USA > Ohio > Preble County > The Farm journal illustrated directory of Preble County, Ohio (with a complete road map of the county) 1916 > Part 24
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MILK FEVER occurs in sows immedi- ately after farrowing or within the first few days afterwards. The symptoms are loss of milk, swollen, hard condition of the milk glands, which are .nore or less painful on pressure. Sow may not allow the pigs to suck; she may lie flat on her
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belly or stand up, and in extreme cases the sow has spells of delirium, in which she may destroy her young.
,Cause .- Injudicious feeding, overfeed- ing on milk-producing foods. Do not feed sow quite full rations for few days just before and after farrowing.
Treatment .- Give sow plenty of cool clean water; bathe the swollen glands for half hour at a time with water as warm as she will bear, dry thoroughly with soft cloth and give good dry pen. If bowels seem constipated give the sow internally one-half pint pure linseed oil. (Never use the boiled linseed oil used by painters; it is poisonous.) If the sow starts killing her young, or has no milk for them, it is best to take most of them, or all, away from her and feed by hand with spoon or ordinary rubber nipple and bottle. For this use one part boiled water and three parts cow's milk. The pigs may be returned to the sow if her milk returns.
SCOURS among pigs is another common and very troublesome though not dan- gerous disease. This disease is not con- fined to any particular season, but is more common in the wet, damp weather of April and early May than in other seasons of the year.
As in thumps, remove the cause. This disease is almost invariably caused by some improper food eaten by the sow. A sour swill barrel is often the cause. It should be borne in mind that pigs once affected will be more liable to a recur- rence of the disease than those never affected, and greater care should be used with them for some weeks till they fully recover.
CONSTIPATION .- Cause, improper feed- ing, exclusive grain diet, lack of exer- cise. Not dangerous in itself, but fre- quently followed by prolapsus of the rec- tum, or what is commonly called piles. The constant straining causes this. The only remedy is laxative food and exer- cise. The protruding bowel must be washed clean as soon as seen and well covered with olive oil or lard. It should then be returned by applying firm pres- sure with the hand, and when once in place should be retained by three or more 'stitches of waxed linen or heavy silk thread, passed from side to side through the margins of the opening, care being used to take a deep hold in the skin.
While this operation is being done the animal should be held by the hind legs by two assistants, thus elevating the hind
quarters. Allow stitches to remain two or three weeks.
RHEUMATISM .- A disease of the joints, manifested by pain, heat and lameness, with swelling of one or several joints. There may be high fever and loss of ap- petite. May be acute and rapid in its course, or slow, chronic and resulting in permanent enlargements of the bones of the legs, especially the knee and hock.
Causes .- Primarily deranged digestion, lack of exercise ; dampness and exposure to draughts of cold air also a cause. The tendency to rheumatism is heredi- tary in certain families of hogs.
Treatment .- Endeavor to prevent by proper exercise, food and attention to surroundings. Do not breed rheumatic specimens even if fully recovered from lameness. In acute cases an adult hog should have twice or three times daily one drachm salicylate soda.
ASTHMA sometimes occurs in adult hogs.
Symptoms .- Shortness of breath on lease exercise, noisy breathing, more or less intermittent. Do not breed ; butcher early.
CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS sometimes occurs, the result of driving or chasing. May be rapidly fatal.
Symptoms. - Sudden shortness of breath and sudden great weakness. The hog is not adapted to rapid driving; if it must be driven at all, give plenty of time.
PNEUMONIA (LUNG FEVER) may fol- low congestion of the lungs; may be in- duced by crowding too many hogs to- gether, when they heat and become moist, after which they are in poor con- dition to withstand cold.
Symptoms .- Loss of appetite, chills, short cough, quick breathing.
Treatment .- Separate sick at once from the drove; give dry quarters with abundance of dry bedding; tempt appe- tite with small quantities of varied food. Apply to sides of chest, enough to moisten the skin, twice daily, alcohol and turpentine equal parts; continue until skin becomes somewhat tender.
TETANUS (LOCK-JAW) .- Caused by in- troduction into the system of the tetanus bacteria, which gains entrance through a wound.
Symptoms .- A stiffness of more or less the entire muscular system, gener- ally most marked in the jaws, which are greatly stiffened. Eating very slow, or entirely stopped ; appetite not lost.
Treatment .- Some cases recover if
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carefully nursed. Give nourishing drinks, elevate trough or bucket so the patient can get its snout into the drink; give dissolved in hot water and mixed with the slop forty grains bromide of potash two or three times daily until im- provement is noticed. Do not attempt to drench. Any wound which seems to be a cause should be cleansed and wet often with five per cent. solution of car- bolic acid and water.
LICE .- Very commonly found upon hogs. They are introduced by new pur- chases or by visiting animals.
Caution .- Examine the newly pur- chased hog well on this point before placing with the drove. Hog lice are quite large and easily detected on clean white animals, but not readily on dark or dirty skins.
Remedy .- Wash well with soap and water, if weather is not too cold, then warm water, if weather is not too cold, then apply enough petroleum and lard, equal parts, to give the skin a complete greasing. If weather is too cold for wash- ing, clean with stiff brush. Creolin one part to water five parts is also a safe and sure remedy. Two or more applications are necessary at intervals of four or five days to complete the job. The wood- work of pens and rubbing places must be completely whitewashed.
MANGE .- Caused by a microscopic parasite which lives in the skin at the roots of the bristles.
Symptoms .- Intense itching with red- ness of the skin from the irritation of rubbing. Rather rare, but very con- tagious.
Treatment. - Separate diseased ani- mals; scrub them thoroughly with warm water and strong soap; apply ointment composed of lard, one pound ; carbonate of potash, one ounce; flor. sulphur, two ounces; wash and re-apply every four days.
MAGGOTS .- The larvæ of the ordinary blow-fly frequently infests wounds on hogs during the summer months. Watch all wounds during hot weather; keep them wet frequently with creolin one part and water six parts, or five per cent. watery solution carbolic acid. If the maggots gain entrance to the wound, ap- ply either above remedies freely, or ordi- nary turpentine with a brush or common oil can.
ROUND WORMS. - Very common in shotes and young hogs, not apparently harmful, unless in great numbers, when they cause loss of flesh. They may be
exterminated by keeping the hog without food for twenty-four hours, and giving to each shote or old pig one tablespoon- ful of turpentine thoroughly beaten up with one egg and one-half pint of milk.
TUBERCULOSIS (CONSUMPTION ). - A contagious disease common in man, cat- tle and not rare in the hog.
Symptoms .- Loss of flesh, cough, diar- rhœa, swelling about the head and neck, which may open and discharge with little tendency to heal; death in from few weeks to months. Post mortem shows various sized tubercles, which may be situated in any part of the body, most commonly in the bowels, lungs, liver, or glands of the neck.
Causes .- Direct contagion from other hogs, but generally from feeding milk from tuberculous cows, or by eating butcher offal from such cows.
Prevention .- Care as to the source of the milk fed; if suspicious, boiling will render it safe. Do not feed butcher offal; separate suspicious hogs at once, and if satisfied they are tuberculous, kill and bury deep, or burn them. The tuber- culin test can be applied to the remainder of drove, as without it it is impossible to say how many may be diseased.
WOUNDS generally heal readily in the hog if kept clean and free from maggots. The result of neglected castration wounds is sometimes serious. Have the animal clean as possible when castrated, and endeavor to keep it clean and give opportunity for abundant exercise until wound is healed. . There is probably nothing better and safer to apply to wounds of the hog than creolin one part, water six parts.
TRAVEL SICKNESS .- Similar to ordinary sea-sickness in man; very common in shipping pigs by wagon.
Symptoms .- Vomiting, diarrhea, great depression ; seldom if ever fatal. May be rendered must less severe by very light feeding before shipment.
To Find the Amount of Wall Paper Required to Paper a Room
Measure the distance around the room deduct the width of each window and door, take two-thirds of result. Divide this result by the number of strips that can be cut from each roll and you have the number of rolls required. A roll is generally a foot and a half wide, 24 feet long and contains 36 square feet, or 4 square yards.
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Concrete
Concrete is made by mixing together Portland cement, sand and stone (or gravel). Various proportions of each are used, depending upon the use to which the concrete is put. About half an hour after mixing these materials together, the mass begins to stiffen, until, in from half a day to a day, it be- comes so hard that you cannot dent it with the hand. By a month the mass is hard as stone-indeed, harder than most stones. The best way to buy cement is in cloth sacks. Manufacturers charge more for cement in cloth sacks, but allow a rebate for the return of the empty sacks. A bag of cement weighs 95 pounds, and four such bags make a barrel of 380 pounds.
It is important that your stock of cement be kept in a dry place. Once wet, it becomes hard and lumpy, and in such condition is useless. If, how- ever, the lumps are caused by pressure in the storehouse, the cement may be used with safety. Lumps thus formed can be easily broken by a blow from the back of a shovel.
In storing cement, throw wooden blocks on the floor. Place boards over them and pile the cement on the boards, covering the pile with a canvas or a piece of roofing paper. Never, under any circumstances, keep cement on the bare ground, or pile it directly against the outside walls of the building.
Do not use very fine sand. If there is a large quantity of fine sand handy, obtain a coarse sand and mix the two sands together in equal parts; this mix- ture is as good as coarse sand alone.
Sometimes fine sand must be used, be- cause no other can be obtained; but in such an event an additional amount of cement must be used-sometimes as much as double the amount ordinarily required. For example, in such a case, instead of using a concrete 1 part ce- ment, 21/2 parts sand and 5 parts stone, use a concrete 1 part cement, 11/4 parts sand and 21/2 parts stone.
Besides being coarse, the sand should be clean. The presence of dirt in the sand is easily ascertained by rubbing a little in the palm of the hand. If a little is emptied into a pail of water, the presence of dirt will be shown by the discoloration of the water. This can be discovered also by filling a fruit jar to the depth of 4 inches with sand and then adding water until it is within
an inch of the top. After the jar has been well shaken, the contents should be allowed to settle for a couple of hours. The sand will sink to the bottom, but the mud, which can be easily recognized by its color, will form a distinct layer on top of the sand, and above both will be a clear depth of water. If the layer of mud is more than one-half inch in thickness, the sand should not be used unless it is first washed.
To wash sand build a loose board platform from 10 to 15 feet long, with one end a foot higher than the other. On the lower end and on the sides nail a board 2 by 6 inches on edge to hold the sand. Spread the sand over this platform in a layer three, or four inches thick, and wash it with a hose. The washing should be started at the high end and the water allowed to run through the sand and over the 2-by-6- inch piece at the bottom. A small quantity of clay or loam does not injure the sand, but any amount over 5 per cent. does.
Great care should be used in the selection of the stone or gravel. The pebbles should be closely inspected to see that there is no clay on their sur- face. A layer of such clay prevents the "binding" of the cement. If neces- sary, stone or gravel may be washed in the same way as above described for sand. Dust may be left in the crushed stone without fear of its inter- fering with the strength of the cement, but care should be taken to see that such dust is distributed evenly through the whole mass, and when dust is found in stone, slightly less sand should be used than ordinarily. As to the size of stone or gravel, this must be de- termined by the form of construction contemplated. For foundations or any large thick structure, use anything from 1/2 to 21/2 inches in diameter. For thin walls use 14 to 1-inch stone. The best results are obtained by the use of a mixture of sizes graded from small to large. By this means the spaces be- tween the stones or pebbles are reduced and a more compact concrete is ob- tained. Moreover, this method makes it possible to get along with less sand and less cement.
Water for concrete should be clean and free from strong acids and alkalies. It may be readily stored in a barrel
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Poultry Diseases and Enemies
(From the Biggle Poultry Book)
Many of the ills that poultry flesh is heir to are directly traceable to bad breeding and treatment. In-and-in- breeding is practiced and the law of the survival of the fittest is disregarded un- til the stock becomes weak and a prey to disease.
Yards and runs occupied for any con- siderable time become covered with ex- creta and a breeding ground for all man- ner of disease germs.
Dampness from leaky roofs or from wet earth floors, and draughts from side cracks, or from overhead ventilation slay their thousands yearly.
A one-sided diet of grain, especially corn, moldy grain or meal, decayed meat or vegetables, filthy water, or the lack of 'gritty material are fruitful sources of sickness.
In the treatment of sick birds much depends on the nursing and care. It is useless to give medicine unless some honest attempt be made to remove the causes that produce the disturbance. Un- less removed the cause will continue to operate and the treatment must be repeated.
It is an excellent plan to have a coop in some secluded place to be used ex- clusively as a hospital. If cases cannot be promptly treated it is better to use the hatchet at once and bury deeply, or burn the carcasses. This is the proper plan in every case where birds become very ill before they are discovered.
Sick birds should in no case be allowed to run with the flock and to eat and drink with them.
In giving the following remedies we make no pretence to a scientific handling of the subject.
FEVERS, from colds, fighting of cocks, etc. Symptoms: unusual heat of body, red face, watery eyes and watery dis- charge from nostrils.
Give dessertspoonful citrate of mag- nesia and, as a drink, ten drops of nitre in half a pint of water.
APOPLEXY AND VERTIGO, from overfeed- ing or fright. Symptoms : unsteady mo- tion of the head, running around, loss of control of limbs. Give a purgative and bleed from the large veins under wing.
PARALYSIS, from highly seasoned food and over stimulating diet. Symptoms : inability to use the limbs, birds lie help- less on their side. Treatment-The same as for apoplexy.
LEG WEAKNESS occurs in fast-growing young birds, mostly among cockerels. A fowl having this weakness will show it by squatting on the ground frequently and by a tottering walk. When not hereditary it usually arises from a diet that contains too much fat and too little flesh and bone-making material, such as bread, rice, corn and potatoes. To this should be added cut green bone, oats, shorts, bran and clover, green or dry. Give a tonic pill three times a day made of sulphate of iron, 1 grain; strychnine, 1 grain; phosphate of lime, 16 grains; sulphate of quinine, 1/2 grain. Make into thirty pills.
CANKER OF THE MOUTH AND HEAD .- The sores characteristic of this disease are covered with a yellow cheesy matter which, when it is removed, reveals the raw flesh. Canker will rapidly spread through a flock, as the exudation from the sores is a virulent poison, and well birds are contaminated through the soft feed and drinking water. Sick birds should be separated from the flock and all water and feed vessels disinfected by scalding or coating with lime wash. Ap- ply to sores with a small pippet syringe or dropper the peroxide of hydrogen. When the entire surface is more or less affected, use a sprayer. Where there is much of the cheesy matter formed, first remove it with a large quill before using the peroxide. A simple remedy is an application to the raw flesh of powdered alum, scorched until slightly brown.
SCALY LEG, caused by a microscopic in- sect burrowing beneath the natural scales of the shank. At first the shanks appear dry, and a fine scale like dandruff forms. Soon the natural scale disappears and gives place to a hard, white scurf. The disease passes from one fowl to another through the medium of nests and perches, and the mother-hen infecting her brood. To prevent its spread, coat perches with kerosene and burn old nest- ing material and never use sitting hens affected by the disease. To cure, mix 1/2 ounce flowers of sulphur, 14 ounce carbolic acid crystals and stir these into 1 pound of melted lard. Apply with an old tooth brush, rubbing in well. Make applications at intervals of a week.
WORMS in the intestines of fowls indi- cate disturbed digestion. Loss of appe- tite and lack of thrift are signs of their presence. Give santonin in 2-grain doses
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six hours apart. A few hours after the second dose give a dessertspoonful of castor oil. Or, put 15 drops of spirits of turpentine in a pint of water and moisten the feed with it.
BUMBLE-FOOT, caused by a bruise in fly- ing down from perches or in some simi- lar manner. A small corn appears on the bottom of the foot, which swells and ulcerates and fills with hard, cheesy pus. With a sharp knife make a cross cut and carefully remove all the pus. Wash the cavity with warm water, dip the foot in a solution of one-fourth ounce sulphate of copper to a quart of water and bind up with a rag and place the bird on a bed of dry straw. Before putting on the bandage anoint the wound with the oint- ment recommended for scaly leg or coat it with iodine.
GAPES, caused by the gape-worm, a parasite that attaches itself to the wind- pipe, filling it up and causing the bird to gasp for breath. The worm is about three-fourths of an inch long, smooth and red in color. It appears to be forked at one end, but in reality each parasite is two worms, a male and female, firmly joined together. This parasite breeds in the common earth worm. Chicks over three months old are seldom affected. If kept off of the ground for two months after hatching, or on perfectly dry soil, or on land where affected chicks have never run, chicks will seldom suffer from the gapes. Old runs and infested soil should have frequent dressings of lime.
In severe cases the worms should be removed. To do this put a few drops of kerosene in a teaspoonful of sweet oil. Strip a soft wing feather of its web to within an inch of the tip, dip in the oil, insert feather in windpipe, twirl and withdraw. Very likely some of the para- sites and mucus will come with it. The rest will be loosened or killed, and event- ually thrown out. It may be necessary to repeat the operation.
To kill the worm in its lodgment, gum camphor in the drinking water or pellets of it as large as a pea forced down the throat is recommended. Turpentine in the soft feed, as advised in the treatment for worms in the intestines, is said to be ffective. Pinching the windpipe with ne thumb and finger will sometimes loosen the parasite.
When broods are quartered on soil known to be infested, air-slacked lime should be dusted on the floor of the coop, and every other night, for two or three weeks, a little of the same should
be dusted in the coop over the hen and her brood. To apply, use a dusting bel- lows and only a little each time.
CHOLERA is due to a specific germ, or virus, and must not be confounded with common diarrhœa. In genuine cholera ligestion is arrested, the crop remains full, there is fever and great thirst. The bird drinks, but refuses food and appears to be in distress. There is a thickening of the blood, which is made evident in the purple color of the comb. The dis- charges from the kidneys, called the urates, which in health are white, become yellowish, deep yellow, or, in the final stages, a greenish-yellow. The diarrhœa grows more severe as the disease pro- gresses. A fowl generally succumbs in two days. The virus of cholera is not diffusible in the air, but remains in the soil, which becomes infected from the discharges, and in the body and blood of the victims. It may be carried from place to place on the feet of other fowls or animals. Soil may be disinfected by saturating it with a weak solution of sul- phuric acid in water. Remove at once all well birds to new and clean quarters and wring the necks of all sick birds and burn their carcasses and disinfect their quarters.
For cases not too far gone to cure give sugar of lead, pulverized opium, gum camphor, of each, 60 grains, pow- dered capsicum (or fluid extract of cap- sicum is better, 10 drops), grains, 10. Dissolve the camphor in just enough al- cohol that will do so without making it a fluid, then rub up the other ingredients in the same bolus, mix with soft corn meal dough, enough to make it into a mass, then roll it and divide the whole into one hundred and twenty pills. Dose, one to three pills a day for grown chicks or turkey, less to the smaller fry. The birds that are well enough to eat should have sufficient powdered charcoal in their soft feed every other day to color it slightly, and for every twenty fowls five drops of carbolic acid in the hot water with which the feed in moistened.
ROUP .- The first symptoms are those of a cold in the head. Later on the watery discharge from the nostrils and eyes thickens and fills the nasal cavities and throat, the head swells and the eyes close up and bulge out. The odor from affected fowls is very offensive. It is contagious by diffusion in the air and by contact with the exudations from sick fowls. To disinfect houses and coops burn sulphur and carbolic acid in
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them after turning the fowls out and keep closed for an hour or two. Pour a gill of turpentine and a gill of carbolic acid over a peck of lime and let it be- come slaked, then scatter freely over the interior of houses and coops and about the yards.
For the first stages spray the affected flock while on the roost or in the coop with a mixture of two tablespoonfuls of carbolic acid and a piece of fine salt as big as a walnut in a pint of water. Re- peat two or three times a week. Or, if a dry powder is preferred, mix equal parts of sulphur, alum and magnesia and dust this in their nostrils, eyes and throat with a small powder gun. The nasal cavities should be kept open by injecting with a glass syringe or sewing machine oil-can a drop or two of crude petro- leum. A little should be introduced also through the slit in the roof of the mouth. Give sick birds a dessertspoon- ful of castor oil two nights in succession, and feed soft food of bran and corn meal seasoned with red pepper and pow- dered charcoal. A physician advises the following treatment: hydrastin, 10 grains ; sulph. quinine, 10 grains; capsi- cum, 20 grains. Mixed in a mass with balsam copaiba and made into twenty pills; give one pill morning and night ; keep the bird warm and inject a satu- rated solution of chlorate potash in nos- trils and about 20 drops down the throat.
PIP, so-called, is not a disease but only a symptom. The drying and hardening of the end of the tongue in what is called "pip" is due to breathing through the mouth, which the bird is compelled to do because of the stoppage of the nostrils. By freeing the natural air passages the tongue will resume its nor- mal condition.
DIPHTHERIA is a contagious disease. The first symptoms are those of a com- mon cold and catarrh. The head be- comes red and there are signs of fever, then the throat fills up with thick, white mucus and white ulcers appear. The bird looks anxious and stretches its neck and gasps. When it attacks young chicks it is frequently mistaken for gapes. When diphtheria prevails, impregnate the drinking water with camphor, a tea- spoonful of the spirits to a gallon of water, and fumigate the house as recom- mended for roup.
Spray the throat with peroxide of hydrogen or with this formula: 1 ounce glycerine, 5 drops nitric acid, 1 gill water. To treat several birds at once with medi-
cated vapor, take a long box with the lid off, make a partition across and near to one end and cover the bottom with coal ashes. Mix a tablespoonful each of pine tar, turpentine and sulphur, to which add a few drops, or a few crys- tals, of carbolic acid and a pinch of gum camphor. Heat a brick very hot, put the fowls in the large part and the brick in the other, drop a spoonful of the mixture on the brick and cover lightly to keep the fumes in among the patients. Watch carefully, as one or two minutes may be all they can endure. Re- peat in six hours if required.
CROP-BOUND .- The crop becomes much distended and hard from obstruction of the passage from the crop to the giz- zard by something swallowed; generally, it is long, dried grass, a bit of rag or rope. Relief may sometimes be af- forded by giving a tablespoonful of sweet oil and then gently kneading the crop with the hand. Give no food, ex- cept a little milk, until the crop is emptied. Wet a tablespoonful or more of pulverized charcoal with the milk and force it down the throat. Should the crop not empty itself naturally pluck a few feathers from the upper right side of it and with a sharp knife make a cut about an inch long in the outer skin. Draw this skin a little to one side and cut open the crop. Remove its con- tents, being careful not to miss the ob- struction. Have a needle threaded with white silk ready, and take a stitch or two in the crop skin first, then sew up the outer skin separately. Put the pa- tient in a comfortable coop, and feed sparingly for a week on bran and meal in a moist state, and give but little water.
SOFT OR SWELLED-CROP arises from lack of grit, or from eating soggy and unwholesome food. The distended crop contains water and gas, the bird is fever- ish and drinks a great deal. By holding it up with its head down the crop will usually empty itself. When this is done give teaspoon doses of charcoal slightly moistened twice at intervals of six hours. Restrict the supply of water and feed chopped onions and soft feed in moder- ation.
EGG-BOUND, DISEASES OF THE OVIDUCT. Overfat hens are often troubled in this way. Forcing hens for egg production will sometimes break down the laying machinery. Give green food, oats, little corn, and no stimulating condiments. Let the diet be plain and cooling in its
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nature. « To relieve hens of eggs broken in the oviduct, anoint the forefinger with sweet oil and deftly insert and draw out the broken parts. When the hen is very fat and the egg is so large it cannot be expelled, the only way to save the hen is to break the egg and remove it as above directed.
WHITE-COMB OR SCURVY, caused by crowded and filthy quarters and lack of green food. The comb is covered with a white scurf. This condition some- times extends over the head and down the neck, causing the feathers to fall off.
Change the quarters and diet, give a dose of castor oil and follow this with a half a teaspoonful of sulphur in the soft food daily.
RHEUMATISM AND CRAMP caused by cold and dampness. Chicks reared on bottom-heat brooders are particularly subject to these troubles. Damp earth floors and cement floors in poultry houses produce it in older birds.
Give dry and comfortable quarters, feed little meat, plenty of green food, and soft feed seasoned with red pepper.
DIARRHEA of chicks with clogging of the vent. Remove the hardened excre-
tion and anoint the parts. Chamomilla is useful in this complaint, a few drops in drinking water.
FROSTED COMB AND WATTLES .- As soon as discovered bathe with compound tinc- ture of benzoin.
FOR LICE on perches, walls and coops, use kerosene or lime wash. To make the lime-wash more effective, pour a little crude carbolic acid on the lime before slaking or mix with plenty of salt.
For use in nests, pour crude carbolic acid on lime and allow it to air-slake. Put one or two handfuls of the car- bolized lime dust in the nest box.
Pyrethrum powder kills by contact and is effective for dusting in nests, and through the feathers of birds. Its judi- cious use in the plumage and nests of sitting hens will insure immunity from lice for the hen and her young brood.
Chicks and poults are often killed by large lice that congregate about the head, throat, vent and wings. To de- stroy them, soak fish berries in alcohol, take the birds from under the mothers at night and slightly moisten the down of the infested parts with the poison.
How to Preserve Eggs
Now that eggs are dearer as a rule than they have been for years, many people are inquiring about the methods of preserving them. The old way was to pack them in salt or lime. This served the purpose, but it gave the eggs a very strong taste.
The approved method now is the one which calls for the use of "water glass," or silicate of soda. This is a thick, syrupy liquid which can be had at most drug stores for about 10 cents a pound, and a pound is enough to treat five dozen eggs, so that the cost of preserving is about two cents a dozen.
There are several grades of water glass, and it is wise to get the best. To prepare the solution, stir one part of the silicate of soda into sixteen parts of water which has been boiled, cooled and carefully measured.
It is essential to have the eggs fresh, or the experiment will not be a great success. Those over three days old should not be used, as the air has already had a chance to penetrate them. The very best way is to keep the solution made up ready and put the eggs into it just as soon as they are brought in from the nests, if you have your own chickens.
It is worse than useless to try to pre- serve eggs that are not fresh or that have been cracked or washed.
Incubation and Gestation Tables
Chickens .20-22 days
Geese 28-34 days
Ducks .28 days
Turkeys 27-29 days
Guinea fowls. 28 days
Pheasants .25 days
Ostriches 40-42 days
The period of gestation in animals varies considerably, but the following is an average period based on a long series of observations :
Elephant 2 years
Camel 11-12 months
Ass 12 months
Mare 11 months
Cow
9 months
Sheep
5 months
Goat
5 months
Pig 31/2 months
Bitch
9 weeks
Cat
8 weeks
Rabbit .30 days
Guinea pig.
65 days
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