USA > Ohio > Ohio and her Western Reserve, with a story of three states leading to the latter, from Connecticut, by way of Wyoming, its Indian wars and massacre > Part 14
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Ohio and Her Western Reserve
Joseph B. Foraker (Hamilton County), 1897-1903.
Marcus A. Hanna (Cuyahoga), 1899-1905.
GOVERNORS OF THE STATE
1803. Edward Tiffin, Ross County, three years and a half.
1807. Thomas Kirker, Adams County (ap- pointed), six months.
1808. Samuel Huntington, Trumbull County, two years.
1810. Return Jonathan Meigs, Washington County, three years and a half.
1814. Othniel Looker, Hamilton County, six months.
1814. Thomas Worthington, Ross County, two years.
1818. Ethan A. Brown, Hamilton County, three years and a half.
1822. Allen Trimble, Highland County, six months.
1822. Jeremiah Morrow, Warren County, four years. 1826. Allen Trimble, Highland County, four years.
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Ohio in the War and in Civil Life
1830. Duncan McArthur, Ross County, two years.
1832. Robert Lucas, Pipe County, four years. 1836. Joseph Vance, Champaign County, two years.
1838. Wilson Shannon, Belmont County, two years.
1840. Thomas Corwin, Warren County, two years.
1842. Wilson Shannon, Belmont County, one year and a half.
1844. Thomas W. Bartley, Richland County, six months.
1846. William Bebb, Butler County, two years.
1848. Seabury Ford, Geauga County, one year and eleven months.
1850. Reuben Wood, Cuyahoga County, one year and a half.
1853. William Medill, Fairfield County, two years and a half.
1855. Salmon P. Chase, Hamilton County, four years.
1859. William Dennison, Franklin County, two years.
1861. David Tod, Mahoning County, two years.
301
Ohio and Her Western Reserve
1863. John Brough, Cuyahoga County, one year and seven months.
1865. Charles Anderson, Montgomery County, five months.
1865. Jacob Dolson Cox, Trumbull County, two years.
1867. Rutherford Birchard Hayes, Hamilton County, four years.
1871. Edward F. Noyes, Hamilton County, two years.
1873. William Allen, Ross County, two years.
1875. Rutherford Birchard Hayes, Sandusky County, a year and three months.
1877. Thomas L. Young, Hamilton County, six months.
1877. R. M. Bishop, Hamilton County, two years.
1880. Charles Foster, Seneca County, four years.
1883. George Hoadley, Hamilton County, two years.
1885. Joseph B. Foraker, Hamilton County, four years.
1890. James E. Campbell, Butler County, two years.
302
Ohio in the War and in Civil Life
1892. William McKinley, Stark County, four years.
1895. Asa Smith Bushnell, Clarke County, four years.
1899. George Kilbon Nash, Franklin County -reelected 1901-present incum- bent of office.
But it is not alone in politics, but in the world of science, literature, journalism, and art that Ohio has been phenomenally prolific in her forthputtings. More noise has been made about the "Hoosiers," but the native " Buckeye " authors of recognized standing outnumber them more than three to one. Indiana is accredited with 55, Illinois with 47, Michigan with 36, but Ohio has a roster of 174 names, or only seven less than those of the three States named, and all of the other Western States combined. Since the days of Otway Curry and Alice and Phœbe Cary there have been among them many vo- taries of the Muse, of whom the most promi- nent (not to mention William A. Gallagher and Coates Kinney, commonly attributed to Ohio because of long association, but not na-
303
Ohio and Her Western Reserve
tives) have been the Piatts, General Lytle, and Miss Edith Thomas. Of course, William D. Howells stands out first of all in anybody's recalling of Ohio authors ; but there are many others of fine quality, if of less universal renown, as A. P. Russell, A. J. Fullerton (who sent to the Atlantic the first literary contribution from the West), Delia Bacon (of Bacon-Shakespeare fame), Ambrose Bierce, Judge Tourgee, George Kennan, Prof. George T. Ladd, Thomas Jay Hudson, Sarah C. Woolsey (Susan Coolidge), William H. Ven- able, Thomas Donaldson, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Mary Hartley Catherwood, Nathan- iel Stephenson, and Alfred Henry Lewis. But when we have mentioned these we have not yet included a single one of the histo- rians, who are perhaps the class most con- spicuous in Ohio authorship. First among them was Hubert Howe Bancroft, the his- torian of the Pacific Slope ; and the greatest of those now living is James Ford Rhodes. Two others who are well known are Prof. William M. Sloane, of Princeton (author of a Life of Napoleon and a History of the French and Indian War and the Revolution), and
304
Ohio in the War and in Civil Life
Prof. Edwin Erl Sparks, of the University of Illinois, author of American Expansion. Hil- dreth, Rufus King, and the late Burke A. Hinsdale have all performed valuable service in this field.
Just where journalism and literature meet stands an Ohio man-Albert Shaw, editor of the American Review of Reviews ; and in journalism pure and simple and at its best strength there stands a larger host than we can even mention. But it is a curious cir- cumstance that for a considerable period three of the great metropolitan dailies were simultaneously managed by three Ohio jour- nalists : The Tribune by Whitelaw Reid, the World by John A. Cockerill, the Herald by Julius Chambers. Two other journalists the State contributed to New York-Murat Hal- stead, and Adolph S. Ochs, proprietor of the Times. But besides these and the peerless MacGahan, and such brilliant world-known correspondents as E. V. Smalley and H. V. Boynton, there were Richard Smith, G. M. D. Bloss, and Frederick Haussureck, of Cincinnati; Joseph Medill and Alfred Cowles, of Chicago; also the late Edwin
305
Ohio and Her Western Reserve
Cowles, the long-time editor of the Cleve- land Leader.
As to art, it was an Ohioan who first gave American art a prestige abroad-Hiram Powers. Another Ohioan, John Quincy Adams Ward, became the first sculptor of America. Thomas Cole became one of the country's greatest landscape painters and en- gravers. James H. and William H. Beard by their originality in art achieved national and international reputation, and the art world well knows to-day the work of Ken- yon Cox, Frank Duvaneck, W. H. Powell, A. S. Wyant, W. L. Sontag, Frank Dangler, Wilson McDonald, T. D. Jones, William Walcutt, Henry Mosler, Caroline S. Brooks, E. M. Ward, F. C. Webber, Jasper Lanman, John Henry Witt, Marion Foster, J. H. Twatchman, and Frank H. Tompkins.
In physical science there shine such Ohio names as those of Ormsby M. Mitchell, Wormely, Sullivant, Newberry, Kirtland, Wright ; while those of Elisha Gray, Charles Francis Brush, and Thomas Alva Edison as pioneers in the practical application of ad- vanced science are of universal renown.
306
CHAPTER XII
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
As for the causes of the remarkable put- ting forth of political fruit by the Buckeye tree, it must be borne in mind that the war it- self was a powerful stimulus to the spirit of the people, and in addition to the influence of the Ordinance, of Gallatin's pioneer inter- nal-improvement measure, of geographical position, and of the energy derived from the mingling of widely differing elements of pop- ulation which had made the Ohioans a nu- merically great and phenomenally strong race-other agencies were working which had a more particular effect on the consti- tution of political power than those men- tioned.
First of all, Ohio was, through a seeming paradox-which is superficial and simply enough explained-a persistent and enormous 307
Ohio and Her Western Reserve
power in the electoral strife of the nation, for the very reason that she was never in her period of primacy, so overwhelmingly partizan as to make it absolutely sure which way her vote would be cast. As has already been shown, the Jeffersonians, who brought the State into being, held its mastery for twenty years. It voted for Clay in 1824. Then, with the reorganization of parties, it became less stable. It voted for Jackson and Carr, Democrats, respectively, in 1828 and 1832; for Harrison and Clay, Whigs, in 1836, 1840, and 1844; then for Cass and Pierce, Demo- crats, in 1848 and 1852. In 1856 it voted for Frémont, and ever since the Republicans have had the benefit of its franchise. But Ohio had a way between times of letting a Democrat assume the toga of the governor- ship, two of her three great war Governors being Democrats (though elected on a Union or fusion platform), and, on the average, one out of every four governors since then being of the minority party. This uncertainty as to outcome at any given time, based on the independent habit of mind of a large contin- gent of her citizens, made it worth while-
308
Summary and Conclusion
especially in view of Ohio's size in the electoral college-to consult the preferences of her peo- ple in national campaigns, and often to make sure of their suffrage by the naming of a local candidate. The converse of this condition is clearly exhibited in Ohio's next-door neigh- bor on the east, which, though giving with unvarying certainty overwhelmingly great predetermined majorities, has been accorded but one nomination for the office of Chief Executive in half a century.
The factitious but effective force brought to bear on the foregoing situation, by the consideration that Ohio was an "October State," considerably enhanced her power. The "closeness" of the issue, or the com- paratively even matching of parties, and the fact that all her State battles were eagerly watched by the whole nation, gave them an importance which variously redounded to the State's political advantage.
But a far more effective, though less theatric, source of Ohio's strength in national politics lay in the manner in which she sus- tained in public life and in official position those men whose preeminent fitness once be-
309
Ohio and Her Western Reserve
came demonstrated. In this policy she has only been equaled by New England and cer- tain sections of the South. Thus her states- men had opportunity to carry out, through the advantages of familiarity with their sur- roundings and of prolonged and purposeful study afforded by their continuance in office by wise constituents, those settled policies and plans which alike conferred honor upon them- selves and the State. A swift glance over the records of Ohio's leading Representatives and Senators affords abundant confirmation of the claim of frequency of long terms accorded them. James M. Ashley, a colleague (and able coworker for the same causes) of Gid- dings, served ten years as Representative; John A. Bingham, writer of the fourteenth amend- ment to the Constitution, sixteen years ; Ben- jamin Butterworth, ten; Thomas Corwin, fourteen in the House and four in the Senate (dying before his term expired), eighteen years in all ; Columbus Delano, twenty-two ; Giddings, twenty-two; Garfield, seventeen (being then in quick succession elected to the Senate and the presidency) ; Mckinley, fourteen (ended only by his choice as Chief
310
Summary and Conclusion
Executive) ; Jeremiah Morrow (of early days), nineteen (in House and Senate) ; Joseph Vance, eighteen ; Samuel F. Vinton, twenty ; Robert C. Schenck, sixteen. In the Senate we find Benjamin Ruggles serving continu- ously seventeen years; William Allen, twelve; Benjamin F. Wade, eighteen ; Allen G. Thur- man, twelve; and John Sherman, surpassing in his total term not only all Ohio records, but all in the history of the Senate, even that of Thomas H. Benton, and having to his credit almost thirty-two years (thirty-one years and about eleven and a half months) in this sta- tion, and enough more in other high office to make a total of half a century of exalted public service.
A still further source of Ohio's primacy in broadly public affairs must be looked for in those mingled feelings of strong State pride and of sturdy, dignifying nationalism, which have come naturally, and almost in- sensibly, to animate its people. She had attained third place as to population twenty years before the war, and she held it for thirty years after, only surrendering it in 1890 to Illinois (which is as much larger,
311
Ohio and Her Western Reserve
territorially, as is eight larger than five), ad- vancing in population in the meantime from 2,309,511 in 1860 to 2,665,260 in 1870; to 3,198,062 in 1880; to 3,672,376 in 1890; and to 4,157,545 in 1900. But her rank was not dependent on numbers alone. For many years she was also third among the States in wealth. She was long first, and subsequently second, in the value of farms and farm im- provements. She was for years, and is now, . fourth in the total value of mineral products, and third in the production of coal, being ex- ceeded only by Pennsylvania and Illinois. She is ranked as fifth in manufactures. And in education and religion she very naturally is one of the foremost States in the Union. But with all of the growth thus represented, and having increased her population in an even hundred years one thousand fold, Ohio had early begun to build other States in the West. Her sons were among the Argonauts in California in the mid-century, and they have been among the pioneers of all the States ever since. She has undoubtedly con- tributed to them fully 2,000,000 people, and more than half of that number born in Ohio
312
Summary and Conclusion
are now living in the Western common- wealths .*
* As a matter of fact, the total number of people born in Ohio, but contributed to, and in 1900 living in, other States or Territories, was 1,114,165. The largest numbers, as might be expected, are to be found in Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, and Michigan, but the number of Ohioans living in most of these Western States was not so large in 1900 as in 1880, while, on the other hand, in the twenty intervening years, the migration into States lying easterly has very considerably increased-noticeably that into New York and Pennsylvania. The following table of the Ohio-born in the States where they are most numerous reveals the figures for 1880 and 1900, and is interestingly indicative of some curious movements in the tides of population, as well as valuable in showing the extent to which Ohio has been a builder of other States :
1880.
1900.
1880.
1900.
Indiana. .
186,391
178,344
Pennsylvania .. 27,502
57,436
Illinois
136,884
137,161
New York.
11,599
26,219
Iowa
120,495
88,146
Wisconsin
20,512 19,036
Kansas ..
93,396
88,298
California.
17,759 34,869
Missouri . . .
78,938
80,966
Minnesota 15,560
18,971
Michigan ... .
77,053
88,290
Colorado.
11,759
24,894
Nebraska ....
31,800
40,981
Texas
7,949
10,588
W. Virginia.
27,535
40,301
Oregon
6,201
13,123
Kentucky. . .
27,115
38,539
Of the other Western States, Washington leads with 16,762 Ohioans (in 1900) ; North and South Dakota have respectively 4,391 and 7,106; Montana has 6,650; Wyoming, 3,336; Idaho, 3,815; New Mexico, 1,768; Arizona, 2,100; Utah, 2,525; Ar- kansas, 8,867 ; Indian Territory, 3,392; Nevada, least of all, 741 ; and Oklahoma, 15,049.
Of the Southern States, Tennessee (next to Kentucky and West Virginia) had in 1900 the largest number of natives of
22
313
Ohio and Her Western Reserve
Ohio, by her vast growth in population, by the multiform character as well as the magnitude of her national development, by the effectiveness of the exertion of her enor-
Ohio, 10,353. Alabama had 4,029; Mississippi, 1,538; Louisi- ana, 2,545 ; Virginia, 3,799 ; District of Columbia, 4,348; Mary- land, 3,204 ; Georgia, 2,542 ; Florida, 2,721 ; and the remaining States much smaller numbers.
The New England States, which contributed largely to the upbuilding of Ohio, have received something of the reflex tide. Massachusetts led in 1900 with 5,353 Ohioans, and Connecticut had 2,230.
New Jersey had 5,553.
Of States contributing to Ohio, as shown by their native- born living there in 1900, Pennsylvania was naturally the leader. The figures for the principal ones, in order of the number of their native-born in Ohio, are as follows :
Pennsylvania.
131,142
Massachusetts 7,507
New York.
56,652
New Jersey
7,070
Kentucky
53,464
Iowa. 6,805
Indiana.
52,045
Tennessee. 5,893
Virginia
32,342
Kansas 5,325
Michigan
31.356
Connecticut 4,467
West Virginia.
30,524
Wisconsin 4.320
Illinois
18,964
North Carolina 3,407
Maryland
13,212
Vermont
3,553
Missouri
7,591
Foreign countries' contributions of late years are headed by Germany, of whose people 204,160 were living in Ohio in 1900. There were of Irish nativity at the same time, 55,018 ; of Eng- lish, 44,745 ; and of Canadians-English, 19,864, and French, 2,903. The total foreign-born population was 458,734, or 11 per cent of Ohio's 4,157,545 people.
314
· Summary and Conclusion
mous strength for the Union, and by the exercise and outcome of her influence upon the nation, long ago arrived at that dignity of position which is claimed in the matter of her State seal, of being literally an empire within an empire-" Imperium in imperio."
And thus, located in the middle country, looking westward to the homes of her sons, and eastward to those of her sires, the horizon of her interest and her influence is broadened to the bounds of the Union itself ; and while contemplating her own achievements, and feeling her own strength-of which she first became fully conscious in the period of the civil war-she turns reverently the page of history, to be reminded that she is the creature of the nation ; that her foundations were lain by the people of all the States, that her exist- ence was decreed and directed by the legal enactments of the nation, and that she was in fact the first product of nationalism.
Hence nationalism, which is the out- growth of a larger conception of citizenship, represents a robust element in the Ohioan's mood of mind. But with his profound patri- otism there must be ever a place, too, for a
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Ohio and Her Western Reserve
passionate, insistent State pride. The very fact that circumstances have never called for choice, or division, between the two, makes the dual allegiance one of doubly strong devotion.
The subject of the Ohioan's loyalty is a kind of composite conception, as of two in one-" Imperium in imperio"-which has slowly and insensibly formed itself from con- templation of the historical development of State and Union-the causative influences in whose ascendency nowhere appear so inveter- ately and inseparably interwoven as here- and to this unique devotion, in which dual sentiments reciprocally reenforce each other, we must look for a factor, not by any means the least, in the constitution of the Ohio man's political prowess, and in the common- wealth's pronounced prestige.
316
INDEX
Alger, General Russell A., 195, 295. Allen, Ethan, 117. Allen, William, 269, 298, 302.
Allyn, John, describes Connecti- cut in 1680, 24. Ammen, Admiral Daniel, 284. Anderson, Charles, 302.
Andrews, Sherlock J., 191. Antislavery, idea of, actuates Connecticut men in war of re- bellion, 47-49 ; David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, and his Pro- viso, 122; Charles B. Storrs its pioneer in the Western Re- serve, 174, 178; the general zeal for, in the West, 175, 178 ; serv- ices of Giddings and Wade for, in Western Reserve, 184, 185 ; John Brown's part, 189; Jacob Brinkerhoff's assistance to Wil- mot, 190-191; at Oberlin, 199; cause of, as affected by the Or- dinance of 1787, 219 et seq. ; services of Ephraim Cutler for, in Ohio constitutional conven- tion, 254; and of Edward Coles in Illinois, 255 ; Southern lead- ers of, in Ohio, 274-277 ; Cler- mont County as citadel of, 275- 276. (See Slavery.)
" Appleseed, Johnny," 161-163.
Armstrong, Colonel John, 113-114. Arnold, Benedict, 37. Ashley, James A., 310.
Ashtabula County, Ohio, the " po- litical Gibraltar " of the Western Reserve, 180.
Austin, Moses, projects colony in Texas, 29.
Austin, Stephen F., founds Texan city, 29.
Bacon, Delia S., 203.
Badger, Rev. Joseph, first preacher in Reserve, 158-159.
Baldwin, Michael, leads riot, 244, 245, 273. Bancroft, H. H., 304.
Banning, General H. B., 281. Bartley, Thomas W., 301.
Beard, David, 206. Beard, James H., 206.
Beard, William H., 206.
Beatty, General John, 281.
Bebb, William, 301.
Bidlack, James, 91 ; killed by tor- ture at Wyoming, 94.
Bierce, Ambrose, 205. Bingham, John A., 266. Birney, James G., 268, 276.
Bishop, R. M., 302. Bolton, Sarah K., 205.
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Ohio and Her Western Reserve
Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chicf, mentioned, 80; with Indians at Tioga prior to Wyoming mas- sacre, 84 : mention of, 138 ; meets
Western Reserve surveyors, 144. Brant, Molly, 80.
Brinkerhoff, Henry, 191.
Brinkerhoff, Jacob, 190-191.
Brinkerhoffs, the, 272.
Brooks, General T. H., 281.
Brough, John, 189, 194, 284, 286, 302.
Brown, Ethan A., 300.
Brown, John, 189, 275.
Brush, Charles F., 207. Buck, Aholiab, 91.
" Buckeye," origin of, 228.
Buckingham, General C. P., 281.
Buckingham, Governor William A., of Connecticut, 40. Buell, General D. C., 281.
Burnet, Judge Jacob, 241 ; author of Ohio's first constitution, 255- 256, 267, 298.
Burns, General W. W., 281.
Burrows, Julius Cæsar, 192, 296. Bushnell, Asa S., 303.
Butler, Colonel John, mentioned, 82, 83 ; described, 85, 86, 88: in battle of Wyoming, 92, 93.
Butler, Colonel Zebulon, leader of Wyoming settlers, 69, 73; de- feats Plunkett expedition, 77; becomes commander at Wyo- ming in hour of danger, 81 ; leads settlers in defense of Wyoming, 91, 92; arrested by Pennsylva- nians, 112; for conciliation, 119.
Campbell, Alex., 297. Campbell, James E., 302.
" Campus Martius," 228.
Canals, opening of Erie and Ohio, 154, 155.
Carlyle, Thomas, on Puritanism, 6-7.
Carter, Lorenzo, 148-149.
Cary sisters, 303.
Case, Leonard, 209.
Cass, Lewis, 271.
Catherwood, Mrs. Mary H., 304.
Chambers, Julius, 305.
Chapman, Jonathan, 161-163.
Chase, Salmon P., 271, 285, 291, 292, 293, 298, 301.
Chillicothe, settled by Virginians, 233, 234 ; becomes capital, 287 ; riotous demonstration in, against St. Clair, 244.
Chisholm, Henry, 208.
Cincinnati, first settlement of, 229.
Cist, Lewis J., quotations from, 51, 127.
Cleaveland, General Moses, men- tioned, 140, 143-144, 147.
Clermont County, an antislavery citadel, 275-276.
Cleveland (city), surveyors at site of, 146-147 ; first residents of, 147 et seq ; benefited by open- ing of canals, 154-153 ; Western Reserve University in, 197-198 ; marvelous growth and impor- tance of, 208 ; the Boston of the West, 209.
Cockerill, John A., 305.
Coffin, Levi, 269. Coles, Edward, 255.
Congregationalism, established religion in Connecticut, 32; in the Western Reserve, 173, 174.
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Index
Conneaut, Reserve surveyors at, 144-146.
Connecticut, New. (See Western Reserve.)
Connecticut, Puritanism in, 3; first settlements of, 13, 14; first constitution of, 15-20; signal service of, to America, 20-21 ; influence of, on colonial expan- sion, 23 et seq. ; first colonies of, 24, 27, 28 ; described by Allyn, 24-25 ; prolific of public men, 29-30 ; in Revolutionary War, 35 et seq .; in war of rebellion, 39 et seq. ; charter of, 58; char- ter claim of, in Pennsylvania, 59 et seq .; first emigrants from, to Pennsylvania, 67 ; extends gov- ernment over Wyoming, 74; divested of title to Wyoming by " Trenton decree," 108; forms plan of government for new State at Wyoming, 119; contri- bution of eminent men to Penn- sylvania, 122; probably gains " Western Reserve " in Ohio as result of "Pennamite Wars," 124-125; triumph of, in Ohio, 129 et seq .; cedes claim to West- ern lands, 131-132 ; makes a res- ervation, 134-135; sets apart " Fire Lands " for " Sufferers," 138-139 ; authorizes sale of " Western Reserve " lands, 139 ; reproduced in Western Reserve, 158 et seq. ; names of, in Western Reserve, 165, 166; reflex tide brings educators to, from West- ern Reserve, 200-201 ; contribu- tions of, to Ohio, 265.
Constitution of Connecticut, first
in America, 15-20, 53 ; first of Ohio, 255-257.
Cooke, Eleutheros, 191, 272.
Cooke, Jay, 206, 207, 272, 285, 286. Corwin, Thomas, on Ohio's consti- tution, 256 ; nativity of, 268, 292, 293, 298, 301, 310. Cowles, Alfred, 305. Cowles, Edwin, 306.
Cox, General Jacob Dolson, 195, 205, 272, 282, 294, 302.
Cox, Kenyon, 206. Cromwell, Oliver, 23, 44.
Cushutunk, 54, 57, 66.
Custer, General George A., 272, 281, 283.
Cutler, Ephraim, carries Ohio con- vention for prohibition of sla- very, 254-255.
Cutler, Rev. Manasseh, as agent of Ohio Land Company, 223; his agency in forming and passing the Ordinance of 1787, 224; votes in Congress for a small State, contrary to the Ordi- nance, 249.
Dahlgren, Mrs. M. V., 272. Day, William R., 292, 295. Delano, Columbus, 294. Delaware Company, 26, 58, 66.
Democracy, dawn of, in America,
15. (See Jeffersonian Democ- racy.)
Denham, Obed, 276.
Dennison, Colonel Nathan, 91, 92. Dennison, William, 268, 284, 286, 293, 301.
Denver, James W. (note), 296. Dewey, General Joel A., 195.
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Ohio and Her Western Reserve
Dorrance, Lieutenant - Colonel George, 91 ; killed at Wyoming, 93. Durkee, Colonel John, 91. Durkee, Robert, 91.
Edison, Thomas A., 207. Edwards, Pierpont, 139, 141.
Elkins, Stephen B., 291-292, 294.
Ellis, Edward S., 204. Erie Canal, opening of, 154. Erie Literary Society, 159-160. Ewing, General Hugh B., 281. Ewing, General Thomas H., 281. Ewing, Thomas, 266, 292, 293. Ewing, Thomas H., 293, 298.
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