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17. If the stewards or helpers apply to the inhabitants for assistance, in doing work for the benefit of the place, such as building meeting and school houses, clearing and fencing lands, &c., they are to be obedient.
18. All necessary contributions for the public ought cheer- fully to be attended to.
"The above rules were made and adopted at a time when there was a profound peace; when, however, six years after- wards (during the revolutionary war) individuals of the Del- aware nation took up the hatchet to join in the conflict, the national assistants proposed and insisted on having the fol- lowing additional rules added, namely :
19. No man inclining to go to war-which is the shedding of blood-can remain among us.
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SOCIETY OF UNITED BRETHREN.
20. Whosoever purchases goods or articles of warriors, knowing at the time that such have been stolen or plundered, must leave us. We look upon this as giving encouragement to murder and theft.
" According to custom, these rules were, at the commence- ment of every year, read in public meeting; and no new member or applicant could be permitted to live in the con- gregation without making a solemn promise that he or she would strictly conform to them. When any person residing in the congregation gave offence, or caused disturbance, it was the duty of the national assistants first to admonish such person or persons in a friendly manner ; but where such ad- monition proved ineffectual, then to consult together for the purpose of publicly putting him, her or them, out of the soci ety, and dismissing such altogether from the place. Next to these rules, other necessary and proper regulations were made and adopted ; for instance, respecting the daily meet- ings and the duty of church wardens, schools, attending to visitors, and the attention to be paid to the poor, sick and needy, or distressed-and also with regard to contributions to be made from time to time for the benefit of the congre- gation at large, as also individuals in the same, unable to support themselves, or furnish the necessary attire for the deceased, so that the corpse of the poorest person in the com- munity was dressed as decent as the wealthy."
Our narrative of Moravian antecedents has been minute, but not, as we submit, disproportionate. We should expect that the historian of Massachusetts would not stint the chap- ters devoted to the tale of Puritan suffering in England, which at length freighted the Mayflower. The annalist of Pennsylvania could devote no less space to the traditions of Fox, Penn and their associates ; and who could object to
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HISTORY OF OHIO.
a general memoir of the Huguenots of France, in writing a history of North Carolina, or of the Jesuit organization, in a narrative of Canadian colonization ? Such a relation the Moravians bear to Ohio, and the theme is in all respects too attractive, not to have yielded to the temptation of fullness in detail. Indeed, the principal embarrassment has been, not to seek, but how to decline, the materials for the present episode.11
We have the authority of James Patrick, Esq., of New Philadelphia, that the present site of Shoenbrun is about two miles south of New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas county ; seven (Heckewelder says ten) miles farther south, was Gna- denhutten, in the immediate vicinity of the present village
11) This sketch of the Moravians, prior to their occupation of Ohio in 1772, has been mostly compiled from Loskiel's History of the Missions in North America, Graham's Colonial History of the United States, Bancroft's History, Heckewelder's Narrative, Howe's Pennsylvania, the Religious En- cyclopedia and Jolin Wesley's Journal. The work of Loskiel appears to be the fountain from which subsequent writers have drawn. The best com- pilation of his work is Graham's Colonization of America, to whose para- phrase this chapter is greatly indebted. Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac has also supplied some particulars of the excitement in Pennsylvania in 1764, which were not attainable elsewhere. Graham's work has never been appreciated. The author was a Scoteliman, who never visited this country, but being a lover of civil and religious freedom, as well as a consummate scholar and jurist, his attention was turned to the early planting of the American States ; and by an intelligent and assiduous investigation of the historical archives of England, France, Holland and Germany, he was ena- bled to produce and perfect a work, accurate, liberal, authoritative and attractive. Himself strongly religious by temperament and habit, the Mo- ravian annals scemed to have impressed his sensibilities in a remarkable degrec, and a transcript of the historian Loskiel forms an interesting por- tion of his work. It is a singular fact that an Italian (Botta) was one of the earliest and most estimable historians of the American Revolution, while the colonization of the continent was first satisfactorily narrated by another foreigner-neither Graham or Botta having ever formed any perso- nal associations, as a visitor or resident, with a country whose history afforded the theme of their enthusiastic and successful labors.
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SOCIETY OF UNITED BRETHREN.
of that name ; and about five miles further below, was Salem, afterwards established a short distance from the village of Port Washington. The first and last mentioned were on the west side of the Tuscaroras, now near the margin of the Ohio canal. Gnadenhutten is on the east side of the river.
But at the moment that the first permanent colonization of the State seemed to be progressing thus auspiciously, the storm of Indian hostility was filling the horizon. We hasten to record the events of 1774.
CHAPTER XVI.
DUNMORE'S EXPEDITION IN 1774. THE STORY OF LOGAN.
THE name of Logan is closely associated with the hostili- ties of 1774, usually called Dunmore's war, from the fact that Lord Dunmore, then Governor of Virginia, commanded one division of the army, by whose invasion it was termina- ted. We shall precede our narrative of its events, by a few memorials of the remarkable person above mentioned.
When Count Zinzendorf, the Moravian bishop, visited his Pennsylvania brethren in 1742, he followed the course of the Susquehannah River to Shomokin, a populous Indian town, and thence crossed to the residence of Catharine Mon- tour, near the head of Seneca Lake in New York. He was accompanied by Conrad Weisser, the Indian agent of Penn- sylvania, and four converted Indians. At Shomokin, they were hospitably entertained by Shikellimus, a Cayuga chief, who is described as the " first magistrate and head-chief of all the Iroquois Indians living on the banks of the Susque- hannah as far as Onondago." Afterwards Shikellimus was converted to Christianity, and the missionaries " considered him a candidate for baptism, but hearing that he had been already baptised by a Roman Catholic priest in Canada, they only endeavored to impress his mind with a proper idea of the importance of this sacramental ordinance, upon which he destroyed a small idol, which he wore about his neck."1
1) Loskiel's North American Missions, part ii., p. 120.
(138)
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ANECDOTES OF LOGAN.
Shikellimus died in 1749, attended in his last moments by David Zeisberger.
There is no doubt that Logan was the second son of this chief-his name being a tribute of respect to James Logan, Secretary of the Province of Pennsylvania, who was highly esteemed by Shikellimus. Heckewelder wrote to Jefferson that "about the year 1772, Logan was introduced to him by an Indian friend, as son to the late reputable chief, Shi- kellimus, and as a friend to the white people." Hecke- welder was favorably impressed by the "superior talents" and correct sentiments of Logan.2
After reaching manhood, Logan lived for a while in Penn- sylvania, within the present limits of Mifflin county, and the following anecdotes of him during this period, are preserved in Day's Historical Collections of that State, but the dates of their occurrence are not given.
William Brown, with two companions, had been hunting bear, and was separated from his two companions in the pur- suit of one which they had started. In his own words, he was traveling along, looking about on the rising ground for the bear, when he suddenly came upon a spring, and laid down to drink. Suddenly he saw reflected on the opposite side, the shadow of a tall Indian. Brown sprung to his feet, seized his rifle, but the Indian knocked up the pan of his gun, threw out the priming, and extended his open palm in token of friendship. This was Logan, and the two became firm allies. Further down the stream, was the camp of another hunter, Samuel Maclay, and thither Logan con- ducted his new acquaintance. In a few days, Brown and Maclay visited Logan at his camp, which was in the same
2) Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia. Philadelphia, 1801 ; ap- pendix, p. 39.
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HISTORY OF OHIO.
neighborhood-the Kishacoquilas valley-and situated near what is now known as Logan's spring, in Mifflin county. Here Maclay and Logan shot at a mark for a dollar a shot. Logan lost four or five rounds, and acknowledged himself beaten. When the white men were about to leave, he went into his hut, and brought out as many deer skins as he had lost dollars, and handed them to Mr. Maclay, who refused to take them, alleging that he was Logan's guest, and did not come to rob him; that the shooting had been only a trial of skill, and the bet merely nominal. Logan drew himself up with great dignity, and said "me bet to make you shoot your best-me gentleman, and me take your dollar if me beat." There was, of course, no alternative than to take the skins. So sensitive was Logan, that he would not accept even a horn of powder in return.
Mr. Brown, who was an associate judge of Mifflin county from its organization till his death at the age of ninety-one or two, soon afterwards settled in the vicinity. When his little daughter was just beginning to walk, her mother ex- pressed her regret that she could not get a pair of shoes to give more firmness to her little step. Logan stood by, but said nothing. He soon after asked Mrs. Brown to let the little girl go up and spend the day at his cabin. The cautious heart of the mother was alarmed at such a proposition ; but she knew the delicacy of an Indian's feelings-and she knew Logan, too-and with secret reluctance, but apparent cheer- fulness, she complied with his request. The hours of the day wore slowly away, and it was nearly night, when her little one had not returned : but just as the sun was going down, the trusty chief was seen coming down the path with his charge ; and in a moment more the little one trotted into her mother's arms, proudly exhibiting a beautiful pair of moccasins on her
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LOGAN'S EMIGRATION TO THE OHIO.
little feet-the produce of Logan's skill. It is no wonder that Judge Brown should call the kind and noble hearted Logan "the best specimen of humanity (he) ever met with, either white or red." "Poor Logan !" he is reported to have said on the same occasion, the tears coursing down his cheeks, " he soon after went into the Alleghany, and I never saw him again."3
We have already assumed that the Mingo town upon the Ohio River at the mouth of Indian Cross Creek, was the res- idence of Logan, but it could not have been founded by him. In 1765, George Croghan, in his journal of a voyage to the Wabash, describes a Seneca village, " on a high bank on the north side of the river at a place called Two Creeks, about fifteen miles from Yellow Creek," and says that the chief of this village offered his services to go with him to the Illinois country, which were not refused, from a fear of giving offence, although Croghan "had a sufficient number of deputies al- ready." Washington, in his journal of a tour to the Ohio in 1770, after descending Long Island (now opposite Island Creek township in Jefferson county), and Big Stony Creek, a mile or two below the island on the west side, adds: " About seven miles from the last mentioned creek, and about seventy- five from Pittsburg, we came to the Mingo town, situate on the west side of the river, a little above Cross creeks : this place contains about twenty cabins and seventy inhabitants of the Six Nations. It is made probable by the communica- tion of Heckewelder, published by Jefferson, that this village did not become the residence of Logan until after Washing- ton's visit. Heckewelder says that when he met Logan in 1772, on the Beaver River, the latter expressed an intention to settle on the Ohio River below Big Beaver, but was then encamped at the mouth of Beaver. In April, 1773, when
3) Historical Collections of Pennsylvania. by Sherman Day, p. 467. 11
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HISTORY OF OHIO.
Heckewelder was on his way to the Muskingum, with the Moravian emigration from Freidenstadt, he called at " Logan's settlement, receiving every civility from such of the family as were at home." We assume, therefore, that the Mingo town in question, composed of Indians from the different New York tribes, but principally of Senecas, was known for some years before Logan's emigration to the Ohio in 1772, but that, almost immediately on his arrival, he became so promi- nent among the Indians of the frontier, that the village was called after his name. David Zeisberger, the friend of his father Shikellimus, and who had known Logan from boyhood, speaks of him as " a man of quick comprehension, good judg- ment and talents." There is evidence, also, that he was a person of distinguished appearance.
We will now endeavor, from a mass of conflicting testi- mony, to narrate the circumstances which transformed Lo- gan from the firm friend to the bitter enemy of the whites.
In the winter of 1773-4, one Dr. John Connolly, a nephew of George Croghan, determined to assert the claims of Virginia upon Fort Pitt and its vicinity. He issued a proclamation to the inhabitants, to meet at Redstone, now Brownsville, on the 24th and 25th of January, 1774, and organize themselves as a Virginia militia. Before the time appointed, Connolly was arrested by Arthur St. Clair, who then represented the Pennsylvania proprietors at Pittsburgh, and the assemblage at Redstone dispersed without definite action. As soon as Connolly was released from custody, however, he renewed his efforts to establish the exclusive authority of Virginia. He came to Pittsburgh on the 28th of March, with an armed band of followers, and in the name and by the authority of Lord Dunmore, proclaimed the jurisdiction of Virginia-rebuilding Fort Pitt, which was
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OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES.
called Fort Dunmore. He was recognized as Captain Com- mandant of a district called West Augusta, and almost immediately exhibited a tyrannical spirit to all who were in the Pennsylvania interest, while he seemed not unwilling to involve the frontier in an Indian war-one motive for the latter policy being, as suggested by Arthur St. Clair and others, to cloak his extravagant civil expenditure, with the indefinite item of frontier defence. At any rate, his letters to the Virginians, who were scattered in exploring parties along the south bank of the Ohio, contributed materially to the outbreak of hostilities.4 On the 21st of April, Con- nolly wrote that the Shawanese were not to be trusted, and that the whites ought to be prepared to revenge any wrong done them. Already the Indians were accused of stealing horses from the encampments and settlements of the Virgin- ians, and on the 16th of April, a canoe, belonging to William Butler, a leading Pittsburgh trader, had been attacked near Wheeling by three Cherokees, and one white man had been killed. The alarm spread down the river, and a party of Virginian surveyors and explorers organized, with Capt. Michael Cresap at their head, and repaired to Wheeling, to determine what course to pursue. George Rogers Clark, who was of this band, has left a statement that Cresap dissua- ded them from an intention to attack a town called Horse- head Bottom, on the Scioto and near its mouth, and proposed the return to Wheeling.5 Here, according to Clark, two letters were received from Connolly-one requesting the men to keep their position for a few days, as war was
4) For the facts relative to Connolly's conduct, &c., see American Archives, fourth series, i., 252 to 288, 435, 774, &c.
5) Clark's letter was originally published in the Louisville News Letter, and is quoted in the Hesperian, February, 1839, p. 309.
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HISTORY OF OHIO.
apprehended, and messengers were then at the Indian towns to ascertain their purpose, and a second letter (we suppose the same above mentioned as dated April 21,) addressed to Capt. Cresap, informing him that the messengers had returned from the Indians : that "war was inevitable, and the country should be covered with scouts until the inhabi- tants could fortify themselves." Clark continues : "The reception of this letter was the epoch of open hostilities with the Indians. A new post was planted, a council was called, and the letter read by Cresap, all the Indian traders being summoned on so important an occasion. Action was had, and war declared in the most solemn manner: and the same evening two scalps were brought into the camp."
These were probably the scalps of friendly Indians, who had been despatched by William Butler, the Pittsburgh tra- der, to look after the cargo of the canoe, which the Chero- kees had attacked. Ebenezer Zane, who was settled at Wheeling, has testified that he opposed the project of killing these Indians, but his good counsel was lost. The party, or some of them, went up the river. On being asked at their return, what had become of the Indians, they coolly answered that " they had fallen overboard into the river." The tra- ders were brought back in safety, but Zane says that he examined the canoe, "found much blood and bullet holes," and inferred the tragic condition of affairs.
We resume Clark's narrative. " The next day some canoes of Indians were discovered on the river, keeping the advantage of an island to cover themselves from our view. They were chased fifteen miles down the river, and driven ashore ; a battle ensued ; a few were wounded on both sides : one Indian only taken prisoner. On examining their canoes, we found a con- siderable quantity of ammunition and other warlike stores.
245
SKIRMISH AT CAPTINA CREEK.
On our return to camp, a resolution was adopted to march the next day, and attack Logan's camp on the Ohio, about thirty miles above us. We did march about five miles, and then halted to take some refreshment. Here the impropriety of executing the attempted enterprise was argued. The conversation was brought forward by Cresap himself. It was generally agreed that those Indians had no hostile intentions ; as I myself and others present had been in their camp about four weeks past, on our descending the river from Pittsburg. In short, every person seemed to detest the resolution we had set out with. We returned in the evening, decamped, and took the road to Redstone."
We suppose that Col. Ebenezer Zane, in his statement, dated Feb. 4, 1800, alludes to the same affair as Clark here relates, in the following paragraph : "On the afternoon of the day this action (killing the two Indians above Wheeling) happened, a report prevailed that there was a camp of Indi- ans on the Ohio, below or near the Wheeling. In conse- quence of this information, Captain Cresap with his party, joined by a number of recruits, proceeded immediately down the Ohio for the purpose, as was then generally understood, of destroying the Indians above mentioned. On the succeed- ing day, Captain Cresap and his party returned to Wheeling, and it was generally reported by the party that they had killed a number of Indians. Of the truth of this report I had no doubt, as one of Cresap's party was badly wounded, and the party had a fresh scalp, and a quantity of property, which they called Indian plunder. At the time of the last mentioned transaction, it was generally reported that the party of Indians down the Ohio, were Logan and his family, but I have reason to believe that this report was unfounded.
If we are correct in supposing that Clark and Zane refer
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HISTORY OF OHIO.
to the same transaction, Doddridge is an authority to the additional facts that the battle was fought at the mouth of Captina creek, at the southeast border of Belmont county, and that one of Cresap's party was severely wounded.6
" Two days afterwards," says Clark, or "within a few days," according to Zane and Doddridge, or on the 4th of May, according to a third account, occurred the tragedy opposite the mouth of Yellow creek. One Baker was settled on the Virginia side, and a party of thirty-two persons had gathered in the neighborhood. On the north, or Indian side of the Ohio, was an Indian encampment, from which a party of five men, one woman, (some accounts say two) and a little child crossed to Baker's. Here rum was offered them by the direction of Greathouse, and three of the men were made drunk. The other two men and the woman refused to drink and were shot down, while the intoxicated Indians were tomahawked. This was done by only five or six of Greathouse's party, the rest protesting against it as an atro- cious murder, but not preventing the deed. The child, a very young female infant, was spared by the humanity of some one of the party.
The Indians in the camp at Yellow creek, hearing the firing at the house, sent a canoe with two men in it to inquire what had happened. These two Indians were both shot down as soon as they landed on the beach. A second and larger canoe was then manned with a number of Indians in arms ; who, attempting to reach the shore some distance below the house, were received with a well directed fire from the party, which killed the greater number of them, and compelled the survivors to retire. A great number of shots were exchanged
6) Doddridge's Notes, p. 226. The subject is fully presented in the ap- pendix to Jefferson's Notes.
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INDIAN WAR PARTIES.
across the river, but without damage to the white party, not one of whom was even wounded. The Indian men who were murdered were all scalped. The surviving Indians escaped down the river.
In the course of these bloody transactions, several rela- tives of Logan were killed-probably his brothers and a sister. His own language, in the earliest copy of his celebrated speech which is extant, was that "Col. Cresap cut off, in cold blood, all the relations of Logan, not sparing women and children ;" but Jefferson's version reads, " not sparing my women and children."
It is related by Henry Jolly, many years associate judge of Washington county, Ohio, (whose narrative of the affair at Yellow creek we have partially adopted) that a short time before, in an Indian council, Logan had strongly recommen- ded peace. He reminded the Indians of some aggressions on their own part, and that the only effect of hostilities would be that the "Long Knife," or Virginians, would come like the trees in the woods, and the Indians would be driven from the good lands they possessed. His advice was adopted, the hatchet grounded-when the fugitives from Yellow creek arrived with the appalling intelligence of the slaughter of his own relatives.7
Our first specific account of Logan's retaliation is as late as the 12th of July. Doubtless, in the six or eight weeks pre- vious, efforts were making to renew the confederation of the Ohio Indians against the English. Loskiel mentions that the Delawares were urged by the Senccas and Shawanese to join in hostilities-but they refused, as a nation, to take up the hatchet. They were called Shwonnoks, or white people, in derision, greatly exasperating the young Delawares, many
7) See Appendix No. V, for further particulars of these massacres.
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HISTORY OF OHIO.
of whom probably fell into the war-path as volunteers. But even among the Shawanese there was a peace party. Their great chief, Cornstalk, was influential in saving the lives of some Pittsburgh traders from the fury of the Mingoes, and sent them in safety to their homes. It is said that Connolly, as if determined to precipitate a general war, attempted to seize the Shawanese Indians, three in number, who had escorted the traders through the wilderness, and when re- strained by his uncle, Col. Croghan, sought to intercept them on their return, and that one was severely wounded by the whites. If so, all friendly dispositions would vanish of course. There is no doubt that before August had arrived, the Shaw- anese, and all the Mingo bands, were in the field, recruited by a few Delawares and Cherokees.
Logan was determined that his blow for vengeance should fall where it would produce the greatest consternation, and with a chosen band of eight warriors, he penetrated to the settlements on the head waters of the Monongahela, where many scalps and several prisoners were taken, with which, by the signal conduct of their chief, the party were enabled to elude pursuit and return in safety.
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