USA > Ohio > Annual report of the State Commissioner of Common Schools, to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1892 > Part 18
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4. Compare Jupiter with the earth as to size, inclination of axis, time of rotation, and length of year.
5. What constitutes a sidereal year? How does it differ from a solar year? Give length of each.
6. Under what circumstances do we have an annular eclipse of the sun? What eclipses occur in 1892?
7. Name six of the brightest constellations now visible at 10 o'clock in the evening.
8. What do know of the chemical constituents of the sun? How has this knowledge been obtained?
9. Describe the ring system of Saturn. What is the present theory in regard to the structure of these rings?
10. For what is each of the following persons noted in connection with the science of astronomy: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Leverrier?
THEORY AND PRACTICE.
1. What are the characteristics of a good teacher?
2. How does a knowledge of psychology benefit the teacher?
3. What is attention? How may it be acquired, and of what educa- tional value is it?
4. Give the general principles to be observed in the government of a school.
5. What does the teacher owe to his profession?
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DECEMBER MEETING.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
1. What is the subject-matter of Orthography? What is a word? A syllable? A letter?
2. What is accent? Mark the accent in vagary, obligatory, hymen- eal, cynosure, and orthoepy.
3. For what purpose are diacritical marks used? Use all such marks as can be used to indicate the exact pronunciation of the following words: cage, gaseous, finger, bade, made.
4. Rewrite the following ten words, correcting the spelling of those that are mispelled: trissyllable, dissyllable, forceible, seperate, cachinna- tion, monies, attorneys, cemetary, saleable, collectable.
5. Write the three rules of spelling which govern the spelling of the following three derivative words: making, beginner, holiest.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
1. Analyze or diagram: What kind of culture Shakespere had is uncertain; how much he had is disputed; that he had as much as he wanted and whatever kind he wanted, must be clear to whoever considers the question .- Lowell.
2. Give the construction, in the above, of the words what, how, that, whatever and whoever.
3. Parse had, uncertain, must be and considers.
4. Name all the uses of the infinitive, and give an example of each.
5. What can be used as substantives? Give the four kinds of sub- - stantive clauses.
6. In what cases can as be used as a relative pronoun? Illustrate by sentences.
7. Give sentences to illustrate (a) pronominal adjective; (b) co-ordi- nate conjunction; (c) conjunctive adverb; (d) compound preposition; (e) an adverb in comparative degree, compared adverbially.
8. Give a brief history of the origin and development of the English language, and show its relations to other living languages.
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
1. Indicate in brief but satisfactory outline what you would teach about the civil war.
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2. Draw a contrast between the New England and the Jamestown civilizations.
3. Give a full history of the Constitutional Convention. What are our present sources of information regarding the debates of that body?
4. What are the most conspicuous qualities required by a great soldier? Who of the Americans most nearly measured up to the stand- ard? Give reasons for reply.
5. What influences in the fifteenth century were at work in Europe to make possible the discovery in America? In this connection give history of Columbus, and tell in what his greatness really consisted.
6. In what way does history mention the following: Aaron Burr. William Hull, Anthony Wayne, Paul Revere, John Ericsson, Salmon P. Chase and Albert Gallatin.
7. If required to teach only ten dates in U. S. History, which would they be? Why?
GENERAL HISTORY.
1. Have you ever read Bulwer's Last Days of Pompeii? Froude's Cæsar? Cæsar's Commentaries in the Original ?
2. What were the Punic Wars? What effect had they on the gov- ernment of Rome?
3. Describe how and when the change was made from Republican Rome to Imperial Rome.
4. Describe the original inhabitants of Great Britain. State by whom and give dates of at least three invasions into England.
5. Give a brief state of affairs in France during Napoleon's time.
ENGLISH LITERATURE.
1. Name five prominent English prose writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and name their masterpieces.
2. Who were the authors of the "Dunciad;" "The Traveller;" "The Grave;" "'The Vicar of Wakefield?" Give a simple outline of either one of the productions.
3. In what relations did Addison stand to The Spectator? In what respects did Addison excel as a writer?
4. Give your opinion of Tennyson as a poet. In what respects was he specially strong?
5. List five American prose writers, and five poets, and name at least two subjects on which each wrote.
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LATIN.
1. Write in English: Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad arma concurri oporteret, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi milites, qui paulo longius aggenis petendi causa processerant, arcessendi, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, signum dandum,
2. Give full construction of the following words as used above: Caesari, oporteret, vexillum, tuba, revocandi, qui and aggeris.
3. Write in Latin: (a). Orgetorix gave his daughter in marriage to Casticus. (6) They were ordered to return on the thirteenth of April. (c). They saw that the camp and legions and commander were involved in great danger. (d). He answered: if he should be willing to forget the old insult, could he lay aside memory?
4. Write in English: (a). Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superiorem: jam intelligro multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. (b). Ubi Catilina priore nocte fuit? (c). Conjurationem non credendo corroboraverunt. (d). Timeo ne veniat.
5. Give some account of the Latin language and literature. What are some of the most approved present methods of teaching Latin? In what particulars have the methods improved during the past ten years?
NOTE .- What Latin writings have you read? How extensive is your exper- ience as a teacher of this subject?
RHETORIC.
1. Name at least two ancient and two modern rhetoricans and give brief sketches of the lives of the first two.
2. Name two of the most important divisions under style, and tell why you so regard them.
3. Under strength of sentences, give at least three rules and fully illustrate them.
4. Show what is meant by figures of speech and tell their value in composition.
5. Define peroration, irony, tautology, meter. Illustrate. Describe the style of Washington's writings.
PSYCHOLOGY.
1-2. Show how the body and spirit, though widely different, are mutually dependent.
3-4. How are natural phenomena discovered? How, the phenomena of the spirit? Illustrate.
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5-6. What is a judgment? A concept? Give steps taken in form- ing a logical concept. Illustrate.
7. Tell briefly what you know about the feelings, and classify them.
8-9. Illustrate how you would train the will in a child.
10. What are the results of the study of psychology with respect to yourself?
LOGIC.
1. What is Logic? What are Intuitive Faculties? What are Dis- cussive Faculties?
2. Of what does Pure Logic treat? Of what does Applied Logic treat?
3. What is Reasoning? What is meant by immediate Inference? Define its opposite.
4. What is a fallacy? Into what two classes are fallacies divided? Define each.
5. What is Deductive Reasoning? Inductive? Analogical? Which is least certain? Which is most useful?
GEOGRAPHY.
1. Name all the countries of the world which now have a republican form of government.
2. How do you account for that commercial and maritime pre- eminence which England has so long enjoyed?
3. Beginning at the north name in order all the prominent oceanic capes of America.
4. Give the theory of tidal movements, using if need be a diagram to illustrate your answer.
5. What physical agents have been most important in giving great. size and wealth to Paris, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Chicago, New York and Denver?
6. Discuss the relation which climate, food-supply and soil bear to the civilization of a country.
7. (a) What sciences contribute most largely to a mastery of this. branch? (6) Name ten books, which in practical teaching, supplement. most happily the regular text-book study of this branch.
CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
1. What is Government? A limited monarchy? Give an example. What is an absolute monarchy? Give an example.
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ANNUAL REPORT.
2. What is a theocracy? Give a historical example. What is a pure democracy? Give a historical example. What is a republic?
3. What are the essential points of difference between the English Constitution and that of the United States?
4. Why will Mr. Cleveland get some of the electoral votes in Michi- gan and Mr. Harrison some? Why will Ohio's electoral vote be divided? How many electoral votes are required at present to elect a President?
5. How many branches, and what, has the government of Ohio? Give the titles of the chief officers of the executive branch. Name the present President of the Senate of Ohio. The present Speaker of the House of Representatives. Who was elected Secretary of State in Ohio last month?
POLITICAL ECONOMY.
1. What are the fundamental truths of political economy?
2. What always settles the value of a commodity on a natural base? Illustrate.
3-4. Illustrate what is meant by price, and value, and show which is specific, and which generic.
5. Illustrate what constitutes the circle of value.
6-7. How do inventions affect production and value? Fully illustrate.
8. What is the effect of monopolies on production?
9-10. Show how an increase of capital affects wages and profits.
GEOLOGY.
1. Construct tables to show the following:
(a) The eras and ages of geological history, in their true order.
(b) The periods of the American "Paleozoic."
(c) The ages and periods of the Ohio series.
2. Describe in detail the geology of your own county, as follows:
(a) The formations represented.
(b) The character, composition and stratification of the rocks.
(c) Their commercial or economic value.
(d) The most important fossils.
3. Give an account of the composition, structure and origin of granite.
4. Give a full history of some American falls, rapids, canon, and valley.
5. Give an account of the delta of the Mississippi.
NOTE .- Name the works on geology that you have in your own library ; also the names of those that you have studied or taught. What are the best texts ?
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ZOOLOGY.
1. Give some account of protoplasm.
2. Give a summary of the doctrine of evolution.
3. Give the life-history of the frog; also of some insect.
4. Describe the respiration of the whale, snail, earth-worm, catfish, frog, butterfly and bat.
5. Give an account of the classes and orders of the vertebrata, nam- ing at least one example under each.
PHYSIOLOGY.
1. Describe the capillaries. How are they fitted to irrigate the tissues ?
2. Describe the working of the valves of the heart.
3. Describe the portal circulation.
4. What are the functions of the pancreatic juice ?
5. What are the functions of the liver?
6. Explain what is meant by reflex action.
7. Name the parts of the eye in their order, and state the function of each.
8. Give a full account of the action of alcohol on the heart and on the circulation of the blood.
9. Effect of tobacco on the brain and nervous system.
10. Explain how the air is changed by combustion and by respira- tion; and give the laws of ventilation.
BOTANY.
1. Give the complete life-history of some common plant, starting with the seed and ending with the fruit.
(Your answer should include a description of each part as it is developed. Make drawings ot the parts, if they will aid you.)
2. State the more important differences between the Phanerogam- ous and the Crptogamous plants.
3. What is sap? Explain the circulation of the sap.
4. Explain the relations of insects to plants.
5. By what agencies are new varieties of plants produced?
PHYSICS.
1. Describe an experiment that will illustrate the impenetrability of matter.
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2. Explain what is meant by the parallelogram of forces. Illus- trate by diagram.
3. A body passed over 1608 feet during its fall; what was the time required? What velocity did it finally obtain ?
4. How can it be shown that air has weight ?
5. Define sound. What is the velocity of sound in the air? How is its velocity affected by temperature ?
6. What causes water to rise in a common lifting-pump? What causes air to rise in an air-pump ?
7. A piece of lead weighing 600g. weighs 545g. in water and 547g. in alcohol. (a) Find the specific gravity of the lead; (b) of the alcohol, (c) find the bulk of the lead.
8. What is meant by electric-motive force ? Define Ohm, volt and ampere.
9. What is an electrical-magnet ?
10. Define energy. Name several varieties of energy. Explain what is meant by conservation of energy.
CHEMISTRY.
1. Describe the usual method of preparing hydrogen.
2. What per cent. of pure marble is oxygen?
3. Give a characteristic property of each of the following: (a) Pb .; (b) N .; (c) Hg .; (d) Na .; (e) Pt.
4. How can it be shown that air is a mechanical mixture and not a chemical compound ?
5. Give the properties and test of C O2.
6. Define (a) Molecule, (b) atom, (c) chemism, (d) valence, and (e) isomeric compounds.
7. How much K C 1 O3 must be employed to make an amount of 0- which shall measure 100 liters at 18° C and 760 mim?
8. Give the chemical formula for each of the following: Salt, nitric- acid, soda, water, saleratus, copperas, calomel, silver nitrate, starch and cane-sugar.
9. How are petrifactions formed ?
10. Give the chemical composition of alcohol. What change takes place in alcoholic fermentation? Represent the reaction.
ARITHMETIC.
1. What part of § is 3 ? Give analysis.
and 8% and divide the former by the latter.
2. Express decimally 85 7%
1
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3. If I sell § of an article for what 1% of it cost, what per cent. do I gain ?
4. What is the difference between the simple interest and the annual interest of $1,560 from June 12, 1890, to January 18, 1896, at 5 per cent .?
5. A pasture whose length is three times its width contains 37 acres, 155 square rods. What would it cost to fence it at 872 cents a rod.
6. How would you present to a class the subject of subtraction of fractions? Take as an example § §.
7. Sold goods at $25.20, and 162 per cent. off, and the discounts amounted to $187.50. What was the list price ?
8. What is the difference between a composite number and a power? Define ratio, reciprocal, and liter.
9. What income in currency would be realized by investing $6,468.75 in U. S. 6 per cent. bonds at 112, brokerage ¿ per cent. when gold is 105?
10. The surface of a pyramid is 560 square inches, what is the sur- face of a similar pyramid whose volume is 27 times as great?
ALGEBRA.
1. Give the prime factors of m3x+m3y-nºx-nºy.
2. Divide 1-x3 1-x 1 + x2 + 1-x
1+x3 1+x
3. Find the H. C. D. and the L. C. M. of 4x4-9x2 +6x-1 and 6.x3-7x2 +1.
4. Rationalize 13 2-7-2
2-V3 2+1-2
5. Find the values of x and y from y2+xy=4. x2+212-xy=8.
6. Find two numbers whose sum, product and difference of squares are all equal.
7. V 2x+1 + 2V x= V 2x+1 21 to find the value of x.
8 The sum of three numbers in arithmetical progression is 18. If the first be increased by 1, and the third by 2, they will be in geomet- rical progression. Find the numbers.
9. Divide 81 x- 16 by 3 xl + 2.
10. There is a number consisting of two digits, which is equal to four times the sum of the digits. If 18 be added to the number the digits will be reversed.
GEOMETRY.
1. If one of the angles at the base of an isosceles triangle is double the angle at the vertex, how many degrees in each. .
14 S. C. C. S.
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ANNUAL REPORT.
2. Demonstrate: A line drawn parallel to the base of a triang te divides the two sides proportionally.
3. How many sides has the polygon the sum of whose interior angles is double that of its exterior angles?
4. Deduce the rules for finding the area of a circle.
5. Define (a) similar polygons ; (b) homologous sides ; (c) secant ; (d) corollary ; and (e) right prism.
6. Problem: To inscribe an equilateral triangle in a circle.
7. One of the columns of a temple is 13.09 ft. in circumference, and its volume is 818.125 cu. feet. What is its height?
8. If four quantities are in proportion, they will be in proportion by division. Give the proof.
9 Demonstrate: The radius perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and the arc subtended by it.
10. What is meant by the axis of a cone? To what is the convex surface of a frustum of a right pyramid equal ?
TRIGONOMETRY.
1. What is the logarithm of a number? What fundamental opera- tions may be performed by means of logarithms ?
2. If a number is an exact power of 10, what kind of a number is its logarithm? If a number is not an exact power of 10, of what two parts does its logarithm consist, and what is each part technically called ?
3. Write the rule to multiply by means of logarithms. Write the rule to extract roots by means of logarithms.
4. Define sine, tangent, versed-sine, and secant.
5. Prove that the sine 30° is equal to one-half of the radius. From this value of the sine, deduce the values of the cosine and the tangent of 30°.
ASTRONOMY.
1, Name the planets, in order, beginning with the one nearest the
sun. What planets have satellites ?
2. Why is it we see but one side of the moon ?
3. State the distinction between the sidereal and tropical year. Give the length of each.
4. What is the sun's distance from the earth? How is this deter- mined ?
5. Under what circumstances do we have a total eclipse of the moon ? An annular eclipse of the sun ?
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6. Compare Jupiter with the earth as to size, inclination of axis, and period of rotation.
7. What is known concerning the nature of comets ?
8. Define (a) ecliptic, (b) right ascension, (c) prime vertical, (d) radius vector, and (e) vernal equinox.
9. Give Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
10. What interesting astronomical events have occurred during the year 1892?
BOOK-KEEPING.
1, Name and describe the different books required.
2. If an item is posted on the wrong side of an account how may the mistake be corrected?
3. Write an interest-bearing note. Transfer the same to a second party.
4. Write out a bill for a sale of 500 slates, where the discount is 25, 10 & 5. Receipt in full for the firm.
5. Distinguish between real and personal accounts, and give ex- amples.
6. Explain the methods of closing accounts:
(a) Merchandise, with stock on hand.
(b) "Profit and Loss."
(c) Bills payable.
7. Give an example of changing from single to double entry.
8. What is a "trial balance?" Give an illustration.
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MUSIC.
1. Reproduce from memory a few measures of all the parts of the familiar music, "My country 'tis of Thee," etc.
2. What are tones? Indicate the relation and meaning of pitch, force and quality.
3. What is accent? Which parts are accented in sextuple measure?
4. Name and explain the effect of the following:
1 D.C., D.S.,
5. Write four measures with signature three flats. Change to four sharps. Give rules for transposition.
6. Give meaning of the terms double, triple, quadruple and sextuple as used in common music.
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ANNUAL REPORT.
7. What is meant by Harmony? Give briefly some of the laws.
8. Name some of the great composers, together with some of their most celebrated compositions.
NOTE .- Give briefly your personal preparation and experience in this branch.
THEORY AND PRACTICE.
1. What are the essential characteristics of a great teacher?
2. What treatises on education have you read? Quote a few choice passages therefrom.
3. Give five good reasons for the maintenance of the free common school system.
4. What, in your judgment, are the greatest defects of the common school system? Name any magazine articles, or other discussions, which you have recently read on this subject.
5. Show how the Kindergarten idea has influenced primary work and methods.
6. What is the Ohio school law regarding the supension and expul- sion of pupils?
7. Briefly explain the phrases, "proceeding from the known to the related unknown," "the educational value of a subject," and "the. socratic method."
8. Trace, step by step, the progress made by the schools of Ohio during the last fifty years.
Appendix.
REPORT OF THE STATE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL EXAMINERS.
The ninth annual meeting of the Ohio Examiners' Association was held at the Library Building, Columbus, Dec. 27 and 28, 1892. There was a fairly good attendance, the boards of thirty-five counties and fifteen cities being represented. Pres. C. W. Bennett, of Piqua, presided. The sessions were all interesting and in the main profitable; at each the time was fully occupied in the informal discussion of numerous topics of interest to examiners. As outcome of these discussions the following resolutions were adopted.
Resolved, That this Association of School Examiners of Ohio favors the recommendation of the State School Commissioner as embodied in his report in reference to a law granting Boards of Education power to furnish free text-books.
That we should use all proper means to make clear the provisions of the Workman Law (H. B. 188) and endeavor to create a public sentiment in its favor by giving the reasons for its enactment and the result it is expected to reach.
That the study of a text-book in psychology by pupils just complet- ing their studies in sub-district schools is of doubtful propriety if not an absolute waste of time, and we recommend in its place some good work on school economy or methods of teaching for those expecting to teach.
That it is well for examiners to name some book or books from which many of their questions in theory and practice are to be taken.
That the plan of permitting teachers who have passed a good examination in the common branches to substitute, at their subsequent examinations, higher branches, has proved an efficient means of encour- aging many to go forward in their studies.
That the best method to secure the attendance of teachers at the county institute, is to secure the best professional instruction which can be found in the country.
That this Association respectfully ask the Commissioner to furnish forms for preserving a uniform record of the examinations under the Boxwell Law (H. B. 14,) a form for the diploma and blanks for trans- mitting the proper statistics to his office.
That the General Assembly be asked to appoint a committee to in- vestigate and report on the workings of the school laws in force and on the condition of the public schools of the state.
That it is the sense of this Association that the State Board of Ex- aminers furnish the different Boards of County Examiners suggestive lists of questions in the common branches of study at least twice a year.
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The Association remained in session almost continuously both days of its meeting until time for adjournment. These gatherings have been in the past marked by close attention to work and have borne fruit in divers ways. No more profitable meeting of educators is held in our state.
C. W. BENNETT, President. E. W. VANCLEVE, Secretary.
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INSTRUCTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
TO
Township Boards of Education
Regarding Organization and Methods of Procedure
UNDER THE WORKMAN LAW,
Together With a Suggestive Course of Study for Country Schools,
AND
DIRECTIONS FOR TEACHING
THE
VARIOUS BRANCHES.
Instructions and Suggestions.
The successful operation of the new school law which goes into effect April 1st, 1893, and which has for its object "the more efficient organization of the common schools in township districts," will depend very largely upon the spirit which characterizes the different boards of education and the methods adopted by them in executing it. It is very important that the boards first elected under this law not only thoroughly understand its provisions, but also that they should adopt such rules and regulations for carrying it into effect as will bring about the best possible results. The purpose of the Legislature in enacting this law was to im- prove the condition of our country schools by giving them a more efficient organization and thereby insuring a more successful management. It is certainly just that the law be given a fair and impartial trial by means of the application of the most practical methods which the boards in their wisdom can adopt. To aid these boards of education in the proper dis- charge of their duties under this law the following instructions and sug- gestions are submitted for their consideration:
ORGANIZATION.
(1.) The method of organization will be the same as heretofore, and as provided for in section 3980 of the Revised Statutes.
(2.) As soon as the organization is complete, the board should pro- ceed to divide their membership into three classes as directed in section 3916 of the law. Boards of five members should be divided into classes of two, two, and one; boards of seven members into classes of two, two, and three; boards of eight members into classes of three, three, and two, and so on. The length of time which each of the three classes is to serve, should be determined by lot as provided for in the above section.
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