USA > Ohio > Lorain County > History of Lorain County, Ohio > Part 83
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The stone business of Amherst, like all great indus- tries, had a small and humble beginning. Before the great value of the stone was known, owners of the best quarry land in Amherst and vicinity would gladly have taken for an acre of the so called "waste land" what is now-a-days paid for fifty cubic feet of building block, or its equivalent in grindstones.
Henry Warner first opened the Brownhelm quarry, now owned by the Worthingtons, in 1842, and is be- lieved to have shipped the first stone sent out from this section. The blocks were hauled on wagons to Vermillion, and from there shipped to their destina- tion in Canada, having been purchased by John Wor- thingtou, then a contractor. Mr. Warner gave for this quarry six hundred dollars, worked it six years, and then sold it for six thousand dollars. He was a native of Middlesex county, Connecticut, and had a varied experience before he became one of the pioneer quarrymen of Lorain county.
Grindstones were taken out of the John Elliott marry, lots fifty-nine and sixty in Amherst, in 1848, by Sylvester Silsby. There were no lathes then in use, and the work of shaping the stones was done en- tirely with the chisel. This quarry was worked for fifteen years by William James, who finally bought it of Elliott. Parks and E. C. Foster were the next owners, and they sold to George E. Hall, of Cleveland, who, in turn, sold to Worthington & Sons. Block stone was furnished from this quarry for the building of the abutments of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad bridge at Ashtabula, when the road was established. It was taken out by Ackley & Smith.
Henry Warner was associated with Mr. Clark in the ownership of the middle quarry, now owned by the Clough Company, in 1854. Baxter Clough bought into this quarry, and soon became the sole owner. Warner afterwards became owner of what is at this writing the Haldeman quarry.
Nearly all of the stone quarries of this township have passed through the ownership of many parties, and been developed in different degrees by each until to-day they form such a collossal interest as to have brought
NORTH QUARRY
AMHERST
COLUMBIA
SHIPPING DOCH O LAKE ERIE
MIDDLE QUARRY. AMHERST.
VIEW OF CLOUGH STONE COMPANY'S Q
SOUTH QUARRY AMHERST
QUARRY
Quarryina in detail
ENGRAVED
A LITTLE. PHILEAS
GRINDSTONE LATHE. AMHERST
RIES. £ OFFICE, NORTH AMHERST, OHIO.
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HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY, OHIO.
together enough people to form a village of one thou- sand and five hundred inhabitants. North Amherst has grown almost entirely from the stimulus given by the development of the stone, and as it is both literally and figuratively built upon a rock. its safety of existence and prosperity is assured. A great change has taken place since the first small opening was made for the purpose of taking ont stone. The whole northern and western part of the township may be said to fairly bristle with heavy iron rigged derricks which, worked by powerful engines, swing ponderous blocks of stone from the deep rugged walled caverns to the ground above, and deposit them upon railroad ears, or swing them to the saw mill and turning lathe. Hundreds of men, assisted by the giant slave, steam, are toiling in the ledges and pits, taking out the rough stone, which under the chisel of the artizan shall be con- formed into shapes of grace and beauty and strength, to lend majesty to the buildings in the great marts of trade.
Most of the growth of the stone industry of Amherst and the adjacent country has been the result of the business, energy and taet of the present proprietors of the quarries. We have endeavored to seenre facts, which briefly related, will convey to the reader an idea of what has been accomplished.
For a description of the Clongh Stone Company, see biographical sketch of Baxter Clough.
THE WORTHINGTON QUARRIES are extensively worked by James M. and George II. Worthington. The elder Worthington was a man of great energy and business shrewdness, a native of Canada, and a large contractor upon government buildings. He came to Amherst and bought into the quarries in 1853. The business once embarked in. it was not long before he became one of the most extensive owners and opera- tors of quarry property, in the country. His sons carry on the business in a large way, at present. They have quarries in lots fifty-nine and sixty, Am- herst. (formerly known as the Hall). also in Brown- helm, lots twenty-seven and twenty-eight, also val- uable quarry property at Grindstone City, Huron county, Michigan, and an extensive dock at Vermil- lion harbor. from which point their Amherst and Brownhelm stone is shipped. This is supplied with three heavy derricks. They run seven engines, nine lathes, and six gangs of saws. Their houses and tools were valned in 1876. at fifty-eight thousand dol- lars, and their real estate at one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. During the years 1871, 1812 and 1873, their sales of grindstones amounted respectively to fractions over seven thousand nine hundred and fifty, nine thousand seven hundred and twenty-six. and nine thousand two hundred and twenty-six tons. The sales of block stone were in 1871, one hundred and eighty-eight thousand two hundred and thirty- three cubic feet; in 1822, two hundred and forty-seven thousand two hundred and thirty-nine cubic feet, and in 1873, two hundred and five thousand four hundred and ninety cubic feet. Beside their office in North
Amherst, they have branches in New York, Chicago, and Pittsburgh.
THE WILSON & HUGHES STONE COMPANY OWN quarries in lots fifty-nine and sixty-two. Their office is in Cleveland. The quarries were opened in 1863, and all of the stone taken out of them at that time had to be hanled either to Black River, or the village of North Amherst. but in 1868 a contract was made with the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Com- pany, whereby they extended tracks into the quarries from the main road, and since then the business has been largely increased. The business has been sue- cessful from the first, and the average yearly sales have amounted to from fifty thousand to one hun- dred thousand dollars. The quarry property consists of about thirty-seven acres, and the company has all of the modern improvements, such as steam derricks, engines, saw mill, lathe, shops and dwelling houses for the employes. The quarries are in good condition and working order, and among the best in Amherst. A. Hughes is president of the company, and William and J. F. Wilson are superintendents.
L. HALDEMAN & SON. - The quarry property owned by this firm, having their office in Cleveland, consists of about thirty-five aeres in lots eighteen and nineteen, and the first stone was taken out by Wilson & Cook in 1868 or the following year. Messrs. Haldeman & Son purchased from MeDer- mott & Cromwell, in March, 1873. The quarry had been worked but little until the present proprie- tors bought it. The valuation of the property is, including machinery, tools, etc., seventy-five thou- sand dollars. Average sales for the years 1874, 1875, 1876 and 1877, have been in the neighborhood of one hundred thousand dollars. The firm has exeel- lent facilities for quarrying and shipping building and grindstone. and is largely interested in the manufacture of the latter. Their trade includes the prominent axe, edge tool and saw manufacturers throughout the United States and Canada. Block stone has been furnished for the construction of some of the largest buildings in the leading cities.
THE AMHERST STONE COMPANY has for its officers: president, Truman Denham; vice-president, J. E. French; secretary and treasurer, W. S. Dodge. The office of the company is in Cleveland. Their property in Amherst is known as the old Quigley property, and consists of twenty-nine acres in lot four, and twenty- six and a half acres in lot ninety-seven. The quarry was opened by the company in the fall of 1812, and is now provided with seven derrieks, grindstone lathes and a saw mill. The sales since the opening of the quarry have aggregated about two hundred and thirty thousand dollars.
THE TURKEY ROCK QUARRY-SO called because the tracks of turkeys were found at an early day in the rock near the foot of some large trees-is the property of W. H. Bryant, who purchased it in 18:4 from Nathaniel Bryant. The quarry was opened the same year that this transfer was made. The property
43
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HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY, OHIO.
lies in lot fourteen, and consists of about twelve or thirteen acres. Most of the rock taken from this quarry has been made into grindstones because of its peculiar grit, and they rival the famous Wickersley stones of England. The grain in the rock pitches toward the north at a uniform angle, showing this was once the shore line of Lake Erie. The stone found below the shore formation is soft, and very much more open than any other found in the neigh- borhood, and this soft stone is made a specialty by Mr. Bryant for tool-grinding. The product from the quarry has amounted to six or seven hundred tons, principally of the variety known as the American Wiekersley.
THE NICHOL QUARRY.
.James Nichol, a native of Dundee, Scotland, came to this country in 1852. He was a stone cutter by trade, and for the next nine years after arrival in New York followed this occupation in various cities. Ile took the management of the Messrs. Worthington's Brownhelm quarry until 1820, when he removed to Amherst and took up his residence upon a farm which he had bought of Hannah Hubbard and Sally Owen. Adjoining this farm, in lot fifty-nine, was the quarry which he purchased of Joseph Barber in 1867, and which has since been generally known as the Nichol quarry. Mr. Nichol remained some time as silent partner of the Messrs. Worthington, acting as general superintendent of all the quarries operated by that firm. At the expiration of that partnership, in 1826, he immediately entered the market on his own account, operating his own quarry, and manufacturing build- ing, grind and seythe stones, In February, 1877, with Dudley Miller, of New York, he entered into the partnership of Nichol & Miller, each owning one half of a quarry containing fifty-three acres, located in Florence township, Erie county, Ohio, with main office at North Amherst, Ohio. The thorough and extended acquaintance that Mr. Nichol had with all the details connected with the stone business. enabled this comparatively new firm to at once occupy a prominent position in the market. At the present. time they have a large and constantly increasing trade in building, grind and seythe stones, in the markets of the United States, and a large share of the export trade.
Besides the quarries heretofore described, there are a number of others which are small, and either not. worked at all, or conducted upon a plan much less extensive than those mentioned in the foregoing. We mention the names and the location of each by lot number: Ohio Stone Company, fifty-nine; James Wyatt, ninety-seven: Grove Quarry; ninety-seven; . ]. D. Bothwell, fifty-nine: Samnel Kendeigh, ninety- three; Joseph Barber, ninety-three (opening); Butler Quarry, ninety-eight, owned by the heirs of Charles Collins. Besides these, again, there are many still smaller quarries located upon farms, and used only as a mine from which the owner may procure what
small stone he may need for his own, or possibly a neighbor's use.
MILLS.
The first grist mill and the first saw mill were built by Jacob Shupe, abont 1814 or 1815. A few years after, he moved his grist mill from Beaver creek up to the corners, and connected with it a carding ma- chine, which was at that time the only one in a large stretch of country. He endeavored to run this mill with a horse power, but was not satisfied, and moved back to the old site and run it again by water power. The second grist mill was built at North Amherst, on the site that the brewery now ocenpies, by Hilde- brand & Snider. A Mr. Smith built the third mill in the south part of the village, upon the Elyria road, and the same man, in 1861, built the stone mill at the foot of the hill west of North Amherst park. Mr. Hitchcock built a mill on Church street, which was taken possession of, in 1865, by Hazel & Thomp- son. After this, Daniel Frees and Mr. Boardman built a mill on the flats between the east and west parts of North Amherst village. At present, those engaged in this business are John Heyman and John Gerlock.
After Jacob Shupe's mill, built on Beaver creek, at the north line of the township, Eliphalet Red- ington built a saw mill at. South Amherst. A. T. Johnson built one between the North and Middle ridges, and a Mr. Sawtell built one in Sonth Amherst just north of Redington's. Josiah Harris put up a mill on llarris creek, just south of North Amherst. Royal Barney, and a man by the name of Norton, built a mill on Barney creek (then called Beaver), in 1829, and sawed a great deal of lumber. Good white- wood was at that time worth but four dollars per thousand feet. In 1831, John T. Clay constructed a mill on the same creek, and Ephraim Towne had one a few years later. David Smith built a mill on Smith ereck, near the South ridge, about 1830. Philip Onstine, the Graves Brothers, and Harry and William Onstine also had saw mills at an early day. Most of these were what were known as "thunder shower mills, " and were only in running order during a small part of the year. Three steam saw mills have been built in the village of North Amherst, and four more in the township. Those now in operation are G. C. Prince's, South Amherst, lot ten; J. E. Kendeigh's and George Gill's, in North Amherst village.
MISCELLANEOUS .- J. J. Rice, Leek & Cook, have an iron foundry upon lot ninety-five, where they carry on the manufacture of plows and agricultural imple- ments. It was started in 1842, or the following year, by members of the Rice family. %
There are two cheese factories in the township. Eggleston, Braman & Co. own one which is located upon lot ten, just off from the south ridge road. They take the milk of about six hundred cows, and in 1878 manufactured nearly two hundred thousand pounds of cheese, and about thirty-tive thousand pounds of butter. This cheese factory and creamery was established in 1874.
HENRY WARNER.
Henry Warner was born in Middletown, Middle- sex Co., Conn., Oct. 16, 1801. He was united in marriage April 21, 1825, to Elizabeth Whitcom, of Wayne Co., N. Y. By this union were born eleven children, viz. : William H., John V., Esther A., Maria J., Malita A., Augustus A., Jerome B., Cyre- nius P., Vandalia S., Irving N., and Valeria E., two of whom are living. Augustus A. resides in Ashtabula Co., Ohio; Cyrenius, in Michigan.
The subject of this memoir moved to Brownhelm, Lorain Co., Ohio, in 1847, having previously pur- chased the stone quarry now owned by the Worth- ington Brothers. From this quarry he shipped, it 1
is believed, the first stone that was shipped from Lorain County ; this shipment was to Canada.
Some time in 1854 or 1855 he was associated with Baxter Clough in the quarry business, and was owner of the Haldeman quarry in 1847. He spent his days on the farm where he died, which is now owned and occupied by his son-in-law, J. R. Miller, and located about one mile cast of North Amherst village, on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway.
Mr. Warner died Jan. 25, 1876, in the seventy- fifth year of his age. His wife died Aug. 25, 1872.
339
HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY, OHIO.
Another factory, the property of Eggleston, Horr & Warner, is located upon lot eighty-seven, a few rods from the Elyria line, and near the telegraph road.
NORTH AMHERST VILLAGE.
Early in the history of Amherst township, the nucleus for a village was formed upon the north ridge, about a mile northwest of the center of the township. This settlement,-the embryo village of North An- herst, -was known for many years as " the corners." Judge Josiah Harris had quite a tract of land here, and he laid out a portion of it in lots, and founded the village of Amherstville. Through the decades, beginning with the years 1830, 1840, and 1850, the growth of the village was slow, but it received an im- petus from the building of the Lake Shore raitroad, then called the Cleveland and Toledo railroad, and gradually increased in size, and built up in business importance until 18;0, when the stone quarries began to be worked upon a scale of enterprise much further advanced than ever before, and then for several years the population increased quite rapidly.
About this time Milo Harris purchased the interest of the other heirs of his father's estate, laid ont an addition to the village, changed its name from Am- herstville to North Amherst, and in 1873 the people secured a charter of incorporation from the legislature.
The charter was granted in April, and the corpor- ation was organized by the election of the following ollicers: A. A. Crosse, mayor; J. W. Gilbert, clerk; Joseph Trost, treasurer; John B. Robertson, marshal: George Fuller, William Brown, and John Nathan, councilmen for one year: F. O. Barney, J. II. Clouse, and James Manning, councilmen for two years.
In 1874, three councilmen were elected to fill vacancies caused by the expiration of the short term, as follows: J. M. Worthington, Daniel Freese, and Henry Hirsching.
In 1875, the following were elected: A. C. Moore, mayor; C. O. Hirsching, clerk .; Joseph Trost, treas- urer: John B. Robertson, marshal; E. C. Foster, M. C. Seeley, John G. Bans, and Joseph Barber, conncilmen. In 1876, the councilmen elected were John G. Baus, Daniel Frees, and Daniel Horn.
The officers in 1877 were: JJ. W. Gilbert, mayor; C. O. Hirsching, clerk; Joseph Trost, treasurer; John B. Robertson, marshal; Joseph Robbins, Henry Clouse, Jacob Hildebrand, Joseph Barber, and Con- rad Fey, conneilmen.
In 1878, the councilmen elected were: L. Horn, Wm. Brown, and I. B. Parker. Parker resigning, 1. P. Chaney was elected to fill his place. A. Roth- gery was elected street supervisor.
SOCIETIES.
MASONIC.
STONINGTON LODGE F. & A. M., No. 503 .- The charter for this lodge was obtained October 21, 1875.
Following are the first officers elected: W. M., Geo. Bacon; S. W., J. M. Worthington; J. W., Geo. Fuller; secretary, Chauncey Peck: treasurer, James Nichols; S. D., E. C. Shuler: J. D., Adam Hall; tyler, II. A. Lewis. The officers for 1878 are as fol- lows: W. M., James M. Worthington; S. W., W. W. Halstead: J. W., J. Basrance; secretary, J. W. Gil- bert; treasurer, James Nichols; S. D., H. A. Lathrop; J. D., R. Patterson; tyler, R. Sinclair.
INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS.
PLATO LODGE, No. 203, was organized January 21, 1852. The original members who sigued the petition for a charter were Theodore .I. Eames, Orimel Barney, Robert B. Carhart, Milo Harris and James Walker. The present officers are N. G., A. E. Stiwall; V. G., J. B. Barrance; recording secretary, Chas. M. Par- sons; permanent secretary, G. II. Barnes; treasurer, Joseph Robbins.
JAEGER LODGE, No. 449, was organized July 7, 1820, by members of the order, who, previous to that time, had been in Plato Lodge. Following is the list of officers first elected: N. G., Win. Jaeger; V. G., L. Horn: corresponding and recording secretary, John (. Baus; treasurer, Wm. Brown. The charter ment- bers were Heury Uthe, Sr., William Jaeger, Edward Bivens, Adam Holl, John King, L. Horn, John G. Baus, Chas. Jaeger, Wm. Brown, Peter Mentz, Geo. AAshenbach, Daniel Freese, C. O. Hirsching, Fondine Geolach, Henery Hagemann, Wm. Fullmer, C. Fey, P. Fey. The officers for 1878 are: N. G., John Kothe: V. G., L. Holzhaner; corresponding secretary, Wm. Beiler: recording secretary, C. Fey; treasurer, C. O. Ilirsching.
KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS.
LODGE, No. 24 .- This lodge was organ- ized in May. 1875, the charter members being J. Stager, Win. Jaeger, John G. Baus, C. Fey, Geo. Ashenbach, Peter Mentz, Philip P. Sippel, C. O. Wirsching, Peter Fey, J. F. Uthe, Joseph Trost, C. C. Jaeger, Fondine Gerlach, Geo. Keller. The first officers were the following: P. C., Jacob Stoll: C. C. Wm. Jaeger; V. C., John G. Baus; prelate, P. Sip- pel; secretary, C. Fey; master of finance, Geo. Ashen- bach; master of exchequer, C. C. JJaeger: D. D. G. C., Jacob Stoll. Following are the officers for 1828: P. C., E. C. Shuler: C. C., A. E. Stiwall; V. C., J. F. Uthe; prelate, C. Fey; keeper of records and seals, R. Patterson; master of finance, P. Sippel; master of exchequer, C. O. Hirsching; D. D. G. C., C. O. Ilirsching.
ANCIENT ORDER OF HIBERNIANS.
Division No. 1, A. O. F., was organized in April, 1876. The first president was Peter Brady, and the other officers were as follows : Vice President, James Smith : secretary, John Shelly, JJr .; assistant seere- tary, Thomas Kelch ; treasurer, JJ. W. Duross. The officers elected in 1878 are the following : president,
340
HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY, OHIO.
Peter Brady : vice president, Michael Bowden ; sec- retary, Patrick Smith ; assistant secretary, John Leonard ; treasurer. J. W. Duross.
St. Joseph's Society was founded in the month of December, 18:1, by members of the Catholic Church. Its object is benevolent. Members are entitled in case of sickness to the aid of the society, and in case of death assistance is extended to the family. The officers elected at the time of organization were : president, Rev. R. Rouchey ; vice president, Herr- mann Randers ; secretary, M. Z. Gach ; financial secretary, Henry Plato; treasurer, John E. Plato. The present others of the society are: president, Rev. Joseph Roemer; vice president, Henry A. Plato; secretary, M. II. Fehrenbach ; financial secretary, John II. Plato ; treasurer. John E. Plato ; Marshal, Joseph Wesbecher.
TEMPERANCE.
The Amherst branch of the National Christian Temperance Union was organized May 29, 1877. at the Methodist Episcopal church, and the following officers elected for six months: president, Milo Harris; first vice president, W. H. Clough; second viee pres- ident, E. C. Shuler; secretary, A. M. Hazel, corres- ponding secretary, C. S. Aiken; treasurer. E. C. Foster; executive committee, M. W. Axtell, chairman. James Dnross, L. Horn, J. R. Miller, M. C. Seeley, Mrs. E. E. Mussey, Mrs. G. E. Bryant. The follow- ing are the officers of 1828: president, E. C. Foster: first vice president, T. M. Lewis; second vice presi- dent. E. (. Shuler; secretary, S. Crocker; treasurer, Il. C. Haskell: executive committee, A. L. Spitzer, chairman, Thomas Milford, C. M. Parsons, A. C. Moore, M. C. Seeley. The society, though but a short time has elapsed from the date of its organiza- tion to the present writing, has accomplished consid- erable in the line of its intention. Upwards of one thousand persons have signed the pledge.
FIRE DEPARTMENT.
A volunteer fire department was organized in the spring of 1876, and a good hand engine purchased for the protection of the village from fire. Il. C. Smith was twice elected foreman, and then chief of the department. The first chief was one Steele, and the second Joseph Trost. He resigned and John Northam was elected to fill the vacancy.
POST OFFICE.
The first post office at North Amherst was kept in a frame dwelling house on Main street. Judge Josiah Harris was the first postmaster, and his term of office extended through forty-one years. He was followed by Dr. A. A. Crosse, who held the position but eight months, and he by ttomer Terrell, who occupied the office four months. The present postmaster, A. M. Crocker, has held the office for eleven years, and given universal satisfaction. North Amherst post office was originally known as Plato. The name was changed in 1866.
The first store in the village was built by a Mr. Mills, and now stands on Elyria street. William Walker built a store on this street in 1832. John Goodell, the first blacksmith, settled at the corners in 1828. The following is believed to be a com- plete list of the merchants, (firms and individuals) of North Amherst, down to the year 1878, and not in- cluding those in business during that year: Mr. Mills, Stanton Sholes, Orlum Winton, Harris & Dyer, Fury & Harris, Lewis Shape, William Walker. E. L. Goodrich, Landon Rood, Mr. Prime, Hall & Mof- fatt, Hall & Carhart, Hall & Woolcott, Jackson & Baunnister, W. Parsons, L. Rood & Barney, O. Bar- ney & Rood, M. Belden, J. B. Whelpley & Blackmer, J. B. Whelpley, L. P. Harris, M. Winton & Co., W. Norton & Brother, E. Norton, L. Sherman, Wilson & Houghton, HI. Houghton, Honghton & Boyer, II. Osborne, Steele & Brother, Luther Rood & Brother, Luther Rood, Milo Harris, E. E. Mussey & Harris, Mussey & King, Mussey, Massey & Steele. Hirsching & Harris, Hirsching, Clough & Sons, Hurst, Hirsch- ing & Son, A. A. Crosse, J. B. Robertson, Huchire & Hirsehing. William Jaeger & Son, Charles Jaeger, Jaeger & Huessner. R. Kelch, M. Jackson, A. Kline.
MANUFACTORIES, BUSINESS HOUSES, ETC. , 187S.
Brewery, Wm. Braun; steam gristmills, John Heymau, John Gerlock : foundry, J. E. Kendeigh; cooper shop, Lewis Hanchett; chair factory, John Toffenton. Hotels-Henrie honse, M. Jackson; Sherman house, H. Boardman. Groceries-Charles Hirsching & Bro., Ilenry Uthe, Plato Brothers, Jacob Hildebrand, Mears & Kelley. Groceries and Dry Goods-Johnson & Whitney, E. R. Huene, Thomas Randall. Drugs- John F. Uthe, John H. Haman. Hardware-Cook & Wesbecher, E. S. Smith. Boots and Shoes-J. G. Baus, A. L. Spitzer, John Sippel, C. Humes, John Huefed. Bankers-Spitzer Bros. Musical Instruments- J W. Gilbert, Furniture-Undertakers-Fey & Horn. Jewelry-HI. C. Smith. Livery-S. Porter, Geo. MeNeil. Merchant Tailoring-G. Moe- bius. Millinery-Mrs. G. Morse, Mrs. Barney, Mrs. C. Frederick, Mrs. Bartlett. Painters-Fey & Frederick, John Raemer, O. Story, Perkins Bros .. Lorenzo Crocker. Meat Markets-J. Jackson & Son., E. C. Shu- ler, Charles Parsons. Harness Shops-R. 1. Wolcott, L. F. Dubroy. Dentist-A. W. Hazel, Photographer-Wm. Bellows. Barbers-J. A. Bodine, Conrad Kracht, Blacksmiths-Henry C'lans, Win. Hartman, Chas. Bodfish, Mr. Frank. Cigar Makers-A. E. Stiwald, Mr. Scha- vinsky.
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