History of Seneca County, Ohio, containing a history of the county, its townships, towns, villages, school, churches, industries, etc., portraits of early settlers and prominent men; biographies; history of the Northwest territory; history of Ohio; statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc, Part 7

Author: Leeson, M. A. (Michael A.)
Publication date: 1886
Publisher: Chicago : Warner, Beers & Co.
Number of Pages: 1088


USA > Ohio > Seneca County > History of Seneca County, Ohio, containing a history of the county, its townships, towns, villages, school, churches, industries, etc., portraits of early settlers and prominent men; biographies; history of the Northwest territory; history of Ohio; statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc > Part 7


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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65


THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.


of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred Iowas, he waged war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered.


Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want two fathers.


The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre had a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British Government but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated.


In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States. and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life.


Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox


4


66


THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.


Indians were urged to join the Iowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented.


Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the Iowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated.


This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- can army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds.


Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the


67


THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.


Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites.


On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons.


The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer.


On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge, His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years.


Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. "The


68


THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.


body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons."


No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union.


The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 1836 was made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances compelled its present division.


69


POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.


STATES AND TERRITORIES.


AREA IN SQUARE MILES.


MIL'S R. R. 1882.


STATES AND TERRITORIES.


AREA IN SQUARE MILES.


MIL'S R. R. 1882.


STATES.


STATES.


Alabama


50,722


996,992


1,262,505 1,802


Oregon .


95,244


90,923


174,768


689


Arkansas.


52,198


484,471


802,025 1,041


Pennsylvania


46,000


3,521,791


4,282,891


6,690


California


188,981


560,247


864,694 2,266


Rhode Island.


1,306


217,353


276,531


211


Colorado


Connecticut


4,674


537,454


622,700


958


Tennessee


45,600


1,258,520


1,542,359


1,973


Delaware


2,120


125,015


146,608


278


Texas


237,504


818,579


1,591,749


5,344


Florida


59,268


187,748


269,493


793


Vermont


10,212


330,551


332,286


915


Virginia.


40,904


1,225,163


1,512,565


2,193


Illinois


55,410


2,539,891


3,077,871 8,325


West Virginia ..


23,000


442,014


618,457


711


Indiana


33,809


1,680,637


1,978,301 4,764


Wisconsin


53,924


1,054,670


1,315,497


3,441


lowa


55.045


1,191,792


1,624,615 6,112


Kansas


81,318


364,399


996,096 3,718


Total States


1,950,171 38,113,253


Kentucky


37,600


1,321,011


1,648,690 1,714


TERRITORIES.


Arizona


113,916


9,658


40,440


557


Massachusetts


7,800


1,457,351


1,783,085 1,934


Dakota


147,490


14,181


135,177


1,638


Michigan


56,451


1,184,059


1,656,937 4,283


District of Columbia


60


131,700


177,624


265


Minnesota


83,531


439,706


1,131,597 1,231


Montana.


143,776


20,595


39,159


231


Missouri.


65,350


1,721,295


123,993


452,402 2,310 62,266


890


Washington


69,944


23,955


75,116


479


New Hampshire.


9,280


318,300


346,991 1,025


Wyoming


93,107


9,118


20,789


533


New Jersey.


8,320


906,096


1,131,116 1,753


New York


47,000


4,382,759


5,082,871 6,278


North Carolina ..


50,704


1,071,361


1,399,750 1,619


Ohio


39,964


2,665,260


3,198,062 6,663


Aggregate of U. S ...


2,915,203 38,555,983 50,155,783


PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. POPULATION AND AREA.


COUNTRIES.


POPULATION


DATE OF


CENSUS.


AREA OF SQUARE MILES.


CAPITALS.


POPU- LATION.


China


380,627,183


1881


4,413,788


Pekin


2,000,000


British India


254,899,516


1881


1,425,723


Calcutta


500,000


Russia .


98,297,407


1879


8,387,816


St Petersburg (1881).


876,575


United States-with Alaska.


50,442,066


1880


3,602,990


Washington


147,293


German Empire


45,234,061


1880


212,091


Berlin


1,122,360


Turkey


42,213,400


1881


2,396,692


Constantinople


800,000


Austria and Hungary


37,786,246


1880


240,942


Vienna


1,103,857


France


35,925,313


1879


148,700


Yeddo


200,000


Great Britain and Ireland.


35,262,762


1881


120,879


London


4,764,312


Italy.


16,952,000


1875


1,406,250


Cairo


250,000


Spain


16,625,860


1877


182,750


Madrid


397,690


Mexico


10,025,649


1881


743,948


Mexico


315,996


Brazil


9,883,622


1872


3,287,963


Rio de Janiero


274,972


Persia


7,653,600


1881


610,000


Teheran


200,000


Sweden and Norway


6,497,245


1881


293,848


Stockholm


168,775


Belgium


5,519,844


1880


11,373


Brussels


350,000


Roumania


5,290,000


1878


48,307


Bucharest


221,805


Portugal.


4,348,551


1878


36,510


Lisbon ..


246,343


Dominion of Canada


2,846,102


1880


15,992


68,320


Peru.


2,699,945


1876


503,718


La Paz


387,081


Venezuela


2,075,245


1881


439,120


Caraccas


Greece


1,979,305


1881


25,041


Athens


Denmark


1,969,039


1880


13,784


Copenhagen


234,850


Argentine Confederation


1,859,685


1869


1,204,486


Buenos Ayres (1881)


289,925


Servia


1,700,211


1880


20,850


Belgrade


27,000


Guatemala ..


1,252,497


1881


41,830


Santiago de Guatemala


55,728


Ecuador


1,066,137


1875


248,372


Quito


70,000


Liberia


1,050,000


14,300


Monrovia .


13,000


Hayti ..


800,000


10,204


Port au Prince


22,000


San Salvador


554,785


1878


7,225


San Salvador


18,500


Uruguay


438,245


1880


73,538


Montevideo


73,353


Nicaragua


350,000


49,500


Managua


8,000


Honduras.


350,000


39,600


Tegucigalpa ..


12,000


San Domingo


300,000


1880


18,045


San Domingo


10,000


Costa Rica


180,000


26,040


San Jose


2,500


Maine


31,776


626,915


648,936 1,021


Colorada


104,500


39,864


...


Maryland


11,184


780,894


934,943 1,047


Utah


80,056


86,786


143,963


908


Nevada


112,090


42,491


780,773 3,390


Idaho


90,932


14,999


32,610


Mississippi


47,156


827,922


2,168,380 4,211


New Mexico ...


121,201


91,874


119,565


975


Nebraska


58,000


1,184,109


1,542,180 2,581


Louisiana


41,346


726,915


939,946


999


South Carolina.


29,385


705,606


995,577


1,483


Georgia


1870.


1880.


1870.


1880.


POPULATION.


POPULATION.


Total Territories ..


965,032


442,730


328,047


Netherlands


4,114,077


1881


12,648


Amsterdam


Geneva


Lima


101,488


Bolivia


2,300,000


Chili ...


2,223,434


207,350


Santiago


2,269,023


Japan.


28,452,639


1881


114,296


Florence


169,000


Egypt


37,405,240


1881


204,092


Paris


4,324,810


1881


3,470,392


Ottawa


27,412


Switzerland


60,000


63,374


75,995


194,327 2,274


POPULATION OF OHIO BY COUNTIES.


COUNTIES.


1820


1830


1840


1850


1860


1870


1880


581434


937903


1519467


1980329


2339511


2665260


31980€2


The State


10406


12281


13183


18883


20309


20750


24005


2 Allen.


3|Ashland.


7382


14584


23724


28767


31814


32517


37139


5 Athens


6338


9787


19109


18215


21364


23768


28411


6 Auglaize


20329


28827


30901


34600


36398


39714


49638


7 Belmont


13356


17867


22715


27332


29958


30802


32911


8 Brown


21746


27142


28173


30789


35840


39912


42579


10 Carroll


8479


12131


16721


19782


22698


24188


27817


11 Champaign


9533


13114


16882


22178


25300


32070


41948


13 Clermont


8085


11436


15719


18938


21461


21914


24756


15 Columbiana


7086


11161


21590


25674


25032


23600


2664


17 Crawford


6328


10373


26506


48099


78033


132010


196943


18 Cuyahoga


3717


6204


13282


20276


26009


20 Defiance


7639


11504


22060


21817


23902


25175


2738:


22 Erie ..


16633


24786


31924


30261


30538


31138


31284


6316


8182


10984


12726


15935


17170


2036-4


10292


14741


25049


42909


50361


63019


86797


26 Fulton


7098


9733


13444


17063


22013


25545


28121


10529


14801


17528


21946


26197


28038


31349


9292


18036


27748


30488


24474


23838


27197


31764


52317


80145


156844


216410


260370


313374


14345


20916


20099


20157


19110


18682


20156


35 Henry


12308


16345


22269


25781


27773


29133


30281


37 Hocking


9135


18088


20452


20589


18177


20776


39 Huron


3746


5941


9744


12719


17941


21759


23686


41 Jefferson.


8326


17085


13719


14654


15576


15935


16326


43 Lake


3499


5367


9738


15246


23249


31380


39063


44 Lawrence


11861


20869


35096


38846


37011


35756


40450


45 Licking


3181


6440


14015


19162


20996


23029


26267


47 Lorain


9382


12363


25831


46722


67377


43 Lucas.


4799


6190


9025


10015


13015


15633


20129


50 Mahoning


6551


14765


12618


15490


16184


20565


3082


7560


18352


24441


22517


20092


21453


52|Medina


4480


6158


11452


17971


26534


17254


21808


54 Mercer


8851


12807


19688


24999


29959


32740


36156


56 Monroe .


15999


21362


31938


38218


52230


64006


78550


57 Montgomery


5297


11800


20852


28585


22119


18583


19072


59 Morrow


17824


29334


38749


45049


44416


44886


49774


60 Muskingum


20751


19949


21138


62 Ottawa


161


1034


1766


4945


8544


13485


63 Paulding


8429


13970


19344


20775


19678


18453


28218


64 Perry


13149


16001


19725


21006


23469


24875


27415


66 Pike .


10095


18826


22965


24419


24208


24584


10237


16291


19482


21736


21820


21809


230


5189


7221


12808


17081


9169


24006


44532


30879


31158


32516


20619


24068


27460


32074


35071


37097


40307


852


2851


10182


14305


21429


25503


32057


5750


8740


11192


18428


24297


29302


33511


74 Seneca


2106


3671


12154


13958


17493


20748


24137


75 Shelby


12406


26588


34603


39878


42978


52508


64031


76 Stark


34674


43788


78 Trumbull


15546


26153


38107


30490


30656


33840


40198


80 Union


1996


3192


8422


12204


16507


18730


22375


81 Van Wert


49


1577


4793


10238


15823


23028


82 Vinton


17837


21468


23141


25560


26902


26689


28392


84 Washington


10425


11731


20823


29540


36268


40609


43244


11933


23333


35808


32981


32483


35116


40076


86| Williams


387


4465


8018


16633


20991


23821


87 Wood


733


1102


5357


9157


17886


24596


34022


88| Wyandot


11194


15596


18553


22395


40378


33621


32836


38299


48602


16 Coshocton


4791


13152


18177


23881


25556


30583


19 Darke .


15719


22515


12599


18568


24474


28188


32640


24 Fayette .


7791


15813


16297


17827


15817


14190


14251


29 Greene ..


813


9986


16751


22986


23847


27784


32 Hancock


210


4599


8251


13570


18714


27023


34 Harrison


262


2503


3434


8901


14028


20585


36 Highland


2130


4008


9741


14119


17057


17925


21126


38 Holmes


6675


13341


23933


26203


26616


28532


31609


40 Jackson


18531


22489


25030


29133


26115


29188


33018


42 Knox


29579


28872


27735


26333


27431


46 Logan


5696


18467


26086


29741


30308


35526


49 Madison


23735


25894


31001


42871


53 Meigs


1110


8277


7712


14104


55 Miami


4645


8768


18521


28351


25741


25779


26496


61 Noble


7016


13364


19762


65 Pickaway


4253


6024


7626


10953


13643


15447


17927


67 Portage


24533


69 Putnam


70| Richland


71 Ross.


72 Sandusky


73 Scioto


30827


36947


77 Summit


38659


44880


79|Tuscarawas


8328


14299


25631


31761


32463


13631


15027


17223


83 Warren


5159


18128


27104


30868


20363


20074


58|Morgan


20280


20445


17789


21053


27 Gallia


22033


35592


18108


17685


15738


14491


16416


12 Clark ..


15820


20466


23106


30455


33034


34268


36713


1 Adams


578


9079


12109


19185


23623


31314


23813


22951


21933


23983


4 Ashtabula.


11338


17187


20041


25444


9 Butler


32278


40496


6966


11856


21 Delaware


23 Fairfield


25 Franklin


7781


14043


28 Geauga.


30 Guernsey


31 Hamilton


33 Hardin


51 Marion


31465


27500


68 Preble


23713


36306


22560


27485


27344


9353


85 Wayne


2248


3308


32325


14 Clinton.


PART II.


HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.


GOVERNORS.


From the organization of the first civil government in the Northwest Territory, of which the State of Ohio was a part, until the year 1884.


Term, Two Years.


NAME.


COUNTY.


TERM.


NAME.


COUNTY.


TERM.


Arthur St. Clair (1).


1788-1802


Mordecai Bartley


Richland


1844-1846


Charles W. Byrd (2).


Hamilton.


1802-1803


William Bebb ..


Butler.


1846-1849


Edward Tiffin (3)


Ross


1803-1807


Seahury Ford (8)


Geauga.


1849-1850


Thomas Kirker (4).


Adams.


1807-1808


Reuben Wood (9).


Cuyahoga


1850-1853


Samuel Huntington


Trumbull


1808-1810


William Medill (10)


Fairfield


1853-1856


Return Jonathan Meigs (5) ..


Washington


1810-1814


Salmon P. Chase .


Hamilton


1856-1860


Othniel Looker*


Hamilton.


1814


William Dennison.


Franklin


1860-1862


Thomas Worthington ..


Ross


1814-1818


David Tod ..


Mahoning,


1862-1864


Ethan Allen Brown (6).


Hamilton.


1818-1822


John Brough (11).


Cuyahoga


1864-1865


Allen Trimble*,


Highland


1822


Charles Andersont


Montgomery ...


1865-1866


Jeremiah Morrow.


Warren


1822-1826


Jacob D. Cox.


Trumbull


1866-1868


Allen Trimble.


Highland


1826-1830


Rutherford B. Hayes.


Hamilton


1868-1872


Duncan McArthur


Ross


1830-1832


Edward F. Noyes.


Hamilton


1872-1874


Robert Lucas.


Pike ...


1832-1836


William Allen.


Ross ...


1874-1876


Joseph Vance ..


Champaign


1836-1838


Rutherford B. Hayes (12).


Sandusky


1876-1877


Wilson Shannon


Belmont


1838-1840


Thomas L. Youngt


Hamilton.


1877-1878


Thomas Corwin.


Warren


1840-1842


Richard M. Bishop.


Hamilton ..


1878-1880


Wilson Shannon (7)


Belmont


1842-1844


Charles Foster


Seneca


1880-1884


Thomas W. Bartley*


Richland


1844


George Hoadly


Hamilton


1884 -.. ...


(1) Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania, was Governor of the Northwest Territory, of which Ohio was a part, from July 13, 1788, when the first civil government was established in the Territory, until about the close of the year 1802, when he was removed by the President.


(2) Secretary of the Territory, and was acting Governor of the Territory after the removal of Gov. St. Clair.


(3) Resigned March 3, 1807, to accept the office of United States Senator.


(4) Return Jonathan Meigs was elected Governor on the second Tuesday of October, 1807, over Nathaniel Massie, who contested the election of Meigs on the ground "that he had not been a resident of this State for four years next preceding the election as required by the Constitution," and the General Assembly, in joint convention, decided that he was not eligible. The office was not given to Massie, nor does it appear from the records that he claimed it, but Thomas Kirker, Acting Governor, continued to discharge the duties of the office until December 12, 1808, when Samuel Huntington was inaugurated, he having been elected on the second Tuesday of October in that year.


(5) Resigned March 25, 1814, to accept the office of Postmaster-General of the United States.


(6) Resigned January 4, 1822, to accept the office of United States Senator.


(7) Resigned April 13, 1844, to accept the office of Minister to Mexico.


(8) The result of the election in 1848 was not finally determined in joint convention of the two houses of the General Assembly until January 19, 1849, and the inauguration did not take place until the 22d of that month.


(9) Resigned July 15, 1853, to accept the office of Consul to' Valparaiso.


(10) Elected in October, 1853, for the regular term, to commence on the second Monday of January, 1854.


(11) Died August 29, 1865.


(12) Resigned March 2, 1877, to accept the office of President of the United States.


* Acting Governor. Succeeded to office, being the Speaker of the Senate.


+ Acting Governor. Succeeded to office, being the Lieutenant-Governor.


72


HISTORY OF OHIO.


TT is not our province in a volume of this description, to delineate the chronol- ogy of prehistoric epochs, or to dwell at length upon those topics pertaining to the scientific causes which tended to the formation of a continent, undiscov- ered for centuries, by the wisdom and energy of those making a history of the Old World, by the advancement of enlightenment in the Eastern Hemisphere.


Naturally, the geological formation of the State of Ohio cannot be entirely separated from facts relative to the strata, which, in remote ages accumulated one layer above the other, and finally constituted a "built-up" America, from a vast sea. The action of this huge body of water washed sediment and what- ever came in its way upon primitive rocks, which were subjected to frequent and repeated submersions, emerging as the water subsided, thus leaving a stratum or layer to solidify and mark its number in the series-a system of growth repeated in trees of the forest-in those descernible rings that count so many years. The southeastern part of North America emerging a second time from the Silurian Sea, which extended west to the Rocky Mountains and north to the primitive hills of British America, a succession of rock-bound, salt-water lakes remained. These covered a large portion of the continent, and their water evaporating, organic and mineral matter remained to solidify. This thick stratum has been designated by geologists as the water-lime layer. This constitutes the upper layer of rock in the larger portion of the west half of Ohio. In other sections it forms the bed rock.


Following the lime-rock deposit, must have been more frequent sweeps of the great sea, since the layers are comparatively thin, proving a more speedy change. During this scientific rising and falling of the sea, other actions were taking place, such as volcanic and other influences which displaced the regular- ity of the strata, and occasionally came out in an upheaval or a regular perpen- dicular dip. A disturbance of this character formed the low mountain range extending from the highlands of Canada to the southern boundary of Tennes- see. This "bulge" is supposed to be the consequence of the cooling of the earth and the pressure of the oceans on either side of the continent. Geolo- gists designate this as the Cincinnati arch. This forms a separation between the coal fields of the Alleghanies and those of Illinois.




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