USA > Ohio > History of Ohio, covering the periods of Indian, French and British dominion, the territory Northwest, and the hundred years of statehood > Part 2
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Schenck, William C., 155, 188. 279.
Scioto land company, 116-18, 128, 139, 140. Scioto trail, 83.
Scioto valley Indians, 39, 43; wars, 129. Scioto valley settlement, 131.
Schoenbrun, 71. School lands, 238.
School system, 226, 231, 232, 237, 266, 298, 306.
Scotch-Irish traders and pioneers, 34, 38, 41, 47. 67.
Seott, Charles, 141.
Scott Jaw, 387-88.
Scott, Thomas, 190-2.
Seal, territorial, 150.
Secession of the West proposed, 109, 117. Self role in Ohio, 168.
Settlement, first proposed in Ohio, 69. Settlements, first on Ohio, SS.
Seven Ranges, 110.
Shaking Quakers, 180.
Shannon, Wilson, 268, 276, 280.
Slawanee Indians, 21, 24. 33, 39, 41, 43- 44, 46, 49, 64-5, 69, 70, 74, 76, 79, 80. 86, 99, 108, 143. Shellaharger, Samuel, 315.
Sheridan, P. II., 336, 344, 350-51, 357, 380, 399.
Sherman, Charles R., 179, 234.
Sherman, John, 179, 289, 300-1. 313-14. 358, 370, 374, 379, 382, 384, 389, 400, 406. 410, 411, 415. Sherman, Taylor, 179.
Sherman. W. T., 179. 268. 323, 327, 335, 339. 351-2, 354-7, 377, 405. Ship building, 311, 419. Sill, Joshua W., 336. Silliman, Wyllys, 173, 235, 240.
Silk worm breeding. 273.
Simpson, Matthew, 376.
Slavery exclusion, 103, 104, 106. 115, 116. Slaves, fugitive, 244-7. 269. 288, 292. 304-5. Slavery, efforts for admission, 133, 165, 170. Sloane, Wm. M., 422. Smith, Col. James. 70.
Smith, John, 152. 165, 173, 183, 1ST.
Smith, Kilby, 351.
Smith, Wm. Sooy, 349.
Soldiers' home, Dayton. 365.
Soldiers' home, state, 363. 422.
South Mountain battle. 331.
Spain, relations to Ohlo, 90, 101, 109-10, 129, 145, 175, 184. Spanish war, 1898, 411.
Spaulding, Solomon, 257. Sproat. Ebenezer. 119, 124. Spafford, Amos, 196-7. Squirrel hunters, 333.
Stallo, John B., 394. Stanbery, Henry, 271. 283, 365.
Stanbery, William, 249.
Standard Oil company, 363.
Stanley, D. S., 345, 351, 353.
Stanton, Benjamin, 300, 325.
Stanton, Edwin M., 270, 300, 338, 365.
Stark county, 188.
Statehood, movement for, 153, 155.
State house, 193. 226. 285, 296.
State sovereignty. 229, 246. 305, 367.
State's rights resolutions, 229.
State university, 368.
States in Northwest, early plans for, 103, 111.
Steamboats on the Ohio, 192, 223, 278; on Lake Erie, 224, 410, 420.
Steedman, James B., 316. 344. 352, 377.
Stewart. G. T., 377.
Stickney, Major, 260.
Stites, Benjamin, 124-5.
Stone River. battle, 336.
Stowe. Harriet Beecher, 292-3.
Strikes, 303, 379. 389.
Sullivant, Lucas, 174, 251.
Sullivant, W. S., 307.
Sunday school, 225.
Supreme court, in 1852. 295.
Survey system, 103. 106-7.
Swan. Joseph R .. 300.
Swayne. Noah Il., 262, 326.
Sweeper resolution, 191.
Symmes, John Cleves, 122, 124-7, 148, 150, 151. Symmes, John Cleves, jr., 226.
Symmes purchase, 124-5.
Taft, Alphonso, 376. 383. Taft, William H., 423.
Taverns, 255.
Taylor, Samuel MI., 406. 409.
Taylor. William A .. 406.
Tallmadge colony, 181.
Tappan, Benj .. 232. 239. 243, 270.
Tarontee, battle of, 203.
Tecumseh, 198-99, 211, 218.
Temperance legislation, 295.
Temperance movements, 278.
Territorial politics, 152.
Texas revolution, 267.
Thames. battle of. 217.
Thurman. Allen G., 265, 282, 295, 365-6, 372, 77. 378. 284, 389, 398, 409. Tiffin, Edward, 147, 135, 159, 160, 171, 172, 187. 191, 219. Tippecanoe, battle of, 199.
Tod, David, 281. 287. 325, 333, 347-8.
Tod. George, 161. 187. 189-90, 201.
Toland, John T., 341.
Toledo, 196, 224. 260. 263, 282.
Tory party, 74, 83. 88.
Tourgee. A. W., 377.
Township survey, 103.
Traders in Ohio, 34-36, 37-38, 42. 46-47. Tramps, 382.
Treaty of Buffalo, 150 ; of Greenville, 143-5; of Greenville, second. 218: of Fort Fin- ney. 108 : of Fort Harmar, 126, 136. 144; of Fort Industry, 179: of Fort MeIntosb. 105. 108; of Fort Stanwix, 69. 105: of Lancaster. 38, 40: of Logstown, 38, 45; of Maumee Rapids, 225; of Tuscarawas, 64.
Trent. Capt. William. 46.
Trimble, Allen, 208. 231. 233, 235, 239, 301.
Trimble. W. A., 214, 227. 231. Trollopes, tbe, 247, 256. Trumbull county. 15S. Tupper, Edward W., 176, 206, 208.
Tupper, Benjamin, 110, 119, 124, 126. Turner, George, 150-1.
15
INDEX.
Turnpike roads. 254. Tnscarawas, 42, 56, 71. Tuscarawas county, 188.
Uncle Tom's Cabin, 203. Underground railroad, 245. Union army, 041. United States bank. 188. 222 ; war on, 228. 230. 272. Upper Sandusky. Indian events. 95. 98. Vallandigham, Clement L., 202, 302. 315-16. 337-8. 346. 369. Vance, David. 155. Vauce. Joseph. 233, 259, 265. 268. 279. 294. Varnum. James M., 119, 122. 126.
Veto power. 156, 169. Vicksburg, siege of, 330.
Vinton. Samuel F., 233, 231, 259. 263, 287- 8. 293.
Virginia, cessions to U. S., 92. 103. Virginia claims in Ohio. 36. 92.
Virginia Military Reserve, 103. 107 : settle- ment. 120. 131. Virginian settlers, 132. Volney, Count de, 26, 139.
Wabash canal. 251. 260. 263. 282. Wade. Benj. F .. 243, 270. 204. 301. 313. 336. 358. 361, 365. 366, 367. Wade. James F., 416. Wadsworth. Elijah, 173, 202. 206. Waite. M. R. 372.
Wakatomica. 65. 77. Walke. Ilenrv. 357. Walk in the Water. 218. Ward. J. Q. A .. 122. War of 1812. 201 : origin, 197-200. War with Mexico, 283-1.
War bill of 1861. 315.
War expenses. 1861-65, 356.
Warrior's trail. 85. Washington county, established. 124.
Washington. George. 67, 106. 129. 132, 138. 146. 158. 195 : trip to Venango, 47 ; bat- tle at Great Meadows. 48 : defeat at Fort Necessity, 48.
Wayne, Anthony. 136-7. 138. 140-45. Wayne's campaign. 141-43. Wayne county. 149, 179. 188.
Weitzel, Godfrey, 340, 354. Weller, John B., 289.
Wells, Bezaleel, 165, 1SS. Wells, William, 139.
West. William H., 380.
Western Reserve. 107. 128, 226 : sale of, 149 : transfer of territory, 158-9.
Western Reserve college. 239, 242.
West Virginia campaigns, 1861-65, 320. 331. Wetzel. Lewis, 94.
Whipple. Abraham, 102. 119.
White Eyes, chief. 73. 82, 85.
Whittlesey, Charles, 266.
Whittlesey. Elisha. 233. 259, 277, 289.
Wheeling, 73, 75. 77, 100.
Wilderness campaign, 350.
Wilkinson. Gen. James, 109. 110, 133, 145-6, 143, 183-6 Williams, Micajah. 231, 232, 236, 249.
Williamson, David. 96, 97.
Wilmot proviso, 259.
Windom. William, 384. 398. 406. Woods, C. R .. 354, 355.
Wood. Reuben, 293, 295. 298.
Woods, W. B., 377.
Worthington. Thomas, 152, 155. 161. 162, 165. 167. 170, 173. 181. 185. 188. 189, 192 ; governor, 219-27 : 231, 234. 348. Wyandot (Huron) Indians. 24. 28, 29, 34, 38-9. 41, 42, 44. 76. 83. 98. 99.
Wyandot occupation of Ohio. 38.
Yellow fever. 381. Yoder. Jacob, 110. Young, Thomas L., 379.
Zane, Ebenezer. 74. 84, 148. Zane. Jonathan. 77. 100. Zane's trace 14S. Zanesville, 148: state capital, 191-93. Zeigler. David, 133. Zeisberger. David, 70, 71. 73. 97.
CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO
CHAPTER I.
THE ANCIENT DOMAIN.
NATURAL IMPORTANCE OF OHIO-GEOLOGIC HISTORY-ANCIENT RACES-FRENCH EXPLORATION-THE IROQUOIS DOMINION.
A T THE beginning of the great colonial systems of North America, while the English occupied a strip of the North Atlantic coast, their rivals, the French, advanced along an interior and parallel line, by the St. Lawrence and the lakes. The French had the advantage, flanking the English advance toward the interior. But beyond Lake Erie the St. Lawrence water way makes a sudden retreat in the far northwest, and the French parallel line would fail if it were not extended to the Ohio river. The key to the situation was the land of portages, from the Alle- ghany river on the east, to the Miamies on the west. It followed naturally that this land, now mainly included in the State of Ohio, became a battle ground and the cause of war in other regions, from the beginning of European rivalry in North America. It was the most important region of the continent; the key to all the country west of the Alleghanies; commanding the commercial outlet toward Europe of a vast and fertile country, destined to be the richest in the world. Ohio began to be of this surpassing importance in the sixteenth century, in the eyes of Europe, and there are evidences that in more remote ages the region was the seat of the greatest towns and the theatre of the most stubborn wars known to the ancient Ameri- cans.
It is natural therefore, that the history of Ohio should be rich with interest, that it should involve the rise and fall of political power in both the old world and the new, and not at all strange that
18
CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO.
the State, from its foundation, should show a rapid progress toward a position of dominanee in America.
Of the origin of this fair land geologists are able to give us an ac- count from the evidences of the rocks. Onee, we are told, a shal- low sea of warm salt water, an extension of the gulf of Mexico, over- spread the country between the Alleghanies and Rocky Mountains. In Ohio the first land to emerge was about Cincinnati, an island of which the rock had been deposited for many centuries in the sea bot- tom, forming a peeuliar dark limestone called the Trenton, famous in our time as the impervious roof of the underground collections of natural gas. In succession northward and eastward, layers were built up under water, raised above, submerged and lifted again, the most recent of all being the Carboniferous or coal-bearing roeks that are the foundation of the eastern strip parallel to the southwestward course of the Ohio river. These successive pushings-up of land from the waters would have formed a vast level plain, if the face of the country had not been worn by rivers, and, ages after solid land was established, by the iey torrents of melting glaciers. By such erosions the hills were formed and the beautiful valley vis- tas and romantie gorges. "The aggregate thickness of the entire series of rocks," says Ohio's famous student of nature, Edward Orton, "is about one mile, if we may consider the thickest known seetion of each deposit, but, taking the average thickness, about 3,500 feet. For the accumulation and growth of this great series of deposits, all of which were in salt water except the coal bearing strata, which imply fresh water marshes, vast periods of time were required. Many millions of years must be used in any rational explanation of their origin and history. All the stages of this his- tory have gone forward on so large a seale, so far as time is con- eerned, that the few thousand years of Imman history would not make an appreciable factor in any of them."
It was long after the upper coal strata had been covered by other carboniferous deposits barren of coal in profitable quantity that some great change in world conditions put a stop to tropical condi- tions in Ohio, and brought down vast fields of ice and snow from the north. Several milleniums after the ice had departed, and the con- tour of the land was established as it is today, that race of human beings lived in Ohio that is known to us through the remains of great earth works.
The pioneers of the modern State were interested in these ancient relies as they felled the trees and cleared the fields to make way for civilization. Indeed, the first two important settlements, at Mari- etta and Cincinnati, were located where there were abundant signs of ancient seats of population. "When I first saw the upper plain on which the city [Cincinnati] stands," General Harrison wrote, "it was literally covered with low lines of embankments. I had
19
THE ANCIENT DOMAIN.
the honor to attend General Wayne two years afterward in an exenr- sion to examine them. The number and variety of figures in which these lines were drawn were almost endless." Many years later, after Messrs. Squiers and Davis published their work on "The Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," the disenssion of theories concerning the builders of these works was greatly increased.
The ancient works in Ohio are of three classes: heavy embank- ments peculiar to the level or low lands of the southern half of the State; the larger works composed of earth and stone on the hilltops in the same region, and the smaller mounds scattered everywhere on high or low ground indefinitely." The principal low land enclosures are confined to the valleys of the Muskingum, Scioto and Little Miami, and the magnitude of the enclosures compel wonder and admiration. The Newark works, the most remarkable of their class ever discovered, have "mile after mile of embankment- circles and other geometric figures, parallels, lodge sites and mounds, covering an area of more than four square miles." The Marietta works, of similar magnitude, are particularly interesting as containing a sort of flat-topped mound peculiar to the southern states, a famous exam- ple being the great Cahokia mound at St. Louis. The hill-top enclos- ures, in the same region as the variety last mentioned, were evi- dently for defensive purposes. Examples are Fort Hill, in High- land county; the one on the high hill overlooking the month of the Great Miami, where the earth walls are very massive, and Fort Ancient in Warren county, which a proper garrison could hold against a large army. Yet there is no sign of a water supply in any of these so-called forts. There are many simpler works, some of them covering acres, evidently designed to strengthen places of nat- ural adaptability for defense, and these are found also in the Lake Erie region. In a few cases traces remain of palisades built upon them, according to the custom of Indians within the historical period. Small enclosures, some apparently foundations for lodges, others enclosing burial mounds, are found in all parts of the State, and in the Scioto valley there are some considerable excavations surrounded by embankments.
Most cnrions are the effigy mounds, surpassed, however, by those in Wisconsin and Iowa. Notable among these are the Alligator mound, which might as well be called the Opossum mound, in Lick- ing county, and the Great Serpent of Adams county, with the sem- blance of an egg at one extremity, commonly supposed to be the mouth, though some archeologists take another view.
The mounds-simple in Ohio are moderately estimated at ten thou- sand, and there is scarcely a township in any part of the State except the Black Swamp country and the rugged southeast, in which they
* Notes on Ohio Archeology, by Gerard Fowke, which is followed in this brief outline, and seems to be a fair and trustworthy authority.
----
20
CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO.
are not found. Ross county had five hundred or more, and Butler and Licking counties hardly less. The greatest is that which over- looks Miamisburg, piled up sixty-eight feet on the summit of a hill precipitous to the river. But there are no others approaching it in size, and few as large as twenty feet high and one hundred feet in diameter. The hilltop mounds have been explained as signal sta- tions, upon which fires were lit, and to accommodate the theory the mound on Mount Logan has been said to be almost entirely composed of ashes, quite different from the facts. Nearly all these mounds contain burial places, and in many are found rock-built ovens or fur- naces blackened with fires, possibly for funeral rites. Undoubtedly some of the human remains deposited in the mounds have entirely disappeared, but many mounds were evidently erected over one body. Others were built over log structures containing the remains of a considerable number. There were stone mounds built where stone was convenient, the greatest being eight miles south of Newark, from which was taken all the stone for the retaining wall along the north side of the Licking reservoir, leaving several thousand yards in place. Along the Ohio, there are also stone graves or tombs, of flat slabs, such as were built by the Shawanees. Some remains of villages are disclosed, but little if anything that testifies to a race essentially dif- ferent in customs from the modern Indian. The only evidence found in any mound in Ohio certainly older than the colonial period, showing skill and culture beyond the apparent ability of the Indians of Ohio, is some engraved objects of sheet copper found in Ross county. But their rarity is almost conclusive proof that the people who put them there obtained them, probably from Mexico, in the course of the trade that is known to have existed over all the conti- nent. "Omitting from consideration the few articles so plainly of foreign derivation, a comparison of all the relics collected from the mounds with those pieked up on the surface and those of known Indian manufacture will show that the former do not surpass the latter in any particular denoting superior skill, knowledge, or dis- cernment of harmonious proportion."* If the greater works, such as those at Newark and Marietta, be taken as the remains of a people distinct from the common "moundbuilders," their country apparently did not extend much more than a hundred miles in a radius about Chillicothe, excepting some indications at Charleston, W. Va., and on the upper Ohio.
The building of any of the works was not prodigious. It is esti- mated that the greatest mound could be erected by a hundred per- sons, each carrying half a bushel of earth, in forty-two days, and that a thousand men, working one hundred days in the year, could con- struct all the works in Ohio in a century.
* Gerard Fowke, in the work referred to.
21
THE ANCIENT DOMAIN.
The tendency of students at the present time is to deny the great age assigned by early explorers to these earthworks. The evidence of the trunks of trees rooted upon the mounds is not to be accepted without qualification. It is known also that the homes of the Indian tribes changed so rapidly, according to their own accounts, before they were crowded by the white men, that the fact that some red men found in Ohio after 1750 could give no account of the origin of these mounds, is very weak proof of a great antiquity. Of some of the works, the Indians did have traditions. Wider knowledge of the early Americans, furthermore, reveals to us that in the gulf region they were yet making use of mounds when the first Spanish con- querors journeyed through that country. An artificial mound, surmounted by the temple and the houses of the chief and the great men, sometimes with a spacious stairway of hewn timber on one side, and surrounded by the dwellings of the people, was the striking feat- ure of the main Muskogee towns found by De Soto. Mounds were also built by both southern and northern people, within the historic period, in honor of the dead interred beneath them .* Interesting papers have been published to sustain the theory that such well- known tribes as the Cherokees and Shawanees were mound-builders. Embankments in Ohio, enclosing a rectangular space, with passage ways at the corners, strikingly suggest the great town houses of the Apalachee Indians of Florida, built in the form of a hollow square, with the main entrances at cach angle. The embankment, it may be suggested, is an incidental detail of building, added either for pur- poses of defense against enemies, or as a foundation of the structures, a laborious feature that greater security or the enervating effect of change of climate would persuade the red men to omit. The great serpent mound, and other animal representations, though at first thought inexplicable, might have been constructed as monuments of the totems and symbols of the tribes of red men of the historic period.
It may be considered definitely settled, says Mr. Fowke, that in no particular were the moundbuilders superior to many primitive Indian tribes. They hunted with the same kind of weapons, worked with similar tools, were patient and plodding, and had no appliances for saving labor. Under such circumstances there could not have been a dense population, as some writers have imagined. Yet the ancient works in Ohio attest a population more dense than in other regions, a more permanent settlement, and a more tenacious effort to hold the country against prehistoric invasion.
* In the summer of 1642, as told by the Jesuit priests, the Hurons, north of the lakes, had a great feast of the dead, attended by delegates from many friendly tribes, even from Lake Superior. Amid solemn rites and cere- monial games the bones of the dead, temporarily buried in the past ten years, were committed to a common grave, richly lined with furs, and with the relics of the dead were deposited many articles of great value to the red men.
22
CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO.
Among the attempts to describe the origin and movements of the former inhabitants of Ohio the most elaborate is that of Dr. C. S. Rafinesque, in his "Ancient Annals of Kentucky." By a pictur- esque use of the imagination he traces the American folk well-nigh back to Adam. When the mythical empire of Atlantis was in the height of its glory, he says, America was first discovered and the Ohio country became the center of the Atalan people. Later they were divided in two branches, the Apalans of the north and the Tale- gans of the Ohio valley, who warred against the Istaean and Siberian invasions that finally resulted in the driving of the ancient people to the south and the founding of Mexican civilization. This, Dr. Rafinesque assigned to a period two thousand years ago. Then came the Lenap and Menguy invaders across Bering's strait, to pos- sess the Ohio and St. Lawrence country, and a period is approached in which definite dates can be assigned. Whatever may be the basis for Dr. Rafinesque's theoretical account, it may be suggested that it is as good history as any of the time before the coming of the "Lenap and Mengny" forefathers of the red men found in the north after the Columbian discovery.
The Indians who inhabited the northern region east of the Missis- sippi at the beginning of historic times were, in language, of two great families, which are given the French names Algonquin and Iroquois. These are not the Indian names. In fact, from the word Indian itself, which is a misnomer-arising from the slowness of the early voyagers to admit that they had found unknown conti- ments-down to the names of the tribes, there is a confusion of nomenclature and often a deplorable misfit in the titles now fixed in history by long usage. The Algonquin family may more properly be termed the Lenape, and the Iroquois the Mengwe, which the Eng- lish frontiersman closely approached in the word, Mingo. The Lenape themselves, while using that name, also employed the more generie title of Wapanaekki. The Iroquois, on their part, had the ancient name of Onque Honwe, and this in their tongue, as Lenape in that of the other family, signified men with a sense of impor- tance-"the people," to use a convenient Englishi expression.
According to the Lenape tradition, that people came from a dis- tant home to a great river, which they called the Nameesi Sippee, where they found another nation, the Mengwe, engaged in a similar migration. On crossing the river a powerful nation was discovered in possession of the country, called the Tallegawi or Allegawi, a race of tall, stout men, who had large towns and built fortifications and intrenehments. Meeting with a desperate resistance from this peo- ple, the Lenape and Mengwe made an alliance, agreeing to conquer and divide the country between them, and after many great battles and probably many years they were successful. Such is the tradi- tion of the conquest as gathered from the Lenni Lenape (Delawares),
23
THE ANCIENT DOMAIN.
"the grandfather people," by Heckewelder." Observing the fortifi- cations on the Huron river (Ohio), he was told by an Indian that under the mounds between the two forts were buried hundreds of the Allegawi who fell in battle for their homes. There is no reason to diseredit the tradition in its essential particulars. Some students prefer to interpret the Nameesi Sippee as the Detroit river rather than the Mississippi, according to their notions of a northeastward starting point of migration, but this is not material to our narrative. Unfortunately the Indian habit of giving names to rivers and places according to some striking physical characteristic, each nation or tribe bestowing a name of its own, does not warrant the certain appli- cation of Nameesi Sippee to the Mississippi. The title might be given to any "great river," that being its signification. The Alle- gawi left their name, as a perpetual monument, attached to the mountain chain of the east, and to the Ohio river in the language of one of the conquering nations. As Dr. Brinton has pointed out, the name Tallegawi means, the Tallega or Tallika people, and suggests Tsalaki, the Indian name of which "Cherokee" is a corruption. Before the Tallegawi, according to the ancient painted record of the Lenape, translated by Rafinesque, there were the "Snake people," who might have been the first moundbuilders.
The Lenape became the most wide-spread of the new peoples. Some tribes remained west of the Mississippi, while others pushed on to occupy the Atlantic coast from Virginia to Labrador. They were typieal AAmericans, up to the stature of the best European nations, well-formed and stalwart .; They had the physiognomy of warriors, prominent nose, thin lips, piercing black eyes. Their black hair was carefully pulled from their heads save a patch on the crown from which grew long loeks on which they bound gaudy feathers. Their hands and feet were of aristocratic smallness. Each family lived alone, in wattled huts, the little towns being surrounded with pali- sades of stakes. They cultivated grain and vegetables, made coarse pottery, wove mats, and dressed the skins which they were good enough hunters to obtain from the deer and bear and buffalo, though they had no better weapons than stone-tipped arrows, chipped out most artfully from flint or chert. They dug copper, and in the remotest parts of their territory had the red pipe bowls from Minne- sota or the black slate pipes from Vancouver island. The sun, with fire as its symbol, was their chief object of adoration, and the young warrior must make his sun-vows at dawn from a solitary hill-top before he became worthy of place among men. The four winds that brought the rains were also objeets of reverence, as well as the ani- mal that was the symbol of the tribe, and the Lenape remembered
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