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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
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Gc 977. 1 B52b v. 1 The Biographical cyclopaedia and portrait gallery . ..
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THE
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPÆDIA
AND
PORTRAIT GALLERY
WITH AN
HISTORICAL SKETCH
OF THE
STATE OF OHIO.
ILLUSTRATED WITH MANY FINE STEEL ENGRAVINGS.
VOLUME I.
ERIO
WESTERN BIOGRAPHICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, CINCINNATI, OHIO.
1883.
COPYRIGHT, WESTERN BIOGRAPHICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1888.
ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED BY THE WESTERN METHODIST BOOK CONCERN, CINCINNATI.
INTRODUCTION.
1378366
HE history of states is made up of the history of individuals. Every man has his place in constructing the fabric of the government. If to some is assigned the task of hewing the wood and carrying the water, they are no less important to the con- struction of the edifice than the architect who plans and the foreman who directs the progress of the work. But in men's estimate of the building they accord the greatest praise to the master-workmen, though they may not altogether forget the humbler mechanic. Thus in history, while results are recorded, it is impossible to name all the factors which produce the results. The toiling masses rest in obscurity, the leaders only stand forth in the clear light. A servant-maid in England receiving a letter from her lover in the army, and unable to pay the mail-carrier the shilling postage charged upon it, attracted the notice of Sir Rowland Hill, who happened to be passing by. He paid, himself, the postage, and then learned that the letter was not intended to be paid for, but the mere fact of its being sent and received was only a means for the girl to know that her lover was well. The letter itself was blank. Upon this Sir Rowland conceived the idea of cheap postage, so that even the poorest might enjoy the benefit of the mails. Urging the matter upon the notice of Parliament, and persisting in his efforts to reduce the postage rates, he finally carried the measure through. The girl's name is forgotten, and her lover's never became known; but while the nations owe the original suggestion of the penny-postage system to them indirectly, Sir Rowland has the credit of introducing it.
It is only those that come out more prominently as efficients in producing results whose names are recorded on the historic page. No history can enroll all who contribute to a nation's well-being. In society a few are the exponents of the many. As the sculptor does not need every man in the com- munity to sit as his model, and as the painter does not require a thousand beauties to pose for his ideal of human perfectness, so the historian does not need every citizen of the State to pass in review before him to discover the trend of the thought, and the manners, of the age which he describes. A few rep- resentative men and women are better than the mass for his purpose. A single direct testimony out- weighs a thousand hearsay statements, yet the latter may be as true as the former. A fact may be established by two witnesses, though circumstantial evidence is sometimes demanded for confirmation.
In these volumes the names introduced are those of representative characters. Many, perhaps equally worthy of record, are omitted ; but our aim has been to include sketches of the leading states- men, the more prominent jurists and lawyers, the more skillful physicians and surgeons, the more suc- cessful merchants, the founders of the larger manufactories, ingenious inventors, eminent bankers and capitalists, and many belonging to the learned professions-teachers, authors, editors, and divines.
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300ts
4
INTRODUCTION.
"There are some, peradventure," says William Camden, the celebrated antiquary, in his Britannia, " which apprehend it disdainfully and offensively that I have not remembered this or that family, whenas it was not my purpose to mention any but such as were most notable, nor all them truly (for their names would fill volumes), but such as happened in my way. If any say that I have sought occasion to commend some one or other, I confess it. Neither is well meaning without ceasing to be blamed among the good, and the well deserving friends are not to be forgotten. Howsoever, virtue and glory hath always opposites, and men usually envy the present and reverence what is past ; but God forbid that we should be so partially injurious as to think our times to be barren of praise- worthy persons."
In the preparation of this work we have endeavored to give a general survey of the State, and not to confine ourselves to any particular section or county. Names both of the dead and of the living are given, and many portraits are included, so that the history of our State may be largely read in the his- tory of her sons. The sketches have been written expressly for our use, and have been carefully edited by competent hands. The brief sketch of the history of Ohio is mostly new matter, prepared for this work, and we believe that it will give the reader a fair idea of the early struggles, the marvel- ous successes, and the rapid progress of our State. To those who have assisted in the collection of materials and in arranging them for the press, our thanks are due, and are hereby returned.
PUBLISHERS.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO, . Page 7
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA OF THE STATE OF OHIO, .
" 77
PAGE.
ADAMS, J. M., 206
CLEMENTS, JOSHUA,
164
COFFIN, C. D., 83
COFFINBERRY, J. M.,
149
CONGER, A. L.,
240
BACKUS, A. L., 210
BACKUS, E., . 210
BACKUS, THOMAS,
210
BANNING, H. B.,
259
BARTLEY, M.,
II8
BARTLEY, T. W., 94
BAUMGARDNER, L. S., 165
BEATTY, JOHN, . 2II
BEBB, WILLIAM, 92
BELL, JR., WILLIAM, 221
BENNITT, JOHN,
106
BERGEN, S. H. .
223
BINGHAM, E. F.,
203
BISHOP, R. M., .
254
BLANDY, F. J. L., 168
BODMAN, E. C., 155
BOOKWALTER, J. W., 178
BOWLER, WILLIAM, 163
EELLS, JAMES, 215
EELLS, SAMUEL,
187
ELY, GEORGE H.,
172
ELY, SEN., HEMAN, 185
ELY, HEMAN, . 186
ERRETT, ISAAC, 270
BROWN, D. I.,
I32
BROWN, E. A.,
97
BROWN, H. T., .
205
BROWN, T. P., 188
FARMER, JAMES, . 303
FINDLAY, JAMES, 140
FORAN, M. A,
224
FORCE, M. F.,
287
FORD, SEABURY,
179
KEHOE, M.,
I66
KENNON, JR., WILLIAM,
218
KENT, CHARLES,
124
LARGE, HENRY,
97
LEE, J. C.,
131
LEGGETT, M. D.,
175
CHISHOLM, WILLIAM, .
148
GLESSNER, JOHN Y.,
247
GLOVER, E.,
87
GREGORY, J. B., . II4
GROSVENOR, C. H.,
109
COOPER, W. C., . 227
CORWIN, THOMAS, 192
COWEN, B. S., 2 37
HANSEN, JOHN, 2.47
HARRISON, R. A., .
207
HARRISON, W. H., 130
HART, C. P., 284
HART, SETH, . 86
HAYNES, G. R., . 100
HEMPSTEAD, G. S. B., 189
HERRICK, R. R.,
IO5
HICKENLOOPER, A., 253
HINMAN, E. L., 219
HITCHCOCK, PETER, I29
264
HOFFMAN, R. C.,
222
HOLCOMB, A. T., 98
HOLGATE, CURTIS, 121
HOLGATE, W. C., .
122
HOLMES, J. T.,
157
HOWE, GEORGE W., 125
HUNT, SAMUEL F., 30I
HUNTER, H. H., 183
HUNTINGTON, S.,
I4I
HURLBUT, H. B.,
89
JOHNSON, GEORGE,
103
JOHNSON, W. W ..
18I
JONES, A. B.,
163
JONES, W. W.
I 34
CARRINGTON, M. D., . 209
.GARFIELD, JAMES A., 77
GAYLORD, B. B., . 90
GEDDES, GEORGE W., 244
GIDDINGS, J. R.,
IOI
GILMOUR, R.,
288
PAGE.
PAGE.
ALLEN, WILLIAM, 154
ANDREWS, S. J.,
88
HANDY, T. P., . 177
HANNA, JOHN E., 205
COWEN, D. D. T.,
292
COWLES, EDWIN,
III
CROCKER, T. D., 152
CROSS, D. W., II5
CULVER, L. A.,
2.42
CURTIS, HOSMER,
99
CURTIS, H. B.,
250
'DAMARIN, C. A. M., 162
DE STEIGUER, R.,
204
DOAN, W. H,
225
HODGE, O. J.,
EATON, FREDERICK, I90
EELLS, DAN. P., 151
BRADLEY, A., .
170
BRASEE., J. S., .
202
BRASEE, J. T.,
201
BREARE, R., 98
BROUGH, JOHN, 297
EVERETT, S. T., .
229
EWING, THOMAS,
273
BUCKLAND, R. P., . 266
BURKE, S.,
160
. BURNS, B., 233
BUSHNELL, A. S.,
209
CHAMBERS, R. E., 246
CHASE, PHILANDER, II7
CHASE, S. P., .
.91
CHISHOLM, HENRY,
106
LINCOLN, F. D.,
296
6
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE.
LIPPELMANN, H. H., I30
LOCKWOOD, F. G., 281
LOOKER, OTHNIEL, 94
LORD, WILLIS,
184
LUCAS, ROBERT,
I35
LUDLOW, ISRAEL,
IO3
LYTLE, ROBERT T.,
104
LYTLE, W. H.,
. 277
MACKENZIE, JAMES,
265
MANSFIELD, E. D.,
162
MAXWELL, S. D.,
263
MCARTHUR, D., .
IOI
MCBRIDE, THOMAS,
237
MCCLAIN, WILLIAM,
104
MCCLURE, S. W., .
245
McCOOK, R. L., .
276
MCGUFFEY, W. H.,
279
MCLAREN, DANIEL,
282
MCLEAN, JOHN,
81
MCPHERSON, J. B., .
298
MEDILL, WILLIAM,
156
MEIGS, R. J., .
I33
MILLER, LEWIS,
269
MILLS, ISAAC, .
231
MILMINE, GEORGE,
139
MITCHEL, O. M.,
294
MORRIS, THOMAS,
295
MUENSCHER, JOSEPH,
224
MUSSEY, R. D.,
291
NASH, GEORGE K., .
180
NOLAN, M. P.,
280
NOYES, E. F., .
300
OGLEVEE, J. F.,
I28
OKEY, J. W.
241
STANTON, E. M.
271
PARSONS, R. C.,
169
PATRICK, JOHN,
85
PAYNE, H. B.,
150
.
PAGE.
PEASLEE, J. B.,
262
PEEBLES, J. G., .
193
PENDLETON, GEORGE H.,
143
PERKINS, JACOB,
278
THOMPSON, J. G.,
238
THURMAN, A. G.,
195
TIBBALS, N. D., 226
TIFFIN, EDWARD, 158
TILDEN, M. H.,
302
TOMPKINS, C. B., 105
PUTNAM, DOUGLAS,
230
TOWNSEND, OSCAR,
228
PUTNAM, RUFUS, .
119
QUAYLE, THOMAS, .
116
RAPPE, L. A., .
285
RAWSON, L. Q., .
I 59
RICE, A. V., .
171
RICE, HARVEY,
288
RICHARDS, R. G.,
199
RICKOFF, A. J.,
193
RIGGS, JOSEPH,
296
RITCHIE, J. M.,
164
ROBERTS, ANSEL,
200
ROBINSON, J. S.,
236
ROBINSON, J. V., .
170
Ross, M. B.,
IO2
WALKER, J. P., .
235
WALKER, W. T.,
I38
WASON, CHARLES,
94
WEDDELL, P. M.,
294
WELCH, JOHN, .
216
WHITFIELD, S. A.,
274
WIKOFF, A. T., .
198
WILDES, T. F.,
249
WITT, STILLMAN,
179
WOOD, REUBEN,
I 36
SINTON, DAVID, .
249
WOODS, J. T.,
I35
WORTHINGTON, GEORGE,
290
ST. CLAIR, ARTHUR,
275
WORTHINGTON, T.,
93
STEWART, D. B.,
197
WRIGHT, J. F.,
260
STREATOR, W. S.,
95
YOUNG, SAMUEL M.,
IQI
PAGE.
TAYLOR, JOHN,
1I2
TERRY, J. P.,
167
THOMPSON, J. D.,
234
PERKINS, JOSEPH,
I56
PERKINS, SIMON,
272
POTTER, E. D.,
142
PRATT, CHARLES,
87
PRENTICE, N. B., .
IO8
TRACY, C. P., . 298
TRACY, H. R.,
290
TRACY, S. M.,
IO2
TRIMBLE, ALLEN,
II7
VALLANDIGHAM, C. L., I37
VANCE, JOSEPH,
125
VINTON, S. F.,
218
VORIS, A. C.,
257
WADE, B. F.,
293
WADE, J. H.,
I26
WAGGONER, C.,
84
WAITE, M. R., .
303
WALCUTT, C. C., .
141
SABINE, HYLAS, .
127
SALISBURY, J. H., .
144
SANDERS, J. C., .
II3
SANDERS, M. C.,
IO8
SESSIONS, F. C.,
II6
SHAEFFER, S. T.,
IIO
SHANNON, W.,
86
SIMPKINSON, JOHN,
255
STORER, B.,
148
A
BRIEF SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF OHIO.
PERIOD I. ANTIQUITIES AND BORDER WARS. 1749-1787.
NTERIOR to the time when the white man of Europe set his foot on this continent, an unknown race of people was in possession and occupied its vast domain. Who they were, whence they came, what was the character of their religion and their civilization, what was their language, and how their laws were administered, will never be known. They possessed a knowledge of agriculture, knew the arts of weaving and of molding pottery, understood the method of mining and manufacturing copper, of which they had utensils and ornaments, and they even made rude sculp- tures of stone. Some dim traditions of the American Indians would lead us to suppose that they came, like them, from the north, crossing over from Asia by Behring's Strait. In their progress southward they multiplied in numbers, established villages, erected the massive earth and stone works which still remain, and cultivated the arts of peace. To us they are known as the. " Mound-builders." Their remarkable lines of earth-works are scattered over the whole of the central West. All through the Ohio Valley, and especially in this State, these works are to be found in the greatest number and of the most massive size. In Ohio alone there are reckoned as many as ten thousand, which still exist in a tolerably perfect condition. For what object they were built is uncertain. Some seem to be military fortifications, some burial-places, and some temples of worship. If for purposes of warfare and defense, they are all in situations which can easily be defended ; if for religious purposes, they command a good view of the rising sun and the constella- tions of the heavenly bodies, while the outlets of the inclosures are to the east; and if as memorials of persons or events, they are conspicuous on all sides for long distances. Some of the mounds are rep- resentations, on a gigantic scale, of beasts or birds; some in the form of truncated pyramids, and some in vast circles or squares, inclosing a wide amphitheater. The Mound-builders must have conducted an extensive commerce, as there are found in the works that have been opened, plates of mica, probably brought from North Carolina, copper from Lake Superior, and specular iron from Missouri; and they seem to have obtained salt from Michigan. They were probably worshipers of the powers of nature rather than idolaters. In many of the mounds have been found human bones, partially calcined, with coals and ashes. This would indicate that they cremated their dead, or else sacrificed the living, and offered them in the fire at the funerals of their chieftains. They had no horses or beasts of burden, and perhaps no wheeled carts. Hence all the work done on their great mounds was by carrying earth in baskets, and stones on litters. Theirs was not a scattered population of hunters and warriors, nor were their habits nomadic. They were a vast nation, living in fixed abodes upon the products of the soil ; and so, while some were raising food, thousands of others could be employed on these enormous works of religion, of kingly vanity, or of war. They are supposed to have retreated southwardly before a
8
SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF OHIO.
more vigorous horde of barbarians from the north migrating from the continent of Asia by the same lines of travel that their predecessors had taken, and were still pushed forward until they reached Mexico and Central America, where they became the ancestors of the Aztecs.
Of the age of these works by the Mound-builders in Ohio we have no knowledge. An immense stone-work at Fort Hill, in Highland County, examined over forty years ago by the late Dr. John Locke, of Cincinnati, had at that time large timber growing upon it. A chestnut-tree six feet in diameter, standing on the top of the wall, served to mark its antiquity. Counting and measuring the annual layers of wood where an ax-man had cut into the trunk, the doctor found them to amount to nearly two hundred to the foot. This would give to the tree the age of six hundred years. A poplar or tulip-tree seven feet in diameter, growing in the ditch excavated at the bottom of the wall, counting one hundred and seventy layers to the foot, would give nearly the same result, or a trifle over six hundred years. How much longer these works had been constructed, there was no means of determining. The Amer- ican Indians, whom the white settlers first found in this valley, had no knowledge of their predecessors, and their traditions told only of the fact of their existence. Their history perished before that of the Indians begins ; and of the latter but little is known before they came into contact with their white conquerors. While the Mound-builders seem to have had fixed villages, the Indians, being a more war- like people and wandering in their habits, never increased in numbers to so great an extent. Their vil- lages were of a temporary character, nor do they seem ever to have had dwellings better than roughly constructed cabins without chimneys, or wigwams. These, then, were the earliest inhabitants of Ohio of whom we have any remains. Two successive growths of forest have covered many of the mounds which they built, each of which must have occupied centuries. Their history has completely perished, nor would it probably be worth recording, even it were possible to recover it. Then succeeded the Indians, of whom, in Ohio, there were several tribes.
When the restless and active Anglo-Saxons formed settlements on this continent, the spirit of en- terprise which brought them across the ocean led them to reach out for new lands beyond their first places of habitation. The colonies at Jamestown in Virginia and at Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts were not content with the few acres which they first bought or wrested from the original tenants, but they contin- ually demanded more. They cried with the horse-leech's daughters, "Give, give !" but what they could not get by gift or purchase they took by force. Wars with the Indians naturally followed. The supe- rior arms and skill of the new settlers gave them the final victory; the Indians retreated before the whites as the Mound-builders had retreated before the ancestors of these Indians ; and by the middle of the eighteenth century the entire sea-coast was in undisputed possession of the whites. . Still the greed for new land continued. In 1748 a company of Virginians, prominent among whom were Robert Din- widdie, Lieutenant-governor of the State, Lawrence and Augustine Washington, brothers of General George Washington, Thomas Lee, President of the Virginia Council, and a Mr. Hanbury, a merchant of London, formed an association, which they called the " Ohio Company," and petitioned the king for a grant beyond the mountains. Their object wa's to secure not only land, but the control of the trade in the West with the Indians. Their petition was approved by the monarch, and the government of Vir- ginia was ordered to give to the petitioners half a million of acres within the territory of that colony beyond the Alleghanies, to be located on the south side of the Ohio River, between the Monongahela and Kanawha Rivers. Of this amount two hundred thousand acres were to be located at once. The condi- tions of the grant were such that the lands should be held by settlers free of rent for ten years, that within seven years the company should establish upon them a colony of one hundred families, and that they should build a fort sufficient to protect the settlement. To these provisions the company assented, and sent to London for a cargo of goods suitable for the Indian trade, which was to be forwarded so as to reach them by November, 1749. Information of their proceedings soon reached the ears of the French Governor in Canada, and he immediately apprehended that if the company were allowed to prosecute their plans without interruption, the greater part of their valuable fur-trade with the Indians would be de- stroyed, and all communication cut off between Canada and Louisiana. France, by right of discovering the Mississippi River, laid claim to all the territory bordering on that stream and its tributaries. The claim of France, therefore, extended throughout the Ohio Valley, within which the lands of the new company were located. By the ancient charters of France, also, the territories granted to the French settlers in
-
9
SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF OHIO.
America extended from north to south without limit, while the claim of England and her colonies to the same region was thus stated: "That all the lands or countries westward from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea [or Pacific Ocean], between 48 and 34 degrees north latitude, were expressly included in the grant of King James the First to divers of his subjects so long since as the year 1606, and afterwards confirmed in 1620: and under this grant the colony of Virginia claims extent so far west as the South Sea ; and the ancient colonies of the Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut were by their respective charters made to extend to the said South Sea, so that not only the right to the sea-coast, but to all the inland countries from sea to sea, has at all times been asserted by the crown of England."
To establish their title to the lands which they had claimed, the French made early and vigorous efforts to occupy and fortify themselves in the Ohio Valley. The French Governor of Canada also wrote to the Governors of New York and Pennsylvania that if those English traders on the Ohio did not imme- diately stop their encroachments on the French territory, he should order their seizure wherever found. · The Canadian traders excited the fears of the Indians by telling them that the English were about to deprive them of their lands, and thus endeavored to secure their good-will and services in the event of war between the two powers. As no notice was taken of the menace of the Governor of Canada, he pro- ceeded to execute this threat, and seized a number of British traders, and carried them to the French fort on Lake Erie. Reprisals were made on the other side, and some French traders were taken to Phila- delphia. Meanwhile the French Governor opened communication between Presque Isle on Lake Erie and the Ohio. The Ohio Company, thus threatened with annihilation, complained to the Lieutenant-governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie, that the French were encroaching on the territory of that colony, as war- ranted to them by their charter. Dinwiddie laid the subject before the House of Burgesses, and they determined to demand, in the name of the king, that the French should desist. Accordingly, Governor Dinwiddie took steps to send a messenger, with a written letter, to the French post, to demand of the commandant his designs, and to observe the number and disposition of his forces. The person selected for this mission was George Washington, then in his twenty-second year. His knowledge of the Indians, his acquaintance with frontier life, and the marked traits of character he had already displayed were the qualities that recommended him to the Governor for this hazardous undertaking. The commandant re- ceived the messenger, saying that he had taken possession of the country in pursuance of directions from his general, then in Canada, to whom he would transmit the letter, and whose orders he should implic- itly obey. Washington returned to Virginia, but not before he had carefully surveyed the fort. The British ministry, being informed of the determination of the French to claim and hold by force all of the Ohio country, and to make prisoners of all Englishmen found there, directed the Virginians to oppose them by force of arms. A regiment was raised in Virginia, and an independent company arrived from South Carolina. Two other companies were ordered from New York. The command of the Virginia troops was intrusted to Washington, now raised to the rank of colonel. Without waiting for the New York troops, he began his march with about four hundred men. On his way he learned from a friendly Indian that the English, who had been erecting a fort at the junction of the Allegheny and Mononga- hela Rivers, had been attacked and defeated by the French, who were then finishing the fort for them- selves, and that a party of French, on their march to the Great Meadows, were encamped at a short dis- tance off. This party he surprised and defeated. Here he erected a small stockade, and proceeded towards the French fort, now named Du Quesne. But learning that the French commander was ap- proaching with nine hundred men, besides Indians, he returned to his stockade at Great Meadows. Here he and his little party defended themselves so well that an honorable capitulation was the result, and he returned with his troops to Virginia. The conduct of the French on the Ohio convinced the English Government that their claim to the Western country would either have to be relinquished or vigorously maintained by the sword. There was no hesitation in making the choice. Early in the Spring of 1755 General Edward Braddock was dispatched to America with a respectable force, to expel the French and to take possession of the country. In April General Braddock met the Governors of the several prov- inces, and a plan for conducting the campaign was agreed upon. What is called the "French and Indian war" was thus undertaken. The British arms were finally successful, but only after. a series of battles in which the English suffered great losses and were several times defeated. The most disastrous of the expeditions against the French was the one commanded in person by Braddock. When near Fort
1
IO
SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF OHIO.
Du Quesne he was attacked by a combined force of the French and Indians ; but though he fought gal- lantly, he was unable to withstand the assault of the savages, who lay concealed behind trees, logs, and rocks, and poured into his troops a deadly fire. Every one of his officers was either killed or wounded except Colonel Washington, and his men were thrown into confusion. At length the general himself fell. Then the rout became universal. The troops fled precipitously until they met with Colonel Dun- bar's division, sixty miles in the rear. The panic was communicated to that body, and, turning about, they fled with the rest. They continued to retreat, though no enemy appeared, until they reached Fort Cumberland, a hundred and twenty miles from the scene of action. With the remnant of the army, amounting to fifteen hundred men, Colonel Dunbar, upon whom the command devolved after the death of the general, marched to Philadelphia, leaving the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia exposed to the enemy.
Though the war continued, no expedition was again sent against Fort Du Quesne until the year 1758. In that year General Forbes advanced against the French on the Western frontiers, leaving Philadelphia- about the beginning of July. After a laborious march over unexplored mountains and through deep morasses, he reached Raystown, about ninety miles from Du Quesne. An advanced party of eight hundred men under Major Grant was met by a detachment from the fort, and defeated with great slaughter. The general, undismayed by this disaster, continued to advance, with extreme caution, but with resolute perseverance. The French, observing his movements, did not await his arrival, but fired the fort, spiked their cannon and threw them into the river, and made the best of their way off, carrying with them every thing that was valuable. On the 25th of November General Forbes entered the place and found it in a great measure destroyed. There were two forts about twenty yards distant. The one, built with immense labor, small, but with a great deal of very strong works collected into little room, stood on the point of a narrow neck of land at the confluence of the two rivers; the other stood on the banks of the Allegheny. The fire had destroyed all the houses before the flames were extinguished. The British troops found remaining sixteen barrels of ammunition, a prodigious quantity of old carriage iron, barrels of guns, about a cart-load of scalping-knives, and other stores. The French left with such haste that they could not make quite the havoc of their works that they intended. From a boy who had been their prisoner, but had made his escape a few days before, General Forbes learned that the enemy had carried an immense quantity of wood into the fortification; that they had burned five of the prisoners taken at Major Grant's defeat, and delivered others to the Indians, who tomahawked them on the spot. Numbers of bodies were found unburied within five miles of the fort. The general named the place Fort Pitt, in honor of the British premier. This ended the French domination in the territory of the Ohio; and when peace was concluded at Paris in 1763, France cedcd to Great Britain all her northern settlements in America. This relieved the colonies, for a time, from all dread of savage invasions.
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