USA > Ohio > Champaign County > History of Champaign County, Ohio, its people, industries and institutions, Volume II > Part 1
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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1833 02399 2958
Gc 977.101 C35m v. 2 657178
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center
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HISTORY
OF
Champaign OHIO
County
ITS PEOPLE, INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS
JUDGE EVAN P. MIDDLETON Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Second Sub-Division of Second Judicial District of Ohio. Supervising Editor
With Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens and Genealogical Records of Many of the Old Families
VOLUME II
ILLUSTRATED
1917 B. F. BOWEN & COMPANY, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana.
33
657178 CONTENTS
CHAPTER I-RELATED STATE HISTORY
French Traders First White Men to Set Foot In the Northwest Territory- LaSalle's Expedition of 1670-Subsequent Explorations and Discoveries- Contentions Regarding Charters of English Colonies-Indians Make Gallant Fight to Retain Hunting Grounds-Tecumseh, the Washington of His Race- French and Indian War-Pontiac's Conspiracy-Revolutionary War Period- First Surveys and Early Settlers-Ordinance of 1787-Organization of Northi- west Territory-Representative Stage of Government-Division of 1800- County Organization Within the Territory-Indian Wars and the Treaty of Greenville-Formation of a New State and Location of Capital-Creation and Revisions of Constitution-Something of Ohio's Military Record-Land Grants and Various "Purchases"-Connecticut Reserve, Virginia Military District, United States Military Lands, the Refugee Tract and Congress Lands-Canal Grants, Turnpike Lands and Salt and School Sections-Ohio Politics and a List of the Governors of the State.
CHAPTER II-GEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. 62
Location and Boundaries of Champaign County-Average Climatic Condi- tions-Drainage and the Influence of Mad River-Dredging of the River and Tributary Streams, With Resultant Effect on Land Values-Notable Flood of 1913 and the Damage Created Thereby-Streams of County and General Soil Conditions-Valuable Forest Tracts-Aboriginal Mounds and Other Evidences of Former Presence of the Mound Builders-"Ludlow Line" and the Confusion It Has Created in Local Surveys-Bit of Detail With Respect to Israel Ludlow.
CHAPTER III-COUNTY ORGANIZATION
81
Act Erecting the County of Champaign-Confusion Regarding Original Bounds-Limits of County Prior to 1818-Relation to Neighboring Counties- Townships of Champaign County and First Steps in Organization of County-Location of the County Seat and Copy of the Original Agreement Providing Land for the Same-County Finances and Summary of Report of Transactions of the Recorder-Indebtedness and Annual Expenditures of the County-Population Statistics and Some Words in Conclusion.
CHAPTER IV-PUBLIC BUILDINGS OF CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 105
Story of the Development of the Court House from the Days When Local Justice Was Administered in a Log Cabin-Third Court House, a Part of the Present Building, and Details Regarding Changes in Original Plans and Delay in the Occupancy of the Edifice-Additions to the Old Building and . an Enthusiastic Editorial Comment on the Same-Development of Suitable Jail Quarters and Details Concerning the Erection of the Present Jail- County Infirmary and a Definite System of Poor Relief-County Hospital, Children's Home and the Care of the County's Blind.
132
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER V-ROSTER OF COUNTY AND STATE OFFICIALS
Comparison Made Between the Number of Officials Required to Serve the Needs of the People of Champaign County Today and the Number Required in the Days of the Beginning of a Social Order Here-List of the Various County Officials and of the State Representatives and State Senators Since the Organization of the County in 1805-Roster of Officials Serving the County in 1917 and a Statement of the Salary Attaching to Each of These Offices.
CHAPTER VI-TOWNSHIPS OF CHAMPAIGN COUNTY 145
But Eleven Townships in the County Now, Though One Hundred Years Ago it had Twenty-three-First Three Townships Organized by Associate Judges, Since Which Time County Commissioners Have Exercised That Function-The Eleven Lost Townships-Multiplicity of Township Officials Under the Ohio System and Some Comment Thereon-List of Township Officials in 1917.
CHAPTER VII-MAD RIVER TOWNSHIP 150
Named for the River Which Flows Through it from North to South- Organized in 1805 and Later Subjected to Boundary Changes, its Original Bounds Comprising Practically Half of the County-First Settler and Some Traditions Handed Down Regarding William Owens-Arrival of Other Settlers and First Election-Presence of Indians a Constant Menace, Leading to the Erection by the Pioneers of a Stockade-Difficulties Confronting Pioneers-Predominance of Virginians and Important Factors in the Early Settlement of the Township-Erection of Mills and Creation of Various Local Settlements, Including Westville, Lochardsville and Terre Haute.
CHAPTER VIII-SALEM TOWNSHIP 172
One of the Three Townships Established by the Associate Judges in the Spring of 1805-Influence of the "Ludlow Line" and the Transfer of Military Lands-Early Surveyors Face a Prolific Source of Trouble-Drainage and Topography-First Settler in the County and the Story of Dugan Run- Early Appearance of "Squatters" and Details of Township Organization- Incidents of Pioneer Life and of the Difficulties Faced by the First Settlers- Farming Conditions and the Advantage of Good Roads-Creation of Settle- ments and the Establishment of Kingston, or Kings Creek, and Kennard.
CHAPTER IX-CONCORD TOWNSHIP 19
Part of the Original Bounds of Mad River Township, from Which it Was Set Off in 1811-Definition of Limits of Township and a Story of the First Election-First Settlers and Some Other Early Arrivals-Prevalence of "Milk-Sickness"-Other Incidents Relating to the Life of the Pioneers-Dis- position of School Lands and Early Confusion in Boundaries-Atrocious Deed of Redskins-Organization of Schools and Churches and the Establish- ment of Settlements, Including Heathtown, Crayon, or Pekin, and Eris.
CHAPTER X-WAYNE TOWNSHIP 213
Part of the Original Township of Salem, Organized in the Spring of 1805, from Which it Was Set Off Prior to 1811, the Township as Now Constituted Lying Wholly Within the Virginia Military Survey, With the Exception of
CONTENTS.
Various Small portions in the Southwestern Part of the Township-Area and Topography-"The Line of Least Resistance"-Old Military Surveys and Original Proprietors-Original Poll-Book Record and Early Township Officials-Population Statistics-Early Settlers and Typical Pioneer Ex- periences-Organization of Schools and Churches and Development of Settlements, Including Those of Cable, Mingo and Middleton.
CHAPTER XI-UNION TOWNSHIP 248
One of the Townships Crossed by the Ludlow Line and in Consequence Part of its Surveys are Very Much Confused-Part of Salem Township Until Set Off from the Same in 1811-First Election and Names of Electors-Early Settlers and the Beginning of a Social Order-Confusion Regarding Original Surveys-Early Industries and the Creation of Settlements, Including Pollock Town, Mutual and Catawba.
CHAPTER XII-URBANA TOWNSHIP 261
Definitely Established Some Time Between 1811 and 1814, Though Date of Original Organization is Not Known-Drainage and Topography-First Election and Names of Electors-Early Settlement and the Creation of the County Seat, Which Has Maintained Its Own Separate Civic Career- Limits of the City of Urbana, Which is the Dominant Factor in the Town- ship-Village of Powhattan and Some of the Early Industries that Flourished There in the Days of Water Power.
CHAPTER XIII-GOSHEN TOWNSHIP
267
Lying Entirely Within the Virginia Military Survey, the Apparently Hap- hazard Method of Laying Out Farms and Roads is Accounted For-Drain- age and Topography, List of Original Proprietors and Development of High- ways-One of the First Townships in the County to Attract Settlers and Contains the Second Oldest Town in the County, Mechanicsburg-First Settler to Leave any Official Record of His Arrival and Some Other Early Pioneers-Platting of Mechanicsburg, Early Industries and Other Local Settlements.
CHAPTER XIV-HARRISON TOWNSHIP 278
Smallest Township in the County Was Originally a Part of Mad River Township and Did Not Acquire its Present Limits Until 1828-Drainage and Topography-Early Settlers and Some Interesting Incidents of Pioneer Days-Aboriginal Occupants of the Land Still Present in Considerable Num- bers When the Township Was Entered by Whites, But the Redskins Were Uniformly Peaceful and Never Troubled the Settlers-Early Industries and the Establishment of the Pleasant Village of Spring Hills, Originally Known as Middleburg, Which Was Platted in 1832.
CHAPTER XV-JACKSON TOWNSHIP 288
Part of the Original Township of Mad River, from Which it Was Set Off in 1817 and Named in Honor of the Hero of the Battle of New Orleans- Boundaries, Drainage and Topography and Natural Resources-List of Original Landowners and the Names of Some of Those Who Early Became Identified With the Life and Development of the Township-Some of the Township "Firsts," Including a Story of the First Merchant at Christians-
CONTENTS.
burg and Something Relating to the Founder of That Town and to the Early Industries of the Neighborhood-Railroads and Electric Lines, Changes in Farming Methods and Something About the Prosperous Creamery at Thackery.
CHAPTER XVI-JOHNSON TOWNSHIP
297
Named in Honor of Silas Johnson, its First Permanent Settler, it Was Set Off from Concord Township When Population Warranted the Commission- ers in Granting a Petition for a Separate Civic Identity-Middle Township of the Western Tier of Townships in County and Contains What is Regarded as the Highest Point in the State of Ohio-Drainage and Topography- Evidences of the Glacial Period-Largest Buckeye Tree in the State-Some of the First Settlers and Stories Relating to Pioneer Conditions-Schools and Churches-First Commercial Center in the Township and the Establish- ment of the Village of Millerstown.
CHAPTER XVII-RUSH TOWNSHIP
310
Originally a Part of Salem Township, Then of Wayne Township, and Was Set Off as a Separate Civic Unit in 1828-Prevalence of the Metes-and- Bounds System of Survey in Consequence of Lying Wholly Within the Old Virginia Military Survey-Drainage and Topography-Original Landowners and Something Relating to the First Settlers-List of Early Voters and a Story of the First Election Held in the Township-Coming of the Railroads- Early Mills and the Creation of Two Social Centers, the Villages of North Lewisburg and Woodstock.
CHAPTER XVIII-ADAMS TOWNSHIP 320
Last Township Organized in Champaign County, its Civil Organization Dating from 1828-Originally a Part of Mad River Township, it Later Became a Part of Johnson Township and so Remained Until it Set Up in Business for Itself-Drainage and Topography-Coming of the First Settlers and the First Record of Deed to Land in the Township-Bad Roads Retard Settlement-Early Mills and Milling-Organization of Schools and Churches and the Establishment of the Villages of Carysville and Rosewood.
CHAPTER XIX-AGRICULTURE 334
Comparison of the Methods of Farming Prevailing During the Days of the Pioneers and Those Which Lessen the Labor of the Farmer Today-Nature Indulgent to Champaign County-A Look Into the Days That Are Gone- Development of the Crops During the Past Hundred Years and More and Some Interesting Statistics Relating to the Leading Crops-Orchard and Garden Fruits-"Johnny Appleseed" -- The Cattle Industry and Points Relat- ing to Live Stock in General-Interesting Description of a Hog Drive in the Old Days-Patrons of Husbandry and an Enumeration of the Granges in the County-County Fairs and a Story Regarding the Work of the Cham- paign County Agricultural Society.
CHAPTER XX-THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 357
Hardships Endured by the Followers of AEsculapius During the Early Days of the County's Settlement and the Close Place Occupied by the Faithful Family Physician in the Homes of the Pioneers-Swamps and Lowlands
CONTENTS.
Fruitful Breeders of Disease and Fever and Ague Proved the Scourge of the Early Settlements-Every Family Had its Medicine Chest and Roots and Herbs Were Much Relied On-First Physician to Locate at Urbana and a List of the Physicians of Early Record, With Biographies of Many of them- County Medical Society in 1917 and a List of Physicians Now Practicing in the County-County Hospital and a Word Regarding Various Efforts to Establish Sanitariums Here.
CHAPTER XXI-BENCH AND BAR
385
Ubiquity of the Lawyer Consequent on Civilization's Demands for His Services as an Interpreter of the Ten Commandments-First Follower of the Original Moses to Locate in Champaign County Also Was Moses, But His Other Name Was Corwin-Since Then Many Lawyers Have Come and Gone and an Effort Has Been Made to Compile a List of all Who Have Practiced in the County from the Very Beginning of its Civic Entity More Than a Hundred Years Ago-Judicial System Prior to 1851-First Court in the County-Associate Judges-Justices of the Peace-Judges of the Com- mon Pleas Court-Probate Court and the Jurisdiction Thereof-Prosecuting Attorneys, the First of Whom to Appear in This County Was Arthur St. Clair, Son of the Former Governor of the Northwest Territory-Court Library of Champaign County.
CHAPTER XXII-CHAMPAIGN COUNTY JOURNALISM 407
Wherein is Found an Account of the Various Newspapers, Past and Present, Which Have Been Influential in the Advancement and Development of Cham- paign County Since the Days of the Beginning-Many Papers of Many Names by Many Men-Files of Early Papers Missing, Creating a Confusion of the Record, But it is Believed That all the Newspapers That Have Struggled for or Established an Existence Here Have Found Mention in This Chapter.
. CHAPTER XXIII-CHURCHES OF CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. 430
Importance of the Church as an Institution in Creating Stable Conditions in the Community-With Their Very First Bringings the Pioneers of Cham- paign County Brought With Them the Seeds of the Christian Religion and These Seeds Have Sprouted and Flourished Under the Faithful Cultivation of Those Who Came After Them-Comparison of the Services Held During the "Good Old Days" With Those Held Today-Interesting Pen Picture of a Pioneer Church Service-Camp Meetings of Other Days-List of the Active Churches in Champaign County Today, With Brief Histories of the Establishment and Progress of Most of Them.
CHAPTER XXIV-EDUCATION
530
Gradual Growth and Development of the School System of the State from the Days When an Acquaintance With the Rudiments of the Three Rs Was Regarded as a Sufficient Qualification for the Teacher and a Sufficiently Wide Range of Knowledge for the Pupil-Growth of the Curriculum, Con- solidation and Centralization of Rural Schools and the Creation of the Present Efficient School System-Normal Schools-List of Present Teachers in County-Beginning of the Common School and Some Early Statistics
CONTENTS.
Relating Thereto-Review of Schools by Townships-Graduates of the Urbana High School-Moore's Business College-Urbana University-Curry Institute.
CHAPTER XXV-LITERARY CLUBS AND THINGS THESPIAN 582
Review of the Various Organizations That Have Been Organized in Cham- paign County in Response to the Cultural Demands of the People, Together With a List of Many Who Have Tempted Fame or the Bubble Reputation Before the Footlights of the Stage or in the Tanbark Arena of the Circus.
CHAPTER XXVI-MUSIC AND ART IN CHAMPAIGN COUNTY 597
Herein is Found a Review of the Numerous Musical Societies That Have at One Time and Another Striven to Add to the Pleasure and Entertainment of the People of Champaign County, Together With a List of Those Who Have Striven in the Difficult Field of Art, in Which Are Found the Names of Some Who Have Achieved More Than Local Fame, Including One of the Greatest Sculptors America Has Ever Produced and an Artist Whose Work Was Pronounced by Competent Authorities to be as Fine as Had Ever Been Produced in This Country.
CHAPTER XXVII-PATRIOTIC ORGANIZATIONS 611
Four Posts of the Grand Army of the Republic, Several Corps of the Woman's Relief Corps, an Active Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Three Camps of the Sons of Veterans, a Woman's Auxiliary to the Same and a Command of the Spanish-American War Veterans are For- mally Banded for the Purpose of Keeping Alive the Sacred Flame of Patriotism Within the Borders of Champaign County.
CHAPTER XXVIII-FRATERNAL AND BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS 626 Review of the Various "Lodges" That Have Been Formed in Champaign County Based on the Noble Instinct of a Common Brotherhood of Man, These Organizations Including Such Orders as Those of the Masons, the Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the Improved Order of Red Men, the Modern Woodmen of America, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Knights of the Maccabees, the Fraternal Order of Eagles, the Loyal Order of Moose, the Knights of the Golden Eagle, the Knights of Columbus, the Independent Order of Foresters, the Junior Order of Union Mechanics and the Junior Order of United American Mechanics.
CHAPTER XXIX-MILITARY ANNALS. 665
Beginning With the Expedition of General Harmer Against the Indians in the Mad River Country in 1790, Every Generation of the Dwellers of This Region Has Been Stirred by War's Alarms and in This Chapter There is Set Out as Faithfully and Accurately As May Be an Account of Champaign County's Part in These Successive Wars, Including the Early Brushes With the Aboriginal Inhabitants in the Days of the Beginning of Settlement here, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the War of the Rebellion, the Spanish- American War and the Present Great World War, the Account Carrying the Names of Those from This County Who Participated in the Civil War and in the Spanish-American War and a List of Those Who Registered for the Selective Draft Upon This Country's Declaration of War Against Germany in the Spring of 1917.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXX-BANKS AND BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS __ 836 Review of the Old Days of the "Shin-Plaster" Currency, "Tokens" and "Sharp-Shins" and a History of the Various Banking Institutions That Have Been Founded in This Country, Together With Current Statements of Those Now Doing Business Here.
CHAPTER XXXI-TRANSPORTATION: HIGHWAYS AND RAILROADS ___ 855 One of the First and Most Important Problems Confronting the Early Settlers of This County Was the Building of Roads and This Chapter Re- views the Development of the Transportation Facilities of the County from the Days of the Beginning.
CHAPTER XXXII-WOODSTOCK 869
History of the Village of Woodstock Traced Back Nearly One Hundred Years, Including a Review of the Labors Necessitated by the Desire of the Early Settlers Thereabout for an Orderly Social Center.
CHAPTER XXXIII-CHRISTIANSBURG 891
Herein is Found a Comprehensive Review of the History of the Bustling Village Situated in the Southwest Corner of the County from the Days of Its Beginning When Platted by Joshua Howell Back in the Fall of 1817 and Named in Honor of His Old Home Town in Virginia.
CHAPTER XXXIV-NORTH LEWISBURG 898
This Village in the Northeastern Corner of the County Was Laid Out by Gray Gary in the Fall of 1826 and the Historian Has Endeavored to Present a Faithful Review of its Progress and Development from That Day to This.
CHAPTER XXXV-MECHANICSBURG 913
Bustling Little City in the Southeastern Part of the County, Was Laid Out by John Kain in 1814 and in This Chapter There is Set Out a Review of the Progress and Development of the Place During the More Than One Hundred Years That Have Intervened Since Then.
CHAPTER XXXVI-ST. PARIS 936
David Huffman, Who Platted and Founded St. Paris in the Fall of 1831, Designed to Call His Village "New Paris," But Another Town in the State Had Prior Claim to That Name and He Changed the "New" to "Saint". and Under That Name it Has Attained a Place of Importance Commensurate With its Aspirations, all of Which is Set Out in This Chapter.
CHAPTER XXXVII-URBANA, THE COUNTY SEAT 948
In This Chapter There Are Set Out at Length Details of the Founding of the City of Urbana, the Creation of the County Seat of Champaign County, the Names of the Men Who Took a Prominent Part in the Establishment of the City and of Early Settlers Therein, Together With a Comprehensive History of the Growth and Development of the City Along Industrial, Social, Cultural and Civic Lines, With Fitting Details of the Various Stages Which Have Marked That Growth.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXXVIII-CITIZENS OF A PAST GENERATION
1074
Wherein is Set Out a Roster of Some of the Men Known Aforetime in Champaign County Who by Virtue of Their Talents or Superior Attain- ments Rose to Positions Exalting Them Above the Level of Mediocrity- Included in This List Are Such Names as Those of Joseph Vance, Former Governor of Ohio; Simon Kenton, Pioneer Explorer and Indian Fighter, Who Wrote His Name Large in the History of the Middle West; William Ward, the Founder of Urbana, and Numerous Others Who In One Way or Another Placed This Generation Under a Debt of Obligation to Their Memories.
CHAPTER XXXIX-SIDELIGHTS; OR LIFE IN OTHER DAYS. 1109
In Which Concluding Chapter the Historian Has Assembled a Number of Anecdotes, Some Grave and Some Gay, But All Interesting and Illuminative of Conditions in the Days Now Long Gone, the Collection Setting Out in Various Ways, for the Instruction, Edification and Entertainment of Readers of the Present Generation a General Picture of Life Among the Pioneers of Champaign County, as Well as Numerous Points of Interest That Could Not Well be Touched on in the Chapters That Have Preceded This.
HISTORICAL INDEX
A
Abandonment of Rural Schools
531
Aboriginal Earthworks 71
Acetylene-gas Plant "Lets Go"
333
Act Establishing County
81.
Active Churches in County.
433
Active In Friends Church Work
230
Actors Reared In Champaign Coun-
ty 587
Adventurous Career, An. 375
Adams Township-
Arrivals During the '30s
327
Boundaries of
320
Carysville
328
Drainage and Topography
320
Early Industries.
323
Early Settlement Retarded
323
First Settlers
320
Origin of Name
321
Rosewood
331
Schools and Churches
328, 538
Tragic Campaign Rally
330
When Organized.
320
African M. E. Church
469
Agriculture
334
Agricultural Statistics
350
Altitude, Highest In State
297
Amusements of the Pioneers
1113
Ancient Mystery Unexplained
255
Anti-War Spirit In 1861
686
Arions Glee Club.
599
Art and Artists
597, 603
Assassination of President Lincoln_ 802
Associated Charities of Urbana
829
Associate Judges
393, 394
Atrocious Deed of Redskins
202
"A Wild, Reckless People"
317
P
Bad Roads Retard Settlement
323
Baldwin Mound, The
74
Banking In the Old Days
836
Banks of Champaign County
836-854
Banes, Dr. Evan
363
Baptist Churches
475-489
Barret, Abner
274
Battle of Fallen Timbers
34
Battle of Tippecanoe
33
Baxter, Stephen
622
Bench and Bar, The
385-406
Beginning of Common School
536
Benevolent Organizations
625-664
Benevolent and Protective Order of
Elks
655
Big Four Railroad.
864
Birth and Death Statistics
102
Blind of Champaign County.
129
Blockhouses of Pioneer Period
668
Boy Commits Suicide
284
Boy Scouts
934
Boundaries of Champaign County
62
Boundary Lines of State
60
Bounties Paid Soldiers
790, 797
Brand, William A ____ 411, 618, 753, 1059
Bridges, Heavy Expense for
855
Bridges Over Mad River
66
Breeding of Better Live Stock
345
Brown, C. R.
604
Buckeye Tree, Largest In State 299
Building and Loan Associations
836
Burden's Sharpshooters
750
Burnside, William
273
Byrd, Charles Willing.
39
C
Cable, Village of.
239
Camping Ground for Indians
254
Camp Meetings of Other Days __
432, 446, 472, 1136
Canal Grants, the.
56
Career Altered by Shipwreck
359
Carysville, Village of.
328
Catawba
260
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Catholic Churches.
513, 521
Cattle Industry, The 345
Centenarians of Champaign County, 1141
Centennial, County
1154
Centralized Schools.
532, 547
Champaign County In War.
665, 835
Champaign County In World War
812-835
Champaign County Journalism
407
Champaign Sanitarium
382
Chance, Frank.
1104
Chapman, Jonathan
343
Characteristic "Obituary"
415
Charities, Associated, of Urbana
829
Chautauqua
927
Cheney, Benjamin
251
Chicken Fanciers.
350
Children's Home, The
126
Chillicothe, Old Capital
47
Chipmuck Consumes Mill's Product_ 293
Christian Churches
503-507
Christianity In Champaign County __ 433 Christiansburg, Village Of-
Business Interests
895
Indian "Medicine Men"
892
Incorporation of.
893
McCrea's Store
891
Postoffice, The
896
Schools
541, 893
Some "Firsts"
894
When Platted.
891
Churches of Champaign County 430
Church of the New Jerusalem 525
Cider Press a Busy Industry
256
Cincinnati, Founding of
53
Circus Life Proves Attractive
593
City of Mechanicsburg
913-935
City of St. Paris
936-947
City of Urbana
948-1073
Civil War, The
628-798
Clifford, Billy "Single" 588
Climatic Conditions
62
Clothing of the Pioneers
1109
Coal Mine "Fizzled Out" 239
Colored Baptist Church
480
Colored Secret Societies.
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