, C. R ..
Morris, Wm. M 224
Morrison, F. E. 230
Morrison, J. O 249
Morrison, J. W. 507
Morrison, W. A.
440
Morse, E. L. 236
Mott, L. W. 435
266
N
Neilson, James 650
Nessle, J. B. 519
Newton, North .549
Nutt, J. H. 525
0
Oatley, Burke 412
Oatley, Lewis. 240
Ohl, E. J 446
Ohl, L. C. 659
Oliver, Jerry 393
Orr, J. K 647
Orr, J. S. .4:6
Osborn, S. C. 233
Osborne, D. C. 145
Osborne, L. 699
Osgood, C. B
364
Osmer, A. F
I'
Palmer, O. A 290
Pardee, 1. Il. 234
Park, J. I. 536
Parsons, B. F 411
McCoy, Wm 648
Mccullough, J.
596
McDowell, R. J
240
McFarland, W. R
272
McIntyre, Hngh.
.333
McKelvey, H. C.
195
McKinney, A. C.
McNabb, C. W
655
McNamara, T.
645
McRoberts, James
378
Metcalf, E. R.
Merrill, L. F
466
Miller, C. A.
725
Miller, E. G.
734
Miller Family.
Quinby, G. II
312
R
Rader, James.
338
Ramsdell, J. B 320
Moherman, Daniel
637
Moherman, J. S. 659
Montgomery, R. M .539
Moore, D. T 703
733
Moore, II. R.
Regula, Fred. 328
Renkenberger, F. A
728
Renner, G. J
541
Reno, J. M
527
Rice, L. P 282
Ritezel, Wm 333
Robbins, T. N 311
Roberts, C. H. 252
Roe, H. H. 411
389
Rogers, Joseph. 340
Rogers, Loren
3-41
Roller, F. J
Rose, G. E. 697
Rose, T. H. 289
Rosensteel, W. W. 548
Rummell, Peter 447
Rupright, Win. 624
S
Sanderson, T. W 656
Sanford, L. W. 322
Taylor, E. E. 211
Moberman, Jobn F 627
247
Miller, Simon
389
617
McNabb, M. C.
.. 164
285
Murdock, George
Rogers, B
548
Stewart, John. 480
505
vii
CONTENTS.
Taylor, H. K
564
Taylor, Wm. 530
Williams, E. R.
179
Templeton, M. 565
Wade, E. C. 212
Williams, W. T
.399
Thomas, W. A.
445
Wadsworth, W. R. 385
353
Wilson, E. M
647
Thompson, R. F.
689
Walker, Elisha. 261
Wilson, H. C.
355
Tibbits, A.
356
Walker, Isaac. 702
Wilson, James, Sr
259
Tod, David
159
Walton, E. S
614
Wilson, James, Jr
249
Tod, Henry.
159
Warner, Jonathan 409
Wilson, J. P.
.407
Truesdale, C. R
676
Warren, A. E. 562
208
Wilson, W. W
433
Watson, Porter.
546
Wilson, W. W.
438
Webb, C. H.
.574
Winans, J. J. 361
Webster, E. B
555
Winfield, T. A.
285
Wehr, Perry.
Winfield, W. C.
.712
Weir, F. B.
394
Wing, J. K .. 453
Weir, John ..
394
Wirt, William 692
Ulrich, S. A .. .619
Wolcott, L. C.
241
Wheeler, A. A
Wolcott, O. L.
.396
White, A. C.
165
Wood, Myron
677
White, Frank
Woodman, B. H
197
Whitney, C. F
393
Whittlesey, E
722
Van Fleet, J. 674.
Wick, C. B.
461
Wick, Hugh B.
177
Van Orsdel, J. R. 386
Wick, M. C
.586
Van Wye, Abram 465
Wick, Paul 493
Y
Van Wye, H. W.
290
Willey, Andrew 902
Vogan, J. E.
473
Willey, A. P. 202
Williams, C. C. 395
Wade, B. F 199
Williams, W. J. 313
Wilson, D. M
639
Thomas, W. F.
359
Townsend, M. D
205
Troxel, G. F 327
Warner, M. J 217
Wilson, .O. O
Wilson, T. K.
.398
Truesdale, S. H
476
Tuttle, F. A.
147
Tuttle, G. M.
296
U
Underwood, R. A 238
V
Vail, J. W 710
Woolf, A. J 626
Woolf, Jacob. 560
Woolley, J. R
594
Ward, C. S 311
Wilson, Joseph
298
587
Watson, Peter H
517
Wellendorf, L
.575
317
513
Woodworth, L. D 515
Van Fossen, R B 363
Youngstown Printing Co .... .734
1
Thomas, Theodore .415
Wagstaff, Edward.
1
r
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
9
GEORGE W ASHINGTON.
EORGE WASHING- TON, the " Father of his Country" and its first President, 1789- '97, was born Febru- ary 22, 1732, in Wash- ington Parish, West- moreland County, Virginia. His father, Augustine Wash- ington, first married Jane But- ler, who bore him four chil- dren, and March 6, 1730, he married Mary Ball. Of six children by his second mar- riage, George was the eldest, the others being Betty, Samuel, John, Au- gustine, Charles and Mildred, of whom the youngest died in infancy. Little is known of the early years of Washington, beyond the fact that the house in which he was born was burned during his early child- hood, and that his father thereupon moved to another farm, inherited from his paternal ancestors, situated in Stafford County, on the north bank of the Rappahannock, where he acted as agent of the Principio Iron Works in the immediate vicinity, and died there in 1743.
From earliest childhood George devet- oped a noble character. He had a vigorous constitution, a fine form, and great bodily strength. His education was somewhat de-
fective, being confined to the elementary branches taught him by his mother and at a, neighboring school. He developed, how- ever, a fondness for mathematics, and en- joyed in that branch the instructions of a private teacher. On leaving school he re- sided for some time at Mount Vernon with his half brother, Lawrence, who acted as his guardian, and who had married a daugh- ter of his neighbor at Belvoir on the Poto- mac, the wealthy William Fairfax, for some time president of the executive council of the colony. Both Fairfax and his son-in-law, Lawrence Washington, had served with dis- tinction in 1740 as officers of an American battalion at the siege of Carthagena, and were friends and correspondents of Admiral Vernon, for whom the latter's residence on the Potomac has been named. George's inclinations were for a similar career, and a midshipman's warrant was procured for him, probably through the influence of the Admiral; but through the opposition of his mother the project was abandoned. The family connection with the Fairfaxes, how- ever, opened another career for the young man, who, at the age of sixteen, was ap- pointed surveyor to the immense estates of the eccentric Lord Fairfax, who was then on a visit at Belvoir, and who shortly after- ward established his baronial residence at Greenway Court, in the Shenandoah Valley.
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Three years were passed by young Wash- ington in a rough frontier life, gaining ex- perience which afterward proved very es- sential to him.
In 1751, when the Virginia militia were put under training with a view to active service against France, Washington, though only nineteen years of age, was appointed Adjutant with the rank of Major. In Sep- tember of that year the failing health of Lawrence Washington rendered it neces- sary for him to seek a warmer climate, and George accompanied him in a voyage to Barbadoes. They returned early in 1752, and Lawrence shortly afterward died, leav- ing his large property to an infant daughter. In his will George was named one of the executors and as eventual heir to Mount Vernon, and by the death of the infant niece soon succeeded to that estate.
On the arrival of Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia in 1752 the militia was reorganized, and the prov- ince divided into four districts. Washing- ton was commissioned by Dinwiddie Adju- tant-General of the Northern District in 1753, and in November of that year a most important as well as hazardous mission was assigned him. This was to proceed to the Canadian posts recently established on French Creek, near Lake Eric, to demand in the name of the King of England the withdrawal of the French from a territory claimed by Virginia. This enterprise had been declined by more than one officer, since it involved a journey through an ex- tensive and almost unexplored wilderness in the occupancy of savage Indian tribes, either hostile to the English, or of doubtful attachment. Major Washington, however, accepted the commission with alacrity ; and, accompanied by Captain Gist, he reached Fort Le Bœuf on French Creek, delivered his dispatches and received reply, which, of course, was a polite refusal to surrender the posts. This reply was of such a character
as to induce the Assembly of Virginia to authorize the executive to raise a regiment of 300 men for the purpose of maintaining the asserted rights of the British crown over the territory claimed. As Washing- ton declined to be a candidate for that post, the command of this regiment was given to Colonel Joshua Fry, and Major Washing- ton, at his own request, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel. On the march to Ohio, news was received that a party previously sent to build a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela with the Ohio had been driven back by a considerable French force, which had completed the work there be- gun, and named it Fort Duquesne, in honor of the Marquis Duquesne, then Governor of Canada. This was the beginning of the great " French and Indian war," which con- tinued seven years. On the death of Colonel Fry, Washington succeeded to the com- `mand of the regiment, and so well did he fulfill his trust that the Virginia Assembly commissioned him as Commander-in-Chief of all the forces raised in the colony.
A cessation of all Indian hostility on the frontier having followed the expulsion of the French from the Ohio, the object of Washington was accomplished and he re- signed his commission as Commander-in- Chief of the Virginia forces. He then pro- ceeded to Williamsburg to take his seat in the General Assembly, of which he had been elected a member.
January 17, 1759, Washington married Mrs. Martha (Dandridge) Custis, a young and beautiful widow of great wealth, and de- voted himself for the ensuing fifteen years to the quiet pursuits of agriculture, inter- rupted only by his annual attendance in winter upon the Colonial Legislature at Williamsburg, until summoned by his country to enter upon that other arena in which his fame was to become world wide.
It is unnecessary here to trace the details of the struggle upon the question of local
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GEORGE WASHINGTON.
self-government, which, after ten years, cul- minated by act of Parliament of the port of Boston. It was at the instance of Virginia that a congress of all the colonies was called to meet at Philadelphia September 5, 1774, to secure their common liberties-if possible by peaceful means. To this Congress Colonel Washington was sent as a dele- gate. On dissolving in October, it recom- mended the colonies to send deputies to another Congress the following spring. In the meantime several of the colonies felt impelled to raise local forces to repel in- sults and aggressions on the part of British troops, so that on the assembling of the next Congress, May 10, 1775, the war prepara- tions of the mother country were unmis- takable. The battles of Concord and Lex- ington had been fought. Among the earliest acts, therefore, of the Congress was the selection of a commander-in-chief of the colonial forces. This office was unani- mously conferred upon Washington, still a member of the Congress. He accepted it on June 19, but on the express condition he should receive no salary.
He immediately repaired to the vicinity of Boston, against which point the British ministry had concentrated their forces. As early as April General Gage had 3,000 troops in and around this proscribed city. During the fall and winter the British policy clearly indicated a purpose to divide pub- lic sentiment and to build up a British party in the colonies. Those who sided with the ministry were stigmatized by the patriots as " Tories," while the patriots took to them- selves the name of " Whigs."
As early as 1776 the leading men had come to the conclusion that there was no hope except in separation and indepen- dence. In May of that year Washington wrote from the head of the army in New York: " A reconciliation with Great Brit- ain is impossible. When I took command of the army I abhorred the idea | fender of their liberties, and everywhere
of independence ; but I am now fully satis- fied that nothing else will save us."
It is not the object of this sketch to trace the military acts of the patriot hero, 10 whose hands the fortunes and liberties of the United States were confided during the seven years' bloody struggle that ensued until the treaty of 1783, in which England acknowledged the independence of each of the thirteen States, and negotiated with them, jointly, as separate sovereignties. The merits of Washington as a military chief- tain have been considerably discussed, espe- cially by writers in his own country. Dur- ing the war he was most bitterly assailed for incompetency, and great efforts were made to displace him; but he never for a moment lost the confidence of either the Congress or the people. December 4, 1783, the great commander took leave of his offi- cers in most affectionate and patriotic terms, and went to Annapolis, Maryland, where the Congress of the States was in session, and to that body, when peace and order prevailed everywhere, resigned his com- mission and retired to Mount Vernon.
It was in 1788 that Washington was called to the chief magistracy of the nation. He received every electoral vote cast in all the colleges of the States voting for the office of President. The 4th of March, 1789, was the time appointed for the Government of the United States to begin its operations, but several weeks elapsed before quorums of both the newly constituted houses of the Congress were assembled. The city of New York was the place where the Congress then met. April 16 Washington left his home to enter upon the discharge of his new duties. He set out with a purpose of traveling privately, and without attracting any public attention ; but this was impossi- ble. Everywhere on his way he was niet with thronging crowds, eager to see the man whom they regarded as the chief de-
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PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
he was hailed with those public manifesta- tions of joy, regard and love which spring spontaneously from the hearts of an affec- tionate and grateful people. His reception in New York was marked by a grandeur and an enthusiasm never before witnessed in that metropolis. The inauguration took place April 30, in the presence of an immense multitude which had assembled to witness the new and imposing ceremony. The oath of office was administered by Robert R. Livingston, Chancellor of the State. When this sacred pledge was given, he retired with the other officials into the Senate chamber, where he delivered his inaugural address to both houses of the newly con- stituted Congress in joint assembly.
In the manifold details of his civil ad- ministration, Washington proved himself equal to the requirements of his position. The greater portion of the first session of the first Congress was occupied in passing the necessary statutes for putting the new organization into complete operation. In the discussions brought up in the course of this legislation the nature and character of the new system came under general review. On no one of them did any decided antago- nism of opinion arise. All held it to be a limited government, clothed only with spe- cific powers conferred by delegation from the States. There was no change in the name of the legislative department; it still remained "the Congress of the United States of America." There was no change in the original flag of the country, and none in the seal, which still remains with the Grecian escutcheon borne by the eagle, with other emblems, under the great and expressive motto, " E Pluribus Unum."
The first division of parties arose upon the manner of construing the powers dele- gated, and they were first styled "strict constructionists " and " latitudinarian con- structionists." The former were for con- fining the action of the Government strictly
within its specific and limited sphere, wni'e the others were for enlarging its powers by inference and implication. Hamilton and Jefferson, both members of the first cabinet. were regarded as the chief leaders, respect ively, of these rising antagonistic parties which have existed, under different names from that day to this. Washington was re garded as holding a neutral position between them, though, by mature deliberation, he vetoed the first apportionment bill, in 1790, passed by the party headed by Hamilton, which was based upon a principle construct- ively leading to centralization or consoli- dation. This was the first exercise of the veto power under the present Constitution. It created considerable excitement at the time. · Another bill was soon passed in pur- suance of Mr. Jefferson's views, which has been adhered to in principle in every ap portionment act passed since.
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