USA > Ohio > Preble County > Plat book of Preble County, Ohio : compiled from county records and actual surveys > Part 5
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131 Tolato Helt
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SKETCH EXHIBITING THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT OF THE CENTRE OF POPULATION
EXPLANATIONS
Front dre P. S. Ceurum Kryaut five 1880.
O PLACES Arra
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BY FRANK A. GRAY.
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PHILADELPHIA: O.W. GRAY & SON.
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GRAY'S NEW MAP OF THE WORLD IN HEMISPHERES, WITH COMPARATIVE VIEWS OF THE HEIGHTS OF THE PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS AND LENGTHS OF THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS ON THE GLOBE. BY FRANK A. GRAY.
TIME DIAGRAM
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PHILADELPHIA: O.W. GRAY & SON.
BARACKA
)CEAN
Marica Evince Edward If
THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT SURVEYS.
Outlined from Reports and Instructions of the U. S. General Land Office.
THE present system of surveying Government lands, termed the Land System of the United States, has developed from an ordinaneo introduced before the Continental Congress Muy 7, 1781, termed " An Ordinance for ascertnining the mode of loeating and disposing of lands in the Western Territory," and adopted by an act of Congress passed May 7, 1785, It hind no precedent in the theory of practice of quy pre-oxisting government, being the result of the highest order of states- manship, and exhibiting a profound knowledge of engineering science in minute details, With a few unimportant elinges, it has been adopted by the Dominion ef Canada. Tho ordinance provided for townships six tiles square, containing thirty-six sections one mile square. The region embraced by the surveys under this Inw formis a part of tho present State of Ohio, and is usually styled "Old Seven Ranges." The townships, six miles square, were laid out in ranges extending nerth- ward from the Ohio River, the townships being numbered from sonth so nerthi, and tho ranges from east to west, In these initial surveys only the exterior lines of tho townships were surveyod, and mile coruers were established on the township lines, but the plats were marked by subdivisions into sections of one mile square. The sections were num- bered from one to thirty-six, commencing with number ono in the south- erst corner of the township, and running frem south to north in each tier to number thirty-six in the northwest corner of the township. These first publie surveys were made under the direction of the Geographer of the United States.
The act of Congress approved May 18, 1796, provided for the appoint- ment of a surveyor-general, and directed tho survey of the lands north- west of the Ohio River and above the month of the Kentucky River, "in which the titles of the Indian tribes have been extinguished." Under this law one-half of the townships surveyed were subdivided into sections " by running through the same, cach way, parallel lines at the end of every two miles, and by making a corner on enel of said lines at the end of every mile, " and it further provided that " the sec- tions shall be numbered, respectively, beginning with the number one in the northeast seetion, and proceeding west and east alternately, through the township, with progressive numbers till the thirty-sixth be completed. " This method of numbering the sections is still in use, and can be seen by reference to Diagram No. 2, ou reverse page.
The act of Congress, approved February 11, 1805, directs the subdi- vision of the public lands into quarter sections, and provides that all the corners marked in tho publie surveys shall be established as the proper corners of scetions or subdivisions of sections which they were intended to designate, and that corners of half and quarter sections not marked shall be placed as nearly as possible "equidistant from those two corners which stand on the samo line."
The ace of Congress, approved April 25, 1812, provided " That there shall be established in the Departoient of the Treasury an office to be denominated the General Land Office, the chief ollicer of which shall be called the Commissioner of the General Land Oflice, whose duty it shall be, under the direction of the head of the department, to superin- tend, execute, and perform all such aets and things touching or respect- ing the public lands of tho United States and other lands pateuted or grauted by the United States, as havo lieretofore been directed by law in be done or performed in the office of the Sceretary of State, of the Secretary and Register of the Treasury, and of the Secretary of War, or which shall hereafter by law be assigned to the said office."
The aet of Congress, approved July 4, 1836, provided for the reorgani- zation of the General Land Office, and that the executive duties of said office " shall be subject to the supervision and control of the commis- sioner of the General Laud Office under the direction of the President of the United States. " The repealing elanse is, " That such provisions of the act of the twenty-fifth of April, in the year one thousand eight hundred and twelve, entitled ' An act for the establishimcut of a Gene- ral Land Office in the Department of the Treasury,' and of all acts amendatory thereof as are inconsistent with the provisions of this act, be and the same are herehy repealed."
From the wording of this act, it would appear that the control of the General Land Office was removed from the Treasury Department, and that the Commissioner reported directly to the President ; but asn mat- ter of fact the Secretary of the Treasury still had supervisory control, for the act of Congress, approved March 3, 1819, by which the Depart- weut of the Interior was established, provided " That the Secretary of the Interior shall perform all tho duties in relation to the General Land Office, of supervision and appeal, now discharged by the Secretary of tlic Treasury." By this act the General Land Office wns transferred to the Department of the Interior, where it still remains,
THE RECTANGULAR SYSTEM OF SURVEYS,
The public lands of the United States ure ordinarily surveyed into rectangular tracts bounded by lines eouforining to tho cardinal points. The principal lines are designated as meridian, base, township, range, and section lines, and the bodies of land thus formed are known as townships, sections, and lots. The first recorded use of the terms "township," and " section," as applied to the public lands of tho United States, is in nn ordinance reported to Congress April 26, 1785. In Diagram No. 2, representing an cutiro towuship, each " section" and " It" is plainly indicated.
INITIAL POINTS.
Initial points from which the lines of the public surveys aro to he extended must be established whenever necessary under such special instructions as may be prescribed in ench enso by the Commissioner of the General Land Office. The locus of such initial points must be se- leeted with great enre and due consideration for their prominence and easy identifiention, and must be established astronomically. The ini- tial point having been established, the lines of the public survey aro to borextended therefrom as follows :-
Conwright moured by W. 8. BROWN, 189%.
PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN AND BASE LINES
are extended north and south and enst and west frem the initial point by the use of solar instruments or trausits, as inny bo directed by the Surveyor General. In order to check errors in measurement, two sets of chainmeu, operating independently of each other, must be employed, and the proper corners established. Principal meridians are designated by number or name. Each Imas its own base line, aud these two lines forin the basis or foundation for surveys of all lands within the terri- tury controlled by them.
Ohio public surveys nre controllod by several initial peints, and by the first principal meridian coincideut with tho cemmon boundary be- tween Ohio and Indiana. Indiana surveys are controlled by the second principal meridian. Illinois surveys are controlled by the second, third, aud fourth principal meridian, Wisconsin by the fourth principal meridian, Minnesota by the fourth and fifth principal me- ridian. Tho Dakotas by the fifth and sixth principal meridians, also by tho Black Hills meridian, Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas by the fifth principal meridian. Kansas, Nebraska, and the greater portion of Colorado and Wyoming by the sixth principal meridian, Michigan by the Michigan meridian. Florida by the Tallulinssce meridinn. Ala- bama by the Huntsville and St. Stephens meridians. Mississippi by the St. Stephens, Choctow, and Washington meridinns. Louisinun, enst of tho Mississippi River, by the St. Helena meridian, and on the west by tho Louisiana meridian. New Mexico by the New Mexico me- ridian. Arizona by the Gila aud Salt River meridian. Utah by the Great Salt Lake meridian, Nevada by tho Mount Dieblo meridiau. Idaho by the Boise meridian. Montana by the Montana meridian. California by the Mount Dieblo, the San Bernardino, and the HIuni- boldt meridians, Oregon and Washington by the Williametle meridian.
TOWNSHIPS AND HANGES.
Towuship lines are ruu east and west parallel with and six miles from tho base line and from ench other, and the spnees between these lines are known ns townships north or south, and designated by nam- bers according to their numerical distanec from the base line. Range lines nre run north and south on a true meridiau, six miles from and parallel, as near as may be, with the principal meridian, and the spaces between them are known as rauges, anil are described as east or west of the principal meridian, and consecutively unmbered from that line. Diagram No. 1, on reverse page, will illustrate tho system of unm- bering townships and ranges, north and south nud east and west from the principal meridians and base lines ; numbering east or west until they reach tho next meridian, and north or south nutil they reach the next base line.
Thus, any certain township or muge can readily bo found within the territory embraced by this system if the numbers of the sante are knowu referring to principal meridian and base liue.
Tho bodies of land six miles square, formed by the intersection of tbe township aud range lines, are called
CONGRESSIONAL TOWNSHIPS,
and contain, as near as may be, 23,040 neres. Congressional town- ships are deseribed and located as being north or sonth of the base line and cast or west of the principal meridian from which that particu- lar survey is made. Thus towushiin one north, mange three west of the fifth principal meridian, would be the first township north of the base line aud in the third rango west from the principal meridian. Tho law requires that the lines of the publie surveys shall be governed by tho true meridian, and that tho townships shall be six miles squ ire, two things involving, in connection, a mathewatienl impossibility, for, strictly to conform to the meridian necessarily throws the township out of squaro by reason of the convergency of the meridians, and hence, by ndhering to the true meridian results the necessity of depart- ing from the strict requirements of law, as respects the precise area of townships and the subdivisional parts thereof, the townships assuming something of a trapezoidal form, which inequality develops itself more and moro as such the higher the latitude of the surveys
For that reason standards and auxiliaries, which are also called cor- rection lines, and auxiliary or guide meridinns are run from time to time, and are desiguated by number, and as uorth, south, east, or west, as the ense may be, from their respectivo baso lines and principal me- ridians ; parallels and auxiliaries aro now run at intervals of twenty- four miles, dividing the country into tracts of twenty-four miles square, or sixteen townships.
Congressional townships are subdivided into thirty-six tracts, called
SECTIONS,
cach containing as near as may be 640 acres. The thirty six sections into which a township is subdivided are numbered, commencing with number one at tho northeast anglo of the township, and proceeding west to number six, and thence proceeding east to number twelve, and so on, alternately, until they number thirty-six in the southeast angle. In all cases of surveys of fractional townships, the sections should bear the same number as they would if the township was full. In all cases whero tho exterior lines of the townships thus subdivided into see- tions or half sections shall exceed, or shall not extend, six miles, the oxcess or defleoney shall bo specially noted, and added to or dedneted from the western or northern ranges of sections or half sections in such township, according as the error may be in running tho lines from east to west, or from south to north ; the sections and half sections bounded on the northern and western lines of such townships shall he sold as containing only tho quantity expressed in the returns and plats respec- tively, nud all others as containing tho complete legal quantity.
Diagram No. 2, on the reverse page, shows an entire Congressional Township subdivided and numbered by sections, and showing excess or defleioney In aren on the north and west sides of the township.
Scetlons are divided into quarters by straight lines run from the es- tablished quarter section corners - United States surveys-to the oppo- site corresponding corners, and the point of intersection of tho liues 80 ran will be the corner commun to tho several quarter sectiens, or, in othor words, the legal centre of the section ; these quarter scetions are designated as northeast quarter, northwest, southwest, or southeast, necording to their location with regard to their common corner.
In the subdivision of quarter sections, tho quarter quarter corners are to be placed at points equidistant between the section and quarter sec- tion corners and between the quarter corners and the common centre of the section, except on the last half mile of the lines closing on the north or west boundaries of a towuship, where they should be placed nt twenty chains, proportionate measurement, to the north or west of the quarter sectiou eorner.
Fractional sections and those containing meandered rivers and lakes nro also divided into 10 acre lots, as near as may be ; these fractional lots are numbered from one upwards in each section. By an examina- tiou of Diagram No. 2, on reverse page, and of the maps on other pages of this work, the careful student will be enabled to describe or locate any piece of Innd. Numbers 1, 2-6 are the numbers of the meau- dered lots with areas shown : a, north quarter eorner ; b, enst quarter corner ; c, south quarter corner, and d, west quarter corner.
Proceeding down stream, the bank on the left hand is termed the " left bank" and that on the right hand the "right bank." These terms are to be universally used to distinguish the two banks of a river or stream,
RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF LOST CORNERS.
The original corners, where they can be found, must stand as the true corners they were inteudleil to represent, even though not exactly where strict professional eare might have placed them in the first in- stance.
Missing corners should be re-established in the identical localities they originally occupied. When the point cannot be determined by the existing landmarks in the field, resort must be had to the field notes of the original survey. The law provides that the lengths of the lines, as stated in the field notes, shall be considered as the true lengths thereof, and the distances between corners set down in the field notes constitute proper data from which to determino the true locality of a missing cor- ner ; hence the rule that all such should be restored at distances pro- portionate to the original measurements between existing original cor- ners, That is, if tho measurement between two existing corners dif- fers from that stated in the field notes, the excess or deficiency sbould be distributed proportionately among the intervening section lines be- tween the said existing corners standing in their original places, Miss- ing corners on standard township and range lines should be restored by proportionate measurement between the nearest existing original corners on those lines. Missing section corners in the interior of town- ships should be re-established at proportionalo distances between the nearest existing original corners north and south of the missing corners. As lias been observed, no existing original corner can be disturbed, and it will be plain that any excess or deficiency in nicasurements be- twcen existing corners cannot in any degree affect the distances beyonl said existing corners, but must be fulded or subtracted proportionately to or from the intervals embraced between the corners which are still standing.
OFFICIAL SUN-DIVISIONS BY COUNTY OFFICIALS.
Various States require their county auditors or recorders to cause a survey and plat of " irregular tracts" of land to be made aml placed npon record, when, for assessment purposes, the deseriptions are too indefinite. These become official, and title will pass as the same ap- pears of record, hy the number of each lot being given on the plat. Diagram No. 3, on reverse page, shows a practical subdivision of a section for assessment or other purposes, with a proper description of each fractional part of the quarter section,
METES AND BOUNDS.
In the Enstern and New England States the system of surveying and describing lands by metes and bounds as followed prior to the establish- ment of the rectangular system of surveys still exists. The system at its best is imperfect and uncertain in its working, having no known lines for base of surveys, and sellom any official plats for references as to initial points. Diagram No. 4 shows a tract of land deseribed and platted by "metes and bounds," as the same would appear in deeds.
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