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PUBLIC LIBRARY FORT WAYNE & ALLEN CO., IND.
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
V 1.3
GEN
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02324 119 0
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016
https://archive.org/details/historyofohioris03rand_0
HISTORY OF OHIO
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EMILIUS O. RANDALL and DANIEL J. RYAN
VOLUME THREE By DANUIL J. RYAN
THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY NEW YORK
1912
GOVERNOR EDWARD TIFFIN
From a painting in the Capitol at Columbus.
Born at Carlisle, England, June 19, 1766; studied medi- cine in Philadelphia and came to Charlestown, Virginia, in 1794; located at Chillicothe, in 1798; served as member of the House of Representatives in the first and second Territorial Legislatures; was President of the first Con- stitutional Convention, 1802; elected first Governor of Ohio, 1803, reelected in 1805; elected United States Senator, 1807; resigned March, 1809; Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives, 1809-1810; appointed first Commissioner of the Land Office, 1812; appointed Sur- veyor General of the West, 1814; died at Chillicothe, August 9, 1829.
History of Ohio
The Rise and Progress of an American State
-
By EMILIUS O. RANDALL and DANIEL J. RYAN
VOLUME THREE By DANIEL J. RYAN
THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY NEW YORK 1912
Printed by John C. Rankin Company, New York for The Century History Company
COPYRIGHT 1912 BY THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Publication Office 54 Dey Street, New York, N. Y. U. S. A.
PREFACE
T HIS volume covers that period in the history of the people of Ohio in which they displayed the fullest strength of their capacity for development and self government. It was the Heroic Age of their history. It was during this time that they felled the forests and tilled the soil, established popular government and founded a great State, subdued the Indians and repelled a foreign in- vader, built canals and constructed a common school system; and as a result of this their State leaped from the eighteenth in rank in population to the third, and all of this was accomplished in two score years.
This marvelous development was not due to the mere accretion of growth resulting from time, but it was the direct work of the men who met and solved the prob- lems of the period in which they lived. No better blood was ever given to found a State than that of the pioneers of Ohio; strong and healthy strains of other lands have since entered into its life.
Such a people cannot fail to have an interesting career, and in these pages is recorded their history. If, as Bacon says, "history makes men wise," it is be- cause he who writes it deducts lessons from the past. So, remembering that "history is philosophy teaching by example," I have not been content wholly with making this volume a mere chronological table or a skeleton of facts, but have at times undertaken by deduction, criticism or otherwise, to give the reader a text for the thoughtful consideration of the lessons that can be derived from the past.
Columbus, Ohio.
DANIEL J. RYAN.
. 2 0 195
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I.
THE SOCIAL LIFE OF THE PIONEERS
Judge Timothy Walker's Address 3
The Character of the Pioneers 4
The Advent of the Trappers 5
Dangers and Adventures of the First Settlers. 7
Their Ancestors and Blood. 8
Traits and Occupation. 9
Their Voyages on the Ohio River IO
Building the Cabin. II
How it was Furnished. 13
The Cooking of the Pioneer. 14
I5
The Husking Bee.
I6
Quilting Parties and Weddings
19
The Religious Temperament of the Pioneer.
21
The Camp Meeting.
22
The Revival of 1800.
23
James B. Finley, the Pioneer Preacher .
24
His Description of Spiritual Phenomenon. 25
The Early Schoolhouse. 27
The Rigorous Laws of the Time. 28
The Pillory and the Whipping Post. 30
Pioneer Courts and Judges 31
The Passing of the Cabin. 32
CHAPTER II.
THE BEGINNING OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT
IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY
The Governor and the Judges. 35
The First Territorial Legislature. 36
The Members of the House of Representatives. 37
The Members of the Legislative Council. 38 Cincinnati the Seat of Government. 39
Its Moral and Social Condition 40
The Men of the first General Assembly 41
A Conflict of Authority 45
His Dress and that of His Family
viii
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Locating County Seats. 46
The Work of the First General Assembly. 47
A System of Taxation Established 48
Slavery in the Territory 49
William Henry Harrison. 58
His Revision of the Land Laws. 59
Effects of His Plan. 61
The Lottery System. 62
Closing Days of the Legislature 63
Address to the President. 64
Opposition to Governor St. Clair 65
The Movement for Statehood Commences. 66
CHAPTER III.
THE STRUGGLE FOR STATEHOOD
Governor St. Clair Opposes Statehood 69
His Letter to William Henry Harrison 70
The Division of the Territory 7I
Effect of that Legislation 72
Nathaniel Massie's Settlement of Chillicothe 73
The Advent of Edward Tiffin 74
His Life and Work. 75
Governor Arthur St. Clair 78
His Revolutionary Record. 79
His Conflict with the Virginians 80
The Second Session of the Legislature. 81
An Address to the Governor 82
The Governor's Reply 83
Thomas Worthington's Efforts for Statehood 84
The Legislature is Prorogued. 85
Address by Edward Tiffin and Others. 86
St. Clair Reappointed Governor 88
Chillicothe Made the Capital. 89
The Conflict over Statehood 90
The Chillicothe Mob 92
The Political Assault on St. Clair 93
Charges Filed Against Him. 94
St. Clair's Letter to the President. 97
Jefferson Refuses to Remove St. Clair 99
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
1x
Arguments For and Against Statehood. IO0
Congress Passes Enabling Act for Ohio IOI Population of Territory in 1800. 106 The First Constitutional Convention and its Members 107
The Struggle for Statehood Ended. 108
CHAPTER IV.
THE FIRST CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
The Location of its Membership III
Their Character. II2
The Single Vote Against Statehood. II3
Cost of Constitutional Conventions
The Proposed Constitution II4
II5
The Article on the Judiciary
II6
The Bill of Rights. I18
No Sentiment for Slavery in Convention 119
The Insult to Governor St. Clair 120
His Offensive Address 121
The Constitution not Submitted to the People. 124
Jefferson's Influence on the Common People. I26
His Opinion on the Constitution. I27
His Removal of Governor St. Clair. 129
St. Clair's Letter to Madison. 130
The Subsequent Life of St. Clair . I33
A Summary of the New Constitution 136
Address to the President. 140
Final Acts of the Convention 14I
CHAPTER V.
THE GENESIS OF A STATE
Decadence of the Federal Party in Ohio I45
Election of Edward Tiffin as Governor 146
The State of Ohio Organized. I47
Governor Tiffin's First Annual Message 149
When was Ohio Admitted to the Union 150
Discussion of Various Dates Claimed. 15I
March 1, 1803, the Correct Date. I53
Constitutional Amendments Rejected by Ohio 154
Conflict between the Legislature and Judiciary I55
Impeachment of the Supreme Court Judges 157
"The Sweeping Resolutions" 159
X
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
The Power of the Judiciary Discussed. 160
Chief Justice Marshall's Opinion. 161
Alexander Hamilton's View in the Federalist .. 162
Gubernatorial Contest between Massie and Meigs 163
Sketch of the Second Governor, Thomas Kirker 166
Governor Tiffin Elected United States Senator 167
Increase of Towns in Ohio. 168
The Markets for Ohio Farmers. 169
Education in the New State 170
Academies and Private Schools 175
Development of the Newspapers 176
Influence of the Press. 179
The Early Libraries of the State. 180
The Works of the Shakers. 181
Location of State Capital at Zanesville. 182
Election of Thomas Worthington as Governor. 183
The First Steamboat on the Ohio River [84
Robert Fulton and His Promoters 185
Old Fashioned Transportation on the Ohio River 186
Nicholas J. Roosevelt's Tour of Observation. 187
The Launching of the "New Orleans" 189
Effect of Steam Navigation 190
CHAPTER VI.
THE OPERATIONS OF AARON BURR IN OHIO
Burr's First Visit to the West 193
His Ancestry and Youth. 194
In the Attack on Quebec. 196
Joins General Washington's Staff. 197
Resigns from the Army and Admitted to the Bar
198
The Political Rival of Alexander Hamilton
199
Jefferson's Election to the Presidency
200
Political Duels in New York. 202
A List of Famous Duelists. 203
Hamilton-Burr Duel and its Results
204
Burr's Ambitions
205
His Visits to Pittsburg and Marietta
208
At Blennerhassett's Island.
209
The Island Home and its Master
210
Margaret Blennerhassett 213
Burr Visits New Orleans 215
His Land Purchase 216
OF AN AMERICAN STATE xi
Starts on His Second Trip to the West. 217
The Letter of Senator John Smith. 218
Burr's Answer. 219 Sketch of John Smith. 221
The Administration Opposes Burr 224
The Work of Jefferson's Agent. 225
CHAPTER VII.
THE OPERATIONS OF AARON BURR IN OHIO-Concluded
Governor Tiffin's Message to the Legislature 229
Stringent Legislation Passed. 23I
The Tiffin Correspondence 232
The Governor's Second Message
237
Movement Against Senator Smith. 240
Seizure of Boats and Stores at Marietta 24I
Escape of Blennerhassett and Tyler
243
The Excitement at Cincinnati.
244
Senator Smith Secures Arms. 245
Collapse of the Burr Expedition
247
Jefferson's Letter to Tiffin. 248
Attempt to Expel Smith from the United States Senate. 249
John Quincy Adams' Resolution 251
His Report.
252
Smith's Resignation and Death 253
CHAPTER VIII.
OHIO AND THE WAR OF 1812
THE ARMY AT DAYTON
THE SIEGE OF FORT MEIGS
DUDLEY'S DEFEAT AND MASSACRE
The Causes of the War of 1812 257
Canada's Secret Agent 258
Ohio's Readiness for War 259
Concerning Governor Return J. Meigs, Jr. 260
He Calls Out the Ohio Militia 261
General Hull Given Command at Dayton 262
An Unfortunate Selection 263
Hull's March to Detroit. 264
His Timidity and Indecision 265
Detroit Surrendered to the British 266
Hull's Disgrace and Court-martial 267
xii
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
The Man of the Hour-General Harrison 268 Appointed to Command Army 269
His Campaign in the Northwest. 270 Anecdote of James Logan, Shawnee Chief 27I
His Attack on Colonel Elliott and Party 272
Death of Logan 273
Defeat of General Winchester. 274
Harrison Establishes Fort Meigs 275
Its Siege Commenced. 276
A Thrilling Story of Bravery .. 277
General Proctor's Demand for Surrender 278
General Dudley's Defeat and Massacre 279
Tecumseh Stops Massacre of Americans 280
The Siege Abandoned by Proctor 28I
General Harrison Dismisses Ohio Militia 282
It Creates Great Dissatisfaction. 283
General Harrison Proceeds to Cincinnati 284
CHAPTER IX.
THE COUNCIL AT FRANKLINTON
SECOND SIEGE OF FORT MEIGS
DEFENCE OF FORT STEPHENSON PERRY'S VICTORY
The Indian Situation. 287
General Harrison Calls the Council of Franklinton 288
His Address to the Indians 289
The Success of the Council. 290
The Second Siege of Fort Meigs. 29I Major Croghan and Fort Stephenson 292 Harrison's Advice to Croghan 293
Croghan Ordered to Abandon the Fort. 294 Proctor Demands His Surrender 295
The Attack on Fort Stephenson. 296
Defeat of British and Indians
297
Terrific Loss of the Enemy . 298 Croghan and the Ladies of Chillicothe. 299 Oliver H. Perry. 300
He Constructs Fleet for the Lake. 301
A Comparison of American and British Fleets. 302
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
xiii
The Battle of Lake Erie Commences. 303
The General Action. . 304
Perry Leaves His Flagship for the Niagara 305
The Surrender and His Famous Message 306
The Expense of the War to Ohio 307
Commercial Effect on the State. 308
CHAPTER X.
THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE STATE OF OHIO
AND THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
Condition in Ohio After the War of 1812 3II
Branches of the United States Bank in Ohio 312
Legislature Opposes Bank 313
Imposes Tax on Each Branch.
314
Forcibly Collects Tax at Chillicothe.
315
Causes Excitement Throughout the Union
316
The Decision of Mccullough vs. Maryland.
317
The Bank Enjoins State Officers
318
Charles Hammond's Report.
319
He Sustains Resolutions of 1798.
320
And Recommends Drastic Legislation
321
Ohio Withdraws Protection to Bank of United States. 322
The Effect of this Legislation. 323
The Case of Osborn vs. the United States.
324
Hammond's Able Argument.
325
The Importance of the Case. 326
Chief Justice Marshall's Decision
327
Conclusion of Opinion 328
Character of Charles Hammond. 329
His Rank at the Bar 330
His Subsequent Life . 331
CHAPTER XI.
THE ERA OF CANAL CONSTRUCTION AND
ITS HEROIC FIGURE, ALFRED KELLEY
Ohio in 1820. 335
The Connection of Lake Erie and the Ohio River. 336 Land Transportation in Ohio 337
The Poverty of the State in 1825. 338
Construction of Canal is Agitated. 339
Governor Brown's Inaugural Address 340
xiv
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
He Urges the State to Investigate Canals. 34I
A Commission Appointed to Survey Routes 342
Its Report. 343
Shows Effect on Land Values.
344
Makes Estimates of Cost
345
Law Passed for Construction of Canals
346
Alfred Kelley, the Master Spirit
347
His Early Career.
348
Judge Yaple's Opinion of Kelley
349
Kelley as Canal Commissioner
350
His Record in the Legislature.
35 I
His Financial Services to the State 352
Borrowing for Ohio in New York. 353
Raises Funds in His Own Name
354
Originates the Banking Law
355
Author of the General Property Tax
356
Ohio's Benefit from This System
357
Alfred Kelley's Place in History 358
Canal Construction Begins 359
Cost of Canal System 360
Its Mileage and Extent. 361
The Effect of Canals on the State. 362
The Future of the Canals
363
CHAPTER XII.
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS AND
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMON SCHOOL SYSTEM
The Foundation of the School System 367
School Lands of Ohio 368
Primitive Schools. 369
First Schoolhouse in Ohio
370
Early School Teachers.
371
Opposition to Common Schools.
372
Ephraim Cutler First Plans School System 373
Nathan Guilford Continues the Work. 374
Caleb Atwater and His Labors 375
He Describes the Work of His Commission 376
Nathan Guilford Favors Tax for Schools.
377
His Letter to the Commission 378
His Report on Schools. 379
Advocates Education for All. 380
Compares School Systems of Other States. 381
Approves New England System. 382
OF AN AMERICAN STATE XV
Legislature Establishes Common Schools. 383
The Results of the Law 384
An Educational Revival. 385
The "Western College of Teachers" 386
Superintendent of Common Schools Appointed. 387
Samuel Lewis and His Work. 388
His Letters. 389
His First Annual Report. 390
Attracts Attention in the East. 39I He Reports Conditions and Prospects. 392 The Effect of Lewis' Work and Ideas. 393
Boards of Education First Established. 394
James A. Garfield on the Ohio School System 395
Progress of Education in Ohio 396
CHAPTER XIII.
MORMONISM IN OHIO
The Church of the Latter Day Saints. 399
The Book of Mormon 400
Its Theory and Origin. 401
View of President Fairchild of Oberlin College 402
Joseph Smith, Jr 403
He and His Followers Locate at Kirtland. 404
Brigham Young Arrives at Kirtland 405
His Marriage. 406
Concerning His Ohio Wife. 407
Joseph Smith, Jr., and His Work. 408
His Cure of Mrs. Johnson 409
Strange Manifestations. 410
Smith Opposes Religious Emotionalism 411
The Building of the Temple at Kirtland. 412
Industry and Self Devotion of the Women 413
The Dedication of the Temple. 414
Its Description.
415
Growth and Development of the Church .
416
Spirit of Speculation
417
Real Estate Project. 418
The Kirtland Safety Society Bank
419
Its Failure
420
The Flight of Smith and His Murder 42I
Litigation Concerning the Temple 422
Claims of the Reorganized Church. 423
Court Decrees Temple to That Body 424
xvi RISE AND PROGRESS OF AN AMERICAN STATE
CHAPTER XIV.
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS RELATING TO MEN AND EVENTS
The Capital Located at Columbus. 427
Columbus Named and Laid Out 128
State Offices Removed from Chillicothe 429
Governor Thomas Worthington.
430
He Establishes the State Library 431
Visit of Lafayette to Ohio. 432
An Interesting Incident of His Visit 433
The Flood of 1832. 434
Its Effect in Cincinnati 435
Dangers of the Flood. 436
Destruction Along the Ohio River 437
Ohio-Michigan Boundary Dispute. 438
The Points of Difference. 439
The Survey of the Harris Line. 440
The Question Assumes a Serious Form 441
Letter of Governor Mason of Michigan.
442
The Action of Governor Lucas 443
State Militia of Ohio Called Out.
444
The Controversy Settled.
445
Comment on Governor Lucas
446
Corner Stone of Present Statehouse Laid.
447
Attempted Removal of Capital
448
The Progress of Ohio in 1840.
449
The Governors of Ohio from 1803 to 1840. 450
Ethan Allen Brown 45I
Allen Trimble and Jeremiah Morrow 452
Duncan McArthur 453
Joseph Vance. 454
Wilson Shannon 455
ILLUSTRATIONS
Governor Edward Tiffin. .Frontispiece
Governor Thomas Kirker .Facing page 8
Facsimile of Territorial Marriage Certificate
20
James B. Finley
24
Jacob Burnet. 42
Governor Samuel Huntington. 48
Governor Return J. Meigs, Jr
¥
54
Facsimile of Ohio State Lottery Ticket
"
62
Governor Othniel Looker
70
Governor Thomas Worthington
76
First State House, Chillicothe
"
88
Governor Ethan Allen Brown
100
Ephraim Cutler
II2
Governor Allen Trimble.
124
Governor Jeremiah Morrow
I34
William Creighton, Jr., First Secretary of State
154
Governor Duncan McArthur
168
Facsimile "Centinel of Northwestern Territory"
176
Facsimile of Title Page of First Book Published in North- west Territory
Aaron Burr
194
Theodosia Burr Alston.
204
Harman Blennerhassett.
218
House of Blennerhassett.
" 230
Facsimile Governor Tiffin's Commission to Mathew Nimmo.
240
Historic Sites of Northwestern Ohio ¥ 262
Siege of Fort Meigs. 276
Plan of Fort Stephenson 296
Major George Groghan
" 304
Medal to Croghan 314 R Perry Ordering the First Firing. 320 Perry on His Way to the Niagara. 330
Perry's Victory
336
Medal to Perry
"
342
Charles Hammond
R
348
180
xviii RISE AND PROGRESS OF AN AMERICAN STATE
Alfred Kelley Facing page 352
Nathan Guilford.
¥ 362
Samuel Lewis
372
Caleb Atwater
380
Joseph Smith, Jr.
390
Mormon Temple, Kirtland.
400
Interior Views of Temple.
408
Facsimile of Kirtland Bank Note.
412
Facsimile of Mormon MSS.
418
First State House, Columbus
"
428
Governor Robert Lucas.
&
436
Governor Joseph Vance.
444
Governor Wilson Shannon
452
CHAPTER I. THE SOCIAL LIFE OF THE PIONEERS
T HE tide of emigration westward started into the Northwest Territory with the settlement of Marietta in 1788. After the treaty of Greenville in 1795 had allayed all fears of Indian outbreaks, the stream of immigration into Ohio became steady and ever increasing.
This emigration was not permitted to go on without opposition from New England, from whence most of the early settlers came. Judge Timothy Walker, one of the pioneer lawyers of Cincinnati, gives his experience on this phase of the opposition to settlement in the Ohio Country. In an address delivered before the Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society at Columbus, December 23, 1837, he thus refers to this attempt to prevent immigration: "I can well remember when, in Massachusetts, the rage for moving to Ohio was so great, that resort was had to counteracting fictions, in order to discourage it; and this region was repre- sented as cold, sterile, sickly and full of all sorts of monsters. Nor was this all. The powerful engine of caricature was set in motion. I have a distinct recol- lection of a picture, which I saw in boyhood, prefixed to a penny, anti-moving-to-Ohio pamphlet, in which a stout, ruddy, well dressed man, on a sleek, fat horse, with a label, 'I am going to Ohio,' meets a pale, and ghastly skeleton of a man, scarcely half dressed, on the wreck of what was once a horse, already bespoken by the more politic crows, with a label, 'I have been to Ohio.' But neither falsehood nor ridicule could deter the enterprising from seeking a new home. Hither they came in crowds."
4
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Referring to the character of the early settlers he pictures from his own experience and observation the kind and nature of men that they were. While they did not bring affluence with them, they brought bold hearts and strong hands, which are infinitely better to reclaim a wilderness. He declared "that a population made up of immigrants, will contain the hardy and vigorous elements of character, in a far greater propor- tion, than the same number of persons, born upon the soil, brought up at home, and accustomed to tread in the footsteps of their fathers." The reason for this is apparent; it is only the men resolute and energetic that can nerve themselves to the severing of local, social and family ties, which is the first requisite in a pioneer.
Following the emigration, the arrival in a new country compels them to think, act and originate for themselves. There are no familiar customs to follow, no alliances of family or neighborhood, in which one leans upon another, and each helps all. On the contrary, immi- grants meet as strangers, unknowing and unknown, and they must depend upon their own resources. Like soldiers of fortune, who, staking all upon the sword, have thrown away the scabbard, they know that they must either "do or die." These conditions built up a free, resolute and independent citizenship-the very kind of manhood upon which to lay deep and strong the foundations of a state.
Prior to the Marietta settlement, from the region south of the Ohio River, straggling bodies of trappers, hunters and early explorers, typified by Boone and Kenton, strayed into Kentucky and set about driving
5
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
out the Indians and settling the wilderness. These men were unlike the later Ohio settlers. They were a law unto themselves, and were but a step in advance of the Indian trapper and trader who had for many years braved the solitary woods in search of furs or peltries. These hunters and trappers were the first white men in Ohio, and were compelled to lead rough lives. Their dress differed but little from the Indian's -a coon skin instead of feathers for a headdress, and a blue linsey blouse with yellow fringe sometimes took the place of the Indian one of deer skin. Often alone, he became the companion of the Indian when he dared to have a truce with him. Generally, however, alert to danger, he preferred the solitude of the forest. There in an improvised lean-to hut, with occasionally a faithful dog, he sought security. His trusty gun and precious ammunition, worth more than gold to him, supplied him not only with a sure means of defense, but with meat to eat, skins to wear, and the furs and peltries of the bear, buffalo, beaver, elk and deer, as an income. By day he wandered with stealthy steps, by night he crept to secret coverts for repose, ever practicing the arts of savage warfare and border stratagem for protection.
Never greatly excited he met the greatest dangers with equanimity. Unlike the pioneer of later days, the hunter sought the wilderness because he loved the solemn shades. The restraints of society were vexatious to him, and as they approached, he plunged deeper into the woods. His whole life was a succession of adventures, dangers and vicissitudes spent midst the towering forests, its birds, its beasts, and its savage men, whose natures, to him, were as an open book.
6
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
His widest horizon was a clearing in the stately and gloomy forest, where the sun, the sky or the stars must have been a welcome canopy. Mayhap at times he rested by some quiet stream or rushing river, whose waters were to him a gleam of light upon which he feasted with a delight inconceivable.
The ranks of these hunters and trappers contributed little to the future career of Ohio. In a few instances they ceased their wild roving and became valued members of the early surveying parties and ultimately distinguished citizens of Ohio. A type of these was General Duncan McArthur. His career was varied and remarkable, and indicative of what a man could become in those days. From first to last he was a packer across the Alleghenies,-a private soldier,-a salt boiler,-a hunter and trapper,-a frontier spy,-a chain carrier,-a surveyor,-a member of the Ohio legislature,-a colonel,-a general,-a member of Con- gress and lastly governor of Ohio.
The first and roughest phases of pioneer life followed upon the heels of the life of the hunter. It differed radically from it. The true pioneer was a settler and not a rover, yet many of the fierce dangers that con- fronted the hunter kept the early Ohio settler on the alert to maintain his life and property.
In the early settlements the first thing built was a blockhouse, around which the cabins were grouped. Indeed it was essential to have a garrisoned fort not far distant, for the fierce Indian was ever lurking in the forest ready to scalp or kill the white man with whom he was at war. The howling of the wolves could ever be heard, and the bear and the panther were
7
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
to be reckoned with. The buffalo was scarcely a reminiscence and the wild turkeys' call greeted the hunter at every turn. The early literature of Ohio abounds with thrilling adventures of this period, and relates many a bloody encounter with the Indians and wild beasts.
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