USA > Ohio > Fairfield County > A Biographical record of Fairfield County, Ohio, illustrated > Part 47
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James, who served in the commissary de- partment during the Civil war and is now living in Cook county, lowa; Margaret, the deceased wife of J. A. Grant, of Salt Lake township, Perry county; and William, who died many years ago.
Joseph Adams, of this review, was reared upon the old home farm and through- out the period of his active business career carried on agricultural pursuits. When the country became involved in civil war he was more than forty years of age and thus exempt from military service. However, he enlisted in 1864 as a member of the One Hundred and Sixtieth Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, serving as a member of Company F during the term of his enlistment. His health became so badly impaired during his service that for eighteen years prior to his death he was unable to engage in active work. After his return from the war he again took up his abode on the old home- stead and for a time carried on agricultural pursuits, meeting with good success as the result of his labors, but as the years passed he suffered more and more as the result of the hardships of his army life and for almost two decades he had to put aside business cares entirely.
Mr. Adams was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Colborn, a daughter of Rob- ert and Rebecca (Hazleton) Colborn, whose father removed from Somerset county, Pennsylvania, to Pike township, Perry county. Ohio, and spent the last years of his life here, dying in 1803, at the advanced age of eighty-four years. His wife was a daughter of Samuel and Nancy ( McKin-
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ney) Hazleton, and her father was a pioneer settler of Perry county, coming west with his brothers. John, Henry and William Hazleton.
The marriage of our subject and his wife was blessed with seven children : Rob- ert C., who diel at the age of four years ; Margaret I., who is the wife of Albert Flowers, of Clinton county, Iowa: Lulie. now the wife of William Collins, of War- ren county, Ohio: Susan M., at home:
Mary Josephine, the wife of John S. Safell, of Pike township. Perry county: James Arthur, now deceased; and Charles Earl, who is living in New Lexington. For more than forty years, Mr. Adams, the father of this family, was a loyal and exemplary member of the Masonic fraternity, and he also belonged to the Grand Army of the Re- public. He was a man of most excellent traits of character and enjoyed the warm regard and confidence of all who knew him.
GENERAL THOMAS EWING, A. M., LL. D.
General Ewing was born August 7. secretary to President Taylor. In 1852 he 1829, in Lancaster, Ohio, and was a son of Senator Thomas Ewing, the famous lawyer and statesman, whose sketch appears elsewhere in this work. His mother. through whom he was related to James Gil- lespie Blaine, was Maria Wills Boyle, a granddaughter of Neal Gillespie, who emi- grated from County Donegal, Ireland, and became a man of eminence in western Penn- sylvania in the latter part of the last cen- tury. His mother's father, Hugh Boyle, also a native of Donegal, took active part in a political conspiracy and. in 1791. was forced to flee to America, where for forty years he was clerk of the supreme court of Ohio for Fairfield county.
At nineteen Mr. Ewing was a private
entered Brown University, where he was 1: pular with faculty and students. Those who knew him then recall his splendid phys- ique : his intellectual, transparent counte- nance: his genial temper ; his strong anti- slavery feeling, and his hatred of injustice in every form. The warm admiration which the president, the illustrious Dr. Wayland, showed for him was one of the pleasant rec- collections of his life. From Brown Uni- versity he went to Cincinnati and entered the law office of the Honorable Henry Stanbery. and the Cincinnati Law School. In 1855 he began practice in Cincinnati. Soon after he was employed by John W. Andrews, a prom- ment lawyer of Columbus, to assist in de- fending three actions at law in the U'nite.l
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States Circuit Court, for infringement of "Parker's Patent Reaction and Percussion Water Wheel." Success in these led to his being retained to defend over fifty other cases brought on the same patent.
On January 18, 1856, Mr. Ewing was married to Miss Ellen Ewing Cox, daughter of the Rev. William Cox, of Piqua, Ohio, a minister of the Presbyterian Church dis- tinguished for zeal and eloquence. To them were born five children, who are still living. namely: William Cox, who is engaged in artistic photography in Washington. D. C .: Maria, who is the wife of Edwin S. Martin. of New Straitsville, Ohio: Thomas and Hampton Denman, who are practicing law in New York city, and Mary Beall, who lives with her mother in Yonkers, New York.
Though Mr. Ewing was reared a Cath- olic. he did not accept the doctrine of in- fallibility. By mental constitution he was unable to limit Christianity to any denomi- nation, but he believed in Jesus Christ as his divine Master and Savior.
Early in 1857 he removed with his fam- ily to Leavenworth, Kansas, where he formed a partnership with his brother, Hugh Boyle Ewing, for the practice of law. Later the firm included William Tecumseh Sher- man, who was married to his elder sister, Ellen Boyle Ewing, and Daniel McCook. In the Civil war, three members of the firm at- tained the rank of brigadier general, and the fourth became the great hero of . Atlanta and the march to the sea. During the famous
struggle which resulted in the admission of Kansas as a free state, Mr. Ewing rendered a service to freedom of much historic inter- est.
When in January. 1861, Kansas was ad- mitted under a free constitution, Mr. Ewing. then but thirty-one years of age, was elected chief justice of the supreme court. He served less than two years, but established a high reputation as a jurist. With him "the law stood for justice and the judge for righteousness." In September, 1862, he re- signed the chief-justiceship to enter the Union army and recruited the Eleventh Regiment, Kansas Volunteer Infantry, of which he was elected a colonel. For gal- lant conduct at Prairie Grove, one of the fiercest battles of the war, he was com- missioned a brigadier general on March 13. 1863, by special order of President Lincoln. He was assigned to the "Dis- trict of the Border" comprising the state of Kansas and the western portion of Mis- souri-a "hornet's nest of a district," as he called it. This command, for which his ac- quaintance and influence especially fitted him. he held from June, 1863, to February, 1864. While in command of this district. on August 25, 1863, he issued an order known as "Order No. It," directing the de- population of large portions of four berder counties of western Missouri. By the order the loyal inhabitants were required to re- move to the military posts, the disloyal to remove out of the counties. It was a severe measure, but the only way of surmounting
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the difficulties to be overcome. These coun- ties, after having suffered much from Kan- sas Redlegs under Jennison and other pred- atory leaders, whom General Ewing sup- pressed with a strong hand, had become the base of operations of about a thousand Mis- souri guerrillas, under Quantrill, who inces- santly raided southern Kansas. Speaking of the issuance of the order. General Ewing. at a reception tendered him in Kansas City in 1890, said :
"I remember when I came here, that on my trip to Independence along a road by which I had once seen beautiful farm houses so thickly located as to make it almost seem a great long street. I saw, with but one ex- ception, only the monuments which Jennison left. blackened chimneys. But one house between Kansas City and Independence was inhabited. About that time I went to Ne- vada, which t had remembered as a pretty town. Arriving there. I did not find a hu- man being in the place. It was entirely de- serted-not even a cat, dog or domestic ani- mal of any kind could be seen, save some cows that had taken up their abode in the court house, which had been left in ruins. the records being trampled beneath the hoofs of the cows.
"Every expedition I sent out to over- take the guerrillas failed to achieve the ob- ject sought. We could not overtake them. On every side of us were living people who not only befriended and sympathized with the guerrillas, but furnished them with ad- vantageous information as to the move-
ments of the army or any detachment. After they had committed many depredations and then penetrated to Lawrence, where they murdered nearly 200 people in cold blood and burned the city. I knew some decisive measure had to be adopted. The Kansas people were aroused. and it seems provi- demial interference that stayed them from going into Missouri and at least murdering those people they knew kept the guerrillas posted. I believe as to General Schofield and I know as to myself, that Order No. II was issued out of a spirit of mercy to the people whose homes were in the border counties. It was a deliberate order and my judgment has never faltered an instant. But I confess 1 have suffered a great deal from the weak and partisan construction put upon it. When it was issued and before it went into effect. Montgomrey Blair made an ap- peal to President Lincoln to have it re- voked. In turn President Lincoln called upon General Schofield for an explanation- and the order went into effect. It was to me the only means of restoring peace. Those people were told that they must move and they did so without any show of military interference. and I am sure were no more in- convenienced than any of you would be to- day who had to change your place of abode. All you people, who were with me, know the truth of these statements. I remember that my own father remonstrated with me about that order and I know his heart was right. but he didn't know. 1 have been pelted by the Democratic party on this ac-
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count; and the charge that I was cruel to iny fellow beings while in a position to con- mand is galling. Yet if I had it all to do over again I would do it in the same way."
After General Ewing had thus removed the spies and purveyors from "the hills of the robbers," Quantrill, unable to continue the vendetta. led the guerillas south. Under General Ewing's firm administration re-set- tlement of the country soon began, and the border war. which had raged for eight years, was ended forever. General Ewing conducted one campaign where he displayed military ability sufficient, had the operations been larger to give him rank as a great com- mander. General Ewing was made a brevet major-general for meritorious conduct at Pilot Knob. He resigned on February 23. 1865, at the close of the war in the West.
In the spring of 1865 he removed to the city of Washington, where he enjoyed for six years a large and lucrative practice. Ile was at different times in partnership with his father, Senator O. H. Browning, and his brother, General Charles Ewing. He was the general attorney for the Central Pa- cific Railroad Company. He defended Ar- nold, Spangler and Dr. Mudd when on trial with Mrs. Surratt and four others before a military commission charged with conspir- acy to assassinate President Lincoln. In the words of a writer of authority, he "be- came the leading spirit of the defense * *
* and wrought the miracle of plucking from the deadly clutches of the judge-advo-
cates the lives of every one of the men he defended."
During this period he opposed the re- construction policy of the Republican party. His objections were that it would proscribe the whites of the South and make the ne- groes the rulers; that their government would have to be propped by bayonets and intist fall when the support was withdrawn; that it would prove a vast burden on the North and destructive to the South, and as wholly unconstitutional. He addressed the soldiers' convention which met at Cleve- land, Ohio, in September, 1866. Of this ad- dress James G. Blaine says, in his Twenty Years of Congress: "The only noteworthy speech in the convention was delivered by General Thomas Ewing. ** He and Mr. Browning were law partners at the time of Mr. Johnson's accession, and both now resolved to oppose the Republican party. General Ewing's loss was regretted by a large number of friends. He had in- herited talent and capacity of a high order, was rapidly rising in his profession, and seemed destined to an inviting political ca- reer in the party to which he had belonged from its first organization. In supporting the policy of President Johnson he made a large sacrifice,-large enough certainly to free his action from the slightest suspicion of any other motive than conviction of (luty." President Johnson offered Mr. Eu- ing the positions of secretary of war and at- torney-general ; but he declined both offices.
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In 1870 he removed to Lancaster, with William .Allen was elected governor of Ohio ample means acquired in his profession, and upon a platform written by General Ewing embarked in the work of developing the Hocking valley. He was largely instru- mental in the construction of the Ohio Cen- tral Railway. But the panic of 1873 robbed him of all pecuniary return from his efforts, and cast upon him a vast indebtedness. which he could easily have avoided. but which he struggled to pay during the re- maining quarter century of his life. He was a member of the constitutional convention of Ohio in 1873-4. where his legal attainments and admirable powers of debate gave him a leading place. But the proposed constitu- tion failed of adoption by the people. In the financial discussions following the war to the resumption of specie payments in 1879. General Ewing was pronounced in his op- position to the various statutes devised to enhance the value of the currency and effect the payment of government bonds in gold. He opposed the law of 1809 which declared that bonds, the principal of which was orig- inally made payable in greenbacks, should be paid in coin. In 1871 he attacked the re- funding operations of the government, and the policy of currency contraction, from which he anticipated commercial disaster. an anticipation fulfilled in the panic of 1873. In January. 1875, the act was passed by con- gress providing for the resumption of specie payments. Hle aroused the Democratic party against the resumption policy, and for the next four years was the most conspicuous figure in the Greenback movement. In 1875 which squarely opposed resumption. In 1876 Allen G. Thurman sought the Democratic nomination for the presidency. Though less pronounced in opposition to resumption than was Governor AAllen, Senator Thurman was General Ewing's preference for the nomina- tion, but upon condition that the declara- tion of financial policy adopted in 1875 should not be modified. When the state convention met in Cincinnati the followers of Senator Thurman, led by the Hon. Frank Hurd, controlled its organization and intro- duced resolutions which in effect declared for the abandonment of opposition to the resumption policy. Minority resolutions re- affirming the platform of 1875 were reported by Governor William D. Morgan. . At a mo- ment when defeat seemed certain General Ewing mounted the stand. "I rise," said he. "not to speak for a man, but for the canse." By a powerful and impassioned speech he carried the Morgan resolutions, Ile himself presented the name of William Allen, at St. Louis, as the nommee of the Ohio Democracy. General Ewing repre- sented the Lancaster district in congress from 1877 to 1881, where he advocated the remonetization of silver, and became the leader in the successful tight to amend the resumption scheme so as to provide that the greenbacks should be reissued instead of be- ing destroyed when once presented for re- demption. But for this amendment the cur- reney, already reduced in volume, would
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have been greatly contracted, to the im- suffer by the proposed changes, and after a measurable distress of the industrial classes. vigorous debate he carried an amendment continuing the usual appropriations. In closing his speech he referred to the famous. pony-express established by Ben Holliday before the war, between St. Joseph, Mis- souri, and San Francisco, and in one of his happiest expressions likened it to a "spider's thread swung across the desert." In 1879 General Ewing was the Democratic candi- date for governor of Ohio, but was defeated after a brilliant campaign which attracted the attention of the nation, it being recog- nized that success would place him in the front rank of presidential possibilities. In- tensely democratic, he aimed to serve the whole people, and had the courage of his convictions ; and the Democracy of Ohio honored him with a devotion such as has been enjoyed by few men. In 1881 he retired from congress and from politics. And resumption would have been impossi- ble, as Secretary Sherman admitted in his in- terview with the committee on finance, March 19, 1878, when the question was put to him by Senator Allison : "In other words, you think we cannot come to and maintain specie payments without the power to reis- sue?" To which Secretary Sherman an- swered: "I do not think we can." On the money question General Ewing was unwar- rantably charged with advocating inflation. His position was, in fact, the conservative position. He sought to preserve the green- backs and to avert the fall in prices which forced resumption produced. He proposed to retire the national bank currency and fix by constitutional amendment the volume of the greenback currency and its enlargement in proportion to the annual percentage of in- crease in the population. In congress he was also largely instrumental in stopping the employment of Federal troops and supervis- ors at elections conducted under state laws. Respecting the tariff he was a moderate pro- tectionist. During his last year in congress a bill was reported unanimously from the com- mittee on postal service which proposed very large reduction in the appropriation for the service in the far west. Any one familiar with the conduct of business in congress knows how all but certainly the unanimous report of a committee controls. General Ewing knew that the people affected would
Removing to Yonkers, New York, in 1882, he practiced law in New York city, He was for many years in partnership with the Ilon. Milton 1. Southard, formerly of Ohio, who had represented the Zanesville district in congress .. In 1893 he organized the firm of Ewing, Whitman & Ewing. in order to join with him his sons, Thomas and Hampton Denman Ewing. In 1895 he was attorney to the department of buildings of New York city. He delivered addresses on numerous public occasions, which he pre- pared with great care. In an address before the Law School of the University of the
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City of New York, he favored the abolition of the requirement of unanimity of the jury in civil cases, and the codification of the "private law." In closing he said :
"Gentleman, always recollect that you are American lawyers, and owe allegiance to the people. Be loyal to your sovereign in word and decd. The experiment of self- government has been concluded and is a world acknowledged success.
Exert your influence in perfecting the law. and in administering it expeditiously, econ- omically and justly. Seek to make a law- suit a terrer to evil-doers only. Guard the liberty of the people and that equality which is the soul of free government. Punish abuse, oppression and corruption wherever and however they appear in the profession or in the courts. So that the people may for- get the grievances of which poets and novel- ists have bitterly and mournfully written: and Oily Gammon, and Sampson Brass, and Jarndyce and poor little Miss Flite, may be remembered only as myths showing the gricis of the oldlen times ; and so that Amer- ican jurisprudence may illustrate Sir Mat- thew llale'- lofty and eloquent tribute to law : "All things on earth do her reverence, the least as feeling her protection, the great- est as not exempt from her power. Her voice is the harmony of the world; her seat in the boom or God."
General Ewing was a founder of the Ohio Society of New York in 1886, and its president until 1880. He loved the people of Ohio, and hoped to return to live in Lan-
caster, at or near which city lived. with their families, his brothers. General Hugh Boyle and Judge Philemon Beecher Ewing. his sister. Mrs. C. F. Steelc. his ellest son. William Cox Ewing, and elder daughter. Mrs. Edwin S. Martin. General Ewing was struck down by a cable car in New York on January 20. 1896. Hle was taken to his apartment where he was living with his wife and younger daughter Beall. He died on the morning of January 21, without recover- ing consciousness. He was buried at Yonk- ers on the Friday following. His wife and all his children sarvive him. In his every- clay life he was pure and unselfish. Though full of high ambition. he was hopeful and cheerful under adversity and disappoint- ment. In manner he was dignified and sim- ple: in conversation ready and interesting. full of humor and amiability. Always gen- crous and approachable, he had hosts of friends. No one appealed to him in vain. "His hand gave help. his heart compassion." He was an affectionate son and brother, a loving father, a devoted husband. In noting his death the Cincinnati Enquirer said :
"Though General Thomas Ewing re- moved to New York about fifteen years ago. he resided still in the warm affections of the people of Ohio. His death will be mourned in every community in which he ever lived. Thomas Ewing was an ideal gentleman. Handsome in person, easy and gracious in manner, and lofty in his ideals, he made a deep impression on everybody he met. He was a gallant and effective soldier, an able
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lawyer, a sincere statesman, and a politician Ohio and the administration of national who set a high moral example in the practice affairs." of politics. He was worthy to be the son of the eminent Thomas Ewing of old, whose name is inseparably woven in the history of
[The foregoing sketch is reprinted from the "Bench and Bar of Ohio," issued in De- cember, 1897.]
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