USA > Ohio > Seneca County > History of Seneca County, Ohio, containing a history of the county, its townships, towns, villages, school, churches, industries, etc., portraits of early settlers and prominent men; biographies; history of the Northwest territory; history of Ohio; statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc > Part 7
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65
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred Iowas, he waged war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered.
Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want two fathers.
The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre had a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British Government but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated.
In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States. and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life.
Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox
4
66
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
Indians were urged to join the Iowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented.
Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the Iowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated.
This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- can army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds.
Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the
67
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites.
On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons.
The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer.
On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge, His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years.
Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. "The
68
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons."
No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union.
The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 1836 was made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances compelled its present division.
69
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
AREA IN SQUARE MILES.
MIL'S R. R. 1882.
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
AREA IN SQUARE MILES.
MIL'S R. R. 1882.
STATES.
STATES.
Alabama
50,722
996,992
1,262,505 1,802
Oregon .
95,244
90,923
174,768
689
Arkansas.
52,198
484,471
802,025 1,041
Pennsylvania
46,000
3,521,791
4,282,891
6,690
California
188,981
560,247
864,694 2,266
Rhode Island.
1,306
217,353
276,531
211
Colorado
Connecticut
4,674
537,454
622,700
958
Tennessee
45,600
1,258,520
1,542,359
1,973
Delaware
2,120
125,015
146,608
278
Texas
237,504
818,579
1,591,749
5,344
Florida
59,268
187,748
269,493
793
Vermont
10,212
330,551
332,286
915
Virginia.
40,904
1,225,163
1,512,565
2,193
Illinois
55,410
2,539,891
3,077,871 8,325
West Virginia ..
23,000
442,014
618,457
711
Indiana
33,809
1,680,637
1,978,301 4,764
Wisconsin
53,924
1,054,670
1,315,497
3,441
lowa
55.045
1,191,792
1,624,615 6,112
Kansas
81,318
364,399
996,096 3,718
Total States
1,950,171 38,113,253
Kentucky
37,600
1,321,011
1,648,690 1,714
TERRITORIES.
Arizona
113,916
9,658
40,440
557
Massachusetts
7,800
1,457,351
1,783,085 1,934
Dakota
147,490
14,181
135,177
1,638
Michigan
56,451
1,184,059
1,656,937 4,283
District of Columbia
60
131,700
177,624
265
Minnesota
83,531
439,706
1,131,597 1,231
Montana.
143,776
20,595
39,159
231
Missouri.
65,350
1,721,295
123,993
452,402 2,310 62,266
890
Washington
69,944
23,955
75,116
479
New Hampshire.
9,280
318,300
346,991 1,025
Wyoming
93,107
9,118
20,789
533
New Jersey.
8,320
906,096
1,131,116 1,753
New York
47,000
4,382,759
5,082,871 6,278
North Carolina ..
50,704
1,071,361
1,399,750 1,619
Ohio
39,964
2,665,260
3,198,062 6,663
Aggregate of U. S ...
2,915,203 38,555,983 50,155,783
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. POPULATION AND AREA.
COUNTRIES.
POPULATION
DATE OF
CENSUS.
AREA OF SQUARE MILES.
CAPITALS.
POPU- LATION.
China
380,627,183
1881
4,413,788
Pekin
2,000,000
British India
254,899,516
1881
1,425,723
Calcutta
500,000
Russia .
98,297,407
1879
8,387,816
St Petersburg (1881).
876,575
United States-with Alaska.
50,442,066
1880
3,602,990
Washington
147,293
German Empire
45,234,061
1880
212,091
Berlin
1,122,360
Turkey
42,213,400
1881
2,396,692
Constantinople
800,000
Austria and Hungary
37,786,246
1880
240,942
Vienna
1,103,857
France
35,925,313
1879
148,700
Yeddo
200,000
Great Britain and Ireland.
35,262,762
1881
120,879
London
4,764,312
Italy.
16,952,000
1875
1,406,250
Cairo
250,000
Spain
16,625,860
1877
182,750
Madrid
397,690
Mexico
10,025,649
1881
743,948
Mexico
315,996
Brazil
9,883,622
1872
3,287,963
Rio de Janiero
274,972
Persia
7,653,600
1881
610,000
Teheran
200,000
Sweden and Norway
6,497,245
1881
293,848
Stockholm
168,775
Belgium
5,519,844
1880
11,373
Brussels
350,000
Roumania
5,290,000
1878
48,307
Bucharest
221,805
Portugal.
4,348,551
1878
36,510
Lisbon ..
246,343
Dominion of Canada
2,846,102
1880
15,992
68,320
Peru.
2,699,945
1876
503,718
La Paz
387,081
Venezuela
2,075,245
1881
439,120
Caraccas
Greece
1,979,305
1881
25,041
Athens
Denmark
1,969,039
1880
13,784
Copenhagen
234,850
Argentine Confederation
1,859,685
1869
1,204,486
Buenos Ayres (1881)
289,925
Servia
1,700,211
1880
20,850
Belgrade
27,000
Guatemala ..
1,252,497
1881
41,830
Santiago de Guatemala
55,728
Ecuador
1,066,137
1875
248,372
Quito
70,000
Liberia
1,050,000
14,300
Monrovia .
13,000
Hayti ..
800,000
10,204
Port au Prince
22,000
San Salvador
554,785
1878
7,225
San Salvador
18,500
Uruguay
438,245
1880
73,538
Montevideo
73,353
Nicaragua
350,000
49,500
Managua
8,000
Honduras.
350,000
39,600
Tegucigalpa ..
12,000
San Domingo
300,000
1880
18,045
San Domingo
10,000
Costa Rica
180,000
26,040
San Jose
2,500
Maine
31,776
626,915
648,936 1,021
Colorada
104,500
39,864
...
Maryland
11,184
780,894
934,943 1,047
Utah
80,056
86,786
143,963
908
Nevada
112,090
42,491
780,773 3,390
Idaho
90,932
14,999
32,610
Mississippi
47,156
827,922
2,168,380 4,211
New Mexico ...
121,201
91,874
119,565
975
Nebraska
58,000
1,184,109
1,542,180 2,581
Louisiana
41,346
726,915
939,946
999
South Carolina.
29,385
705,606
995,577
1,483
Georgia
1870.
1880.
1870.
1880.
POPULATION.
POPULATION.
Total Territories ..
965,032
442,730
328,047
Netherlands
4,114,077
1881
12,648
Amsterdam
Geneva
Lima
101,488
Bolivia
2,300,000
Chili ...
2,223,434
207,350
Santiago
2,269,023
Japan.
28,452,639
1881
114,296
Florence
169,000
Egypt
37,405,240
1881
204,092
Paris
4,324,810
1881
3,470,392
Ottawa
27,412
Switzerland
60,000
63,374
75,995
194,327 2,274
POPULATION OF OHIO BY COUNTIES.
COUNTIES.
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
581434
937903
1519467
1980329
2339511
2665260
31980€2
The State
10406
12281
13183
18883
20309
20750
24005
2 Allen.
3|Ashland.
7382
14584
23724
28767
31814
32517
37139
5 Athens
6338
9787
19109
18215
21364
23768
28411
6 Auglaize
20329
28827
30901
34600
36398
39714
49638
7 Belmont
13356
17867
22715
27332
29958
30802
32911
8 Brown
21746
27142
28173
30789
35840
39912
42579
10 Carroll
8479
12131
16721
19782
22698
24188
27817
11 Champaign
9533
13114
16882
22178
25300
32070
41948
13 Clermont
8085
11436
15719
18938
21461
21914
24756
15 Columbiana
7086
11161
21590
25674
25032
23600
2664
17 Crawford
6328
10373
26506
48099
78033
132010
196943
18 Cuyahoga
3717
6204
13282
20276
26009
20 Defiance
7639
11504
22060
21817
23902
25175
2738:
22 Erie ..
16633
24786
31924
30261
30538
31138
31284
6316
8182
10984
12726
15935
17170
2036-4
10292
14741
25049
42909
50361
63019
86797
26 Fulton
7098
9733
13444
17063
22013
25545
28121
10529
14801
17528
21946
26197
28038
31349
9292
18036
27748
30488
24474
23838
27197
31764
52317
80145
156844
216410
260370
313374
14345
20916
20099
20157
19110
18682
20156
35 Henry
12308
16345
22269
25781
27773
29133
30281
37 Hocking
9135
18088
20452
20589
18177
20776
39 Huron
3746
5941
9744
12719
17941
21759
23686
41 Jefferson.
8326
17085
13719
14654
15576
15935
16326
43 Lake
3499
5367
9738
15246
23249
31380
39063
44 Lawrence
11861
20869
35096
38846
37011
35756
40450
45 Licking
3181
6440
14015
19162
20996
23029
26267
47 Lorain
9382
12363
25831
46722
67377
43 Lucas.
4799
6190
9025
10015
13015
15633
20129
50 Mahoning
6551
14765
12618
15490
16184
20565
3082
7560
18352
24441
22517
20092
21453
52|Medina
4480
6158
11452
17971
26534
17254
21808
54 Mercer
8851
12807
19688
24999
29959
32740
36156
56 Monroe .
15999
21362
31938
38218
52230
64006
78550
57 Montgomery
5297
11800
20852
28585
22119
18583
19072
59 Morrow
17824
29334
38749
45049
44416
44886
49774
60 Muskingum
20751
19949
21138
62 Ottawa
161
1034
1766
4945
8544
13485
63 Paulding
8429
13970
19344
20775
19678
18453
28218
64 Perry
13149
16001
19725
21006
23469
24875
27415
66 Pike .
10095
18826
22965
24419
24208
24584
10237
16291
19482
21736
21820
21809
230
5189
7221
12808
17081
9169
24006
44532
30879
31158
32516
20619
24068
27460
32074
35071
37097
40307
852
2851
10182
14305
21429
25503
32057
5750
8740
11192
18428
24297
29302
33511
74 Seneca
2106
3671
12154
13958
17493
20748
24137
75 Shelby
12406
26588
34603
39878
42978
52508
64031
76 Stark
34674
43788
78 Trumbull
15546
26153
38107
30490
30656
33840
40198
80 Union
1996
3192
8422
12204
16507
18730
22375
81 Van Wert
49
1577
4793
10238
15823
23028
82 Vinton
17837
21468
23141
25560
26902
26689
28392
84 Washington
10425
11731
20823
29540
36268
40609
43244
11933
23333
35808
32981
32483
35116
40076
86| Williams
387
4465
8018
16633
20991
23821
87 Wood
733
1102
5357
9157
17886
24596
34022
88| Wyandot
11194
15596
18553
22395
40378
33621
32836
38299
48602
16 Coshocton
4791
13152
18177
23881
25556
30583
19 Darke .
15719
22515
12599
18568
24474
28188
32640
24 Fayette .
7791
15813
16297
17827
15817
14190
14251
29 Greene ..
813
9986
16751
22986
23847
27784
32 Hancock
210
4599
8251
13570
18714
27023
34 Harrison
262
2503
3434
8901
14028
20585
36 Highland
2130
4008
9741
14119
17057
17925
21126
38 Holmes
6675
13341
23933
26203
26616
28532
31609
40 Jackson
18531
22489
25030
29133
26115
29188
33018
42 Knox
29579
28872
27735
26333
27431
46 Logan
5696
18467
26086
29741
30308
35526
49 Madison
23735
25894
31001
42871
53 Meigs
1110
8277
7712
14104
55 Miami
4645
8768
18521
28351
25741
25779
26496
61 Noble
7016
13364
19762
65 Pickaway
4253
6024
7626
10953
13643
15447
17927
67 Portage
24533
69 Putnam
70| Richland
71 Ross.
72 Sandusky
73 Scioto
30827
36947
77 Summit
38659
44880
79|Tuscarawas
8328
14299
25631
31761
32463
13631
15027
17223
83 Warren
5159
18128
27104
30868
20363
20074
58|Morgan
20280
20445
17789
21053
27 Gallia
22033
35592
18108
17685
15738
14491
16416
12 Clark ..
15820
20466
23106
30455
33034
34268
36713
1 Adams
578
9079
12109
19185
23623
31314
23813
22951
21933
23983
4 Ashtabula.
11338
17187
20041
25444
9 Butler
32278
40496
6966
11856
21 Delaware
23 Fairfield
25 Franklin
7781
14043
28 Geauga.
30 Guernsey
31 Hamilton
33 Hardin
51 Marion
31465
27500
68 Preble
23713
36306
22560
27485
27344
9353
85 Wayne
2248
3308
32325
14 Clinton.
PART II.
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
GOVERNORS.
From the organization of the first civil government in the Northwest Territory, of which the State of Ohio was a part, until the year 1884.
Term, Two Years.
NAME.
COUNTY.
TERM.
NAME.
COUNTY.
TERM.
Arthur St. Clair (1).
1788-1802
Mordecai Bartley
Richland
1844-1846
Charles W. Byrd (2).
Hamilton.
1802-1803
William Bebb ..
Butler.
1846-1849
Edward Tiffin (3)
Ross
1803-1807
Seahury Ford (8)
Geauga.
1849-1850
Thomas Kirker (4).
Adams.
1807-1808
Reuben Wood (9).
Cuyahoga
1850-1853
Samuel Huntington
Trumbull
1808-1810
William Medill (10)
Fairfield
1853-1856
Return Jonathan Meigs (5) ..
Washington
1810-1814
Salmon P. Chase .
Hamilton
1856-1860
Othniel Looker*
Hamilton.
1814
William Dennison.
Franklin
1860-1862
Thomas Worthington ..
Ross
1814-1818
David Tod ..
Mahoning,
1862-1864
Ethan Allen Brown (6).
Hamilton.
1818-1822
John Brough (11).
Cuyahoga
1864-1865
Allen Trimble*,
Highland
1822
Charles Andersont
Montgomery ...
1865-1866
Jeremiah Morrow.
Warren
1822-1826
Jacob D. Cox.
Trumbull
1866-1868
Allen Trimble.
Highland
1826-1830
Rutherford B. Hayes.
Hamilton
1868-1872
Duncan McArthur
Ross
1830-1832
Edward F. Noyes.
Hamilton
1872-1874
Robert Lucas.
Pike ...
1832-1836
William Allen.
Ross ...
1874-1876
Joseph Vance ..
Champaign
1836-1838
Rutherford B. Hayes (12).
Sandusky
1876-1877
Wilson Shannon
Belmont
1838-1840
Thomas L. Youngt
Hamilton.
1877-1878
Thomas Corwin.
Warren
1840-1842
Richard M. Bishop.
Hamilton ..
1878-1880
Wilson Shannon (7)
Belmont
1842-1844
Charles Foster
Seneca
1880-1884
Thomas W. Bartley*
Richland
1844
George Hoadly
Hamilton
1884 -.. ...
(1) Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania, was Governor of the Northwest Territory, of which Ohio was a part, from July 13, 1788, when the first civil government was established in the Territory, until about the close of the year 1802, when he was removed by the President.
(2) Secretary of the Territory, and was acting Governor of the Territory after the removal of Gov. St. Clair.
(3) Resigned March 3, 1807, to accept the office of United States Senator.
(4) Return Jonathan Meigs was elected Governor on the second Tuesday of October, 1807, over Nathaniel Massie, who contested the election of Meigs on the ground "that he had not been a resident of this State for four years next preceding the election as required by the Constitution," and the General Assembly, in joint convention, decided that he was not eligible. The office was not given to Massie, nor does it appear from the records that he claimed it, but Thomas Kirker, Acting Governor, continued to discharge the duties of the office until December 12, 1808, when Samuel Huntington was inaugurated, he having been elected on the second Tuesday of October in that year.
(5) Resigned March 25, 1814, to accept the office of Postmaster-General of the United States.
(6) Resigned January 4, 1822, to accept the office of United States Senator.
(7) Resigned April 13, 1844, to accept the office of Minister to Mexico.
(8) The result of the election in 1848 was not finally determined in joint convention of the two houses of the General Assembly until January 19, 1849, and the inauguration did not take place until the 22d of that month.
(9) Resigned July 15, 1853, to accept the office of Consul to' Valparaiso.
(10) Elected in October, 1853, for the regular term, to commence on the second Monday of January, 1854.
(11) Died August 29, 1865.
(12) Resigned March 2, 1877, to accept the office of President of the United States.
* Acting Governor. Succeeded to office, being the Speaker of the Senate.
+ Acting Governor. Succeeded to office, being the Lieutenant-Governor.
72
HISTORY OF OHIO.
TT is not our province in a volume of this description, to delineate the chronol- ogy of prehistoric epochs, or to dwell at length upon those topics pertaining to the scientific causes which tended to the formation of a continent, undiscov- ered for centuries, by the wisdom and energy of those making a history of the Old World, by the advancement of enlightenment in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Naturally, the geological formation of the State of Ohio cannot be entirely separated from facts relative to the strata, which, in remote ages accumulated one layer above the other, and finally constituted a "built-up" America, from a vast sea. The action of this huge body of water washed sediment and what- ever came in its way upon primitive rocks, which were subjected to frequent and repeated submersions, emerging as the water subsided, thus leaving a stratum or layer to solidify and mark its number in the series-a system of growth repeated in trees of the forest-in those descernible rings that count so many years. The southeastern part of North America emerging a second time from the Silurian Sea, which extended west to the Rocky Mountains and north to the primitive hills of British America, a succession of rock-bound, salt-water lakes remained. These covered a large portion of the continent, and their water evaporating, organic and mineral matter remained to solidify. This thick stratum has been designated by geologists as the water-lime layer. This constitutes the upper layer of rock in the larger portion of the west half of Ohio. In other sections it forms the bed rock.
Following the lime-rock deposit, must have been more frequent sweeps of the great sea, since the layers are comparatively thin, proving a more speedy change. During this scientific rising and falling of the sea, other actions were taking place, such as volcanic and other influences which displaced the regular- ity of the strata, and occasionally came out in an upheaval or a regular perpen- dicular dip. A disturbance of this character formed the low mountain range extending from the highlands of Canada to the southern boundary of Tennes- see. This "bulge" is supposed to be the consequence of the cooling of the earth and the pressure of the oceans on either side of the continent. Geolo- gists designate this as the Cincinnati arch. This forms a separation between the coal fields of the Alleghanies and those of Illinois.
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