USA > Ohio > Knox County > The Farm journal rural directory of Knox County, Ohio, 1915 > Part 27
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27
The disease is sometimes of slow devel- opment, at other times quite rapid. In- stead of the sprightly, rapid movement so characteristic of the young and grow- ing hog, he moves slowly and indiffer- ently ; he looks gaunt and tired; his back is arched, and he moves his hind legs with a dragging motion; his tem- perature will most likely be high, prob- ably from 104 to 108-the normal tem- perature of the hog is from 100 to 102. His bowels may be costive or the dis- charges may be thin and watery in sub- stance, but usually black or dark in color, emitting an offensive odor peculiar to the disease.
The disease may be of a lingering character and the animals linger for weeks, or they may die in three of four days. Usually the lingering type is less fatal than the more rapid forms of the disease. Hogs which discharge freely in the first stages of the disease are more likely to recover than when the bowels remain constipated. Dark blue spots will often appear under the skin. The bowels will be more or less inflamed inside; in the small intestines and sometimes in the stomach will be found ulcers; this, how- ever, is not common in the first stages of the disease. The bladder will most likely be full of a dark thick substance, show- ing that the kidneys, and in fact the whole internal organism, are affected.
If we were to say what we thought was the best thing that could possibly be done when cholera appears in a herd, we would unhesitatingly say, take the well hogs to clean new quarters where no hogs have been for years. Then if more of them take sick move them again, and it is our belief based on actual experi- ence that more can be accomplished in this way than by the use of all the medi- cine in the country. For various reasons it is not always possible to move hogs, and in that case treatment may be re- sorted to, sometimes with fairly good re- sults. The treatment should consist in separating the well from the sick hogs, and in dividing the sick hogs according to age and size and severity of the at- tack. Not more than four or five hogs should be in the same pen, and fewer would be still better. Feed but little, and let that be food which is easily digested. Use air-slacked lime and crude carbolic acid freely as a disinfectant. Use it both on the hogs and on the ground, in
265
sten e.
1 0
POUR
che
KNOX COUNTY DIRECTORY.
the sleeping places, on the fences and in the drinking vessels. As much depends on a thorough use of disinfectants as upon any other thing. If the bowels are constipated give something to move them. If too loose give something to check them. In short, use good common horse sense (so to speak) and you will usually suc- ceed very well. There is nothing better than salts or oil to move the bowels, and nothing shows better results in checking them than a few drops of crystal carbolic acid. We know of no food better, if indeed as good, for sick hogs than ship stuff, or middlings as it is sometimes called; it seems to digest easily and is soothing to the bowels.
If the weather is wet and cold keep the hogs dry and warm. In wet weather (if not too warm) keep the hogs in a floored pen, or at least in a pen where no water will lie in sinks or holes, as dirty water is one of the worst things a sick hog can possibly have. If the weather is warm, shelter the hog from heat. In other words, make him as comfortable as possible.
Let it be borne constantly in mind that much depends on good nursing. It would seem natural and reasonable that an animal afflicted as he is would do best if allowed plenty of fresh water to drink, but actual experience demonstrates that a greater number recover when the sup- ply of water is limited than when it is not.
Hogs that are very sick should be kept by themselves, as others seem to disturb them, and often their recovery depends on being perfectly still at the critical pe- riod of the disease. As a rule hogs that are too sick to eat die. All hogs that die of cholera, or of any other disease for the matter of that, should be burned and not buried, as abundant evidence can be produced to prove that the carcasses of hogs dying of cholera have been the cause of an outbreak years afterward. By all means burn all dead hogs as the only absolutely safe way of disposing of them. The burning operation is very simple. Lay the bodies across two logs, sticks or pieces of iron that will keep them up off the ground so that the fire can get under them, and the grease from their own bodies will usually do the work, with a little wood or corn cobs added occasionally.
Experience teaches that the disease more commonly appears in large herds than in small ones. The moral of this, then, is easily understood. Do not keep
hogs in large droves. Not over twen any, five or thirty hogs at most should 1c remain together, and half the num' would be infinitely better and safer sugg ultu every way. Hogs of different sizes a ages should not be kept together, exce ing of course sows and suckling pi Hogs should not be kept on the sa ground from year to year if it can po sibly be avoided. Plow up the lots a pens and cultivate them for a year T two; it will greatly assist in keepi your lots free from the germ. The d spoor ease is much more prevalent in the su day med mer and fall months than in other se
shak sons of the year. Then as far as is po
sible reduce the number of hogs on t mou medi
farm at this season of the year.
If your neighbor's hogs have the direme ease, stay away from his pens and to th sure he stays away from yours. Shdigns a crow, a buzzard, or a stray dog th If comes on your place as unhesitatingly fand you would kill a mad dog. This to does more to scatter the disease than the other causes combined. If your hofrene are fit or any way near fit to go to mathe ket when the disease makes its appealwate ance in the neighborhood, sell them witing, out delay. "A bird in hand is wor bette two in a bush." If your hogs have choone era this year, don't get discouraged arwater quit, but try it again, on fresh ground. Irea
f your brood sows have pass through the cholera, keep them; they at valuable. They will never again han the disease, and their pigs are not nearla so apt to contract it as pigs from sovlime that have not had the disease. Look out l for streams which come down frotave some neighbor above you. This has bee Ar found a frequent cause of cholera ouin th breaks. The germs of hog cholera po first sess great vitality, and will live in that f soil, in moist matter and especially virus trie water, for months.
If you feed corn, rake the cobs topors. gether often and burn them; pour watejom on the coals and then put salt on thirug charcoal thus made and you have amost excellent preventive for diseases, witlise little or no cost. Keep your hogs, exbeco cepting brood sows, ready for marke lise It may come handy some day. Strongluar vigorous hogs are less liable to contraco b the disease than hogs of less strengt fear and vigor. Then breed and feed fojshe both these things. Eternal vigilance irlick. hog breeding, as in other kinds of busiloo ness, is the price of success. f
Here is a formula for the treatment ofre hog cholera that is probably as good a pen
Ind
266
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
any, which is not saying much. It is suggested by the Department of Agri- culture :
Sulphur 1 pound.
Wood charcoal. .1 pound.
Sodium chloride. .2 pounds. Sodium bicarbonate ... 2 pounds.
Sodium hyposulphite. . 2 pounds.
Sodium sulphate .. .1 pound.
Antimony sulphide .. .. 1 pound.
Thoroughly mix and give a large table- spoonful to each 200-pound hog, once a day. If the animal does not eat, add the medicine to a little water, thoroughly shake and give from a bottle by the mouth. If the animal will eat, mix the medicine with sloppy food. The same remedy is recommended as a preventive :o those animals that do not as yet show signs of disease.
If you have had cholera on your place, and you have small, inexpensive pens, ourn them at once. In a piggery, burn ill the litter and loose inexpensive parts ; 'enew the floor, if possible, and disinfect he remainder by washing it with hot vater and washing soda. After wash- ng, apply with a whitewash brush, or etter yet a spray pump, a solution of one part of carbolic acid to fifty parts of vater. Then thoroughly whitewash. Treat the fences in the same way. Earth loors should be removed to a depth of t least six inches and the ground sprin- :led with chloride of lime and a few lays later a good coating of air-slacked ime. Don't put pigs in the quarters for t least six months, and, if possible, ave them vacant over the first winter.
An Ohio breeder of large experience, the Miami valley, where hog cholera rst appeared in 1856 and has recurred t frequent intervals, holds that drugs, irus and antitoxin have all been fairly ried sundry times by him and his neigh- ors. He believes that prevention will o more to hold in check the plague than rugs and hypodermic infusions. The most important help to prevent spread of isease is not to allow the hog farm to ecome infected with the excrement of iseased hogs. This can be done by uarantining the herd in a field, that is › be put under cultivation the following ear. This quarantine must be estab- shed as soon as the first pig is taken ck. If the disease is in the neighbor- pod, carefully watch for first symptoms disorder. Do not wait until several 'e sick and scouring, for this excre- ent is loaded with germs of disease, id these germs may retain vitality many
months when covered in the corners of pens, or filth of yards, or about an old straw stack; but when exposed to sun- light or dryness they lose vitality in a few days, and under some very drying sunlight conditions in a few hours. Care- fully observing these facts, he has in forty years been clear of hog cholera the year following an attack, and on un- til the disease has become epidemic in his neighborhood. After the herd has been placed in quarantine away from the permanent hog houses, lots and feeding floors, he kills and burns, or buries five feet deep, each animal as soon as it shows distinct symptoms of disease. They are burned or buried beside the quarantine, and in the field to be cul- tivated the following year. It requires nerve to kill breeding stock of great value, but they are as liable to spread and entail disease as any other, when once attacked.
If, by any means, we can prevent spread of germs, by so much do we hold the disease in check. A farm, with its feed lots and pens and shelters infected by the excrement of the diseased, be- comes as deadly a centre as the public stock-yards and filthy stock cars on the railroads, and these are so thoroughly infected that we can never safely take stock hogs from these to our farms. This is not theory, but well proven fact.
Pig ailments are numerous; we shall speak only of some of the most common.
It is always best to give medicines mixed with food or drink where possible. If the animal refuses food or drink and it is necessary to administer drugs, it may be done by placing a stout chain (an ordinary harness breast chain does very well) within the mouth and well back between the jaws, which are thus kept from crushing the bottle. Two or three men are necessary for the undertaking, one or two to hold the chain and one to pour the medicine. The head should be well elevated, which places the pig on his haunches. Do not pour the medicine fast enough to strangle the animal.
Hogs will not do well when the skin is covered with filth. Bad air will bring on coughs: all corn for food, fever; a wet bed, rheumatism; and a big bunch together will breed disease. With a clean skin, good air, a variety of food, a dry bed and a few together, and lots of out- of-doors, they will do well.
When at pasture they find many roots, nuts and pebbles, besides being continu- ally active, which does more than food
267
tr 1
ea
d.
8
od
wat-
KNOX COUNTY DIRECTORY.
for their hearty health, rapid and easy digestion and speedy, profitable growth.
THUMPS .- This disease is quite com- mon (especially in the early spring) and is exceedingly hard to handle when once contracted. More can be done to prevent than to cure. You visit the sow and lit- ter in the morning to give them their accustomed feed, and you notice that one of the fattest and plumpest ones does not leave his bed as do the others. You en- ter the sleeping room and compel him to come out, which he does somewhat reluctantly, and you will notice that his sides move with a peculiar jerking mo- tion, and if allowed he will soon return to his bed. Rest assured he has thumps, and nine chances to one he will die. It is caused by fatty accumulations about the breast, which interfere with its ac- tion, and the lungs work hard-pump for dear life to keep up the heart's action- to send the blood through the body. The pig is faint because of feeble circulation, and he is cold, and soon dies from ex- haustion or weakness. He has no strength to suck or move.
To prevent thumps, get over into the pen several times a day and hustle the little pigs about the pen; also stint the sow so that she will give less milk. Pigs when they stir about, and when they are thin in flesh, rarely have thumps.
Thumps rarely occurs among pigs far- rowed after the weather is fine, but does quite frequently occur among pigs far- rowed in early spring. If the weather is cold and stormy and the sow and litter keep their bed much, then be on the look- out for thumps. Guard against it by compelling both sow and litter to exer- cise in the open air.
CANKEROUS SORE MOUTH is a disease which is quite common and which if not promptly taken in hand is often quite fatal. When pigs are from a few days to two weeks old, you may notice a slight swelling of the lips or a sniffling in the nose. An examination will show a whitish spongy growth on the sides of the mouth just inside the lips or around the teeth. This is cankerous sore mouth, and if not taken promptly in hand will result in the death of the entire litter, and will sometimes spread to other litters.
Some claim the disease is caused by damp and filthy beds, others say it comes from a diseased condition of the sow, and still others claim it is caused by the little pigs fighting over the teats and wounding each other with their sharp
teeth, and stoutly aver that if the teeth the are promptly removed no case of sore she mouth will ever occur.
Hold the pig firmly and with a knife ing or some cutting instrument remove all fee the spongy foreign growth, and be sure just you get it all even though the pig may squeal and the wound bleed; your suc- for clea cess in treating the disease will depend largely on the thoroughness with which you remove this foreign growth. After war wit removing the fungous growth apply an If ointment made of glycerine and carbolic acid in about the proportion of one part (N of the acid to from five to eight parts by glycerine. Repeat this each day for
SOM three or four days and the disease will usually yield. You may discover in a the day or two after commencing treatment that you did not succeed in removing all
har nip the cankerous growth at first, and if so, bo repeat the cutting operation till you do Th remove it all.
her
Another treatment which we have heard recommended is to catch the dis-
and eased pig and dip his nose and mouth up to his eyes in chlora naptholeum with- out diluting it. This is certainly easily mo done and is highly commended by the person suggesting it.
of sea
BLIND STAGGERS, INDIGESTION, SICK STOMACH, FOUNDER .- Causes, over-feed- ing, especially common with new corn; sour or decayed food. Sudden warm A sultry weather predisposes in highly fed hogs. Insufficient exercise is also a pre- disposing cause.
af rer
Symptoms .- Loss of appetite, bowels af constipated, or maybe diarrhœa. In
with some severe cases blind staggers and great paleness of mouth and nose, cold- be distended and drum-like from con- tained gases. C ness of surface of body; abdomen may ing cise qu tur Th
Treatment .- Remove sick animals, pro- vide clean, dry, well ventilated quarters, with chance for exercise, and fresh earth and water. If animal will eat, give light feed. Give charcoal in lump form, also mix soda bicarbonate in food at rate of two tablespoonfuls per day to each half-grown animal. It is rarely neces- sary to drench with medicine. If recov- ery begins, use care not to again feed too much.
MILK FEVER occurs in sows immedi- ately after farrowing or within the first few days afterwards. The symptoms are loss of milk, swollen, hard condition of the milk glands, which are more or less painful on pressure. Sow may not allow the pigs to suck; she may lie flat on her by
onl
sur plac mo
268
bel
was CO the
dis
sor
reco
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
belly or stand up, and in extreme cases the sow has spells of delirium, in which she may destroy her young.
Cause .- Injudicious feeding, overfeed- ing on milk-producing foods. Do not feed sow quite full rations for few days just before and after farrowing.
Treatment .- Give sow plenty of cool clean water; bathe the swollen glands for half hour at a time with water as warm as she will bear, dry thoroughly with soft cloth and give good dry pen. If bowels seem constipated give the sow internally one-half pint pure linseed oil. (Never use the boiled linseed oil used by painters; it is poisonous.) If the sow starts killing her young, or has no milk for them, it is best to take most of them, or all, away from her and feed by hand with spoon or ordinary rubber nipple and bottle. For this use one part boiled water and three parts cow's milk. The pigs may be returned to the sow if her milk returns.
SCOURS among pigs is another common and very troublesome though not dan- gerous disease. This disease is not con- fined to any particular season, but is more common in the wet, damp weather of April and early May than in other seasons of the year.
As in thumps, remove the cause. This disease is almost invariably caused by some improper food eaten by the sow. A sour swill barrel is often the cause It should be borne in mind that pigs once affected will be more liable to a recur- rence of the disease than those never affected, and greater care should be used with them for some weeks till they fully recover.
CONSTIPATION .- Cause, improper feed- ing, exclusive grain diet, lack of exer- cise. Not dangerous in itself, but fre- quently followed by prolapsus of the rec- tum, or what is commonly called piles. The constant straining causes this. The only remedy is laxative food and exer- cise. The protruding bowel must be washed clean as soon as seen and well covered with olive oil or lard. It should then be returned by applying firm pres- sure with the hand, and when once in place should be retained by three or more stitches of waxed linen or heavy silk thread, passed from side to side through the margins of the opening, care being used to take a deep hold in the skin.
While this operation is being done the animal should be held by the hind legs by two assistants, thus elevating the hind
quarters. Allow stitches to remain two or three weeks.
RHEUMATISM .- A disease of the joints, manifested by pain, heat and lameness, with swelling of one or several joints. There may be high fever and loss of ap- petite. May be acute and rapid in its course, or slow, chronic and resulting in permanent enlargements of the bones of the legs, especially the knee and hock.
Causes .- Primarily deranged digestion, lack of exercise; dampness and exposure to draughts of cold air also a cause. The tendency to rheumatism is heredi- tary in certain families of hogs.
Treatment .- Endeavor to prevent by proper exercise, food and attention to surroundings. Do not breed rheumatic specimens even if fully recovered from lameness. In acute cases an adult hog should have twice or three times daily one drachm salicylate soda.
ASTHMA sometimes occurs in adult hogs.
Symptoms .- Shortness of breath on lease exercise, noisy breathing, more or less intermittent. Do not breed ; butcher early.
CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS sometimes occurs, the result of driving or chasing. May be rapidly fatal.
Symptoms. - Sudden shortness of breath and sudden great weakness. The hog is not adapted to rapid driving; if it must be driven at all, give plenty of time.
PNEUMONIA (LUNG FEVER) may fol- low congestion of the lungs; may be in- duced by crowding too many hogs to- gether, when they heat and become moist, after which they are in poor con- dition to withstand cold.
Symptoms .- Loss of appetite, chills, short cough, quick breathing.
Treatment .- Separate sick at once from the drove; give dry quarters with abundance of dry bedding ; tempt appe- tite with small quantities of varied food. Apply to sides of chest, enough to moisten the skin, twice daily, alcohol and turpentine equal parts; continue until skin becomes somewhat tender.
TETANUS (LOCK-JAW) .- Caused by in- troduction into the system of the tetanus bacteria, which gains entrance through a wound.
Symptoms .- A stiffness of more or less the entire muscular system, gener- ally most marked in the jaws, which are greatly stiffened. Eating very slow, or entirely stopped ; appetite not lost.
Treatment .- Some cases recover if
269
ay
It-
an Víc art ts
al C do
ch
ire
KNOX COUNTY DIRECTORY.
carefully nursed. Give nourishing drinks, elevate trough or bucket so the patient can get its snout into the drink ; give dissolved in hot water and mixed with the slop forty grains bromide of potash two or three times daily until im- provement is noticed. Do not attempt to drench. Any wound which seems to be a cause should be cleansed and wet often with five per cent. solution of car- bolic acid and water.
LICE .- Very commonly found upon hogs. They are introduced by new pur- chases or by visiting animals.
Caution .- Examine the newly pur- chased hog well on this point before placing with the drove. Hog lice are quite large and easily detected on clean white animals, but not readily on dark or dirty skins.
Remedy .- Wash well with soap and water, if weather is not too cold, then warm water, if weather is not too cold, then apply enough petroleum and lard, equal parts, to give the skin a complete greasing. If weather is too cold for wash- ing, clean with stiff brush. Creolin one part to water five parts is also a safe and sure remedy. Two or more applications are necessary at intervals of four or five days to complete the job. The wood- work of pens and rubbing places must be completely whitewashed.
MANGE .- Caused by a microscopic parasite which lives in the skin at the roots of the bristles.
Symptoms .- Intense itching with red- ness of the skin from the irritation of rubbing. Rather rare, but very con- tagious.
Treatment. - Separate diseased ani- mals; scrub them thoroughly with warm water and strong soap; apply ointment composed of lard, one pound ; carbonate of potash, one ounce; flor. sulphur, two ounces; wash and re-apply every four days.
MAGGOTS .- The larvæ of the ordinary blow-fly frequently infests wounds on hogs during the summer months. Watch all wounds during hot weather; keep them wet frequently with creolin one part and water six parts, or five per cent. watery solution carbolic acid. If the maggots gain entrance to the wound, ap- ply either above remedies freely, or ordi- nary turpentine with a brush or common oil can.
ROUND WORMS. - Very common in shotes and young hogs, not apparently harmful, unless in great numbers, when they cause loss of flesh. They may be
exterminated by keeping the hog without food for twenty-four hours, and giving to each shote or old pig one tablespoon- ful of turpentine thoroughly beaten uf with one egg and one-half pint of milk
TUBERCULOSIS (CONSUMPTION ). - A contagious disease common in man, cat tle and not rare in the hog.
Symptoms .- Loss of flesh, cough, diar rhoea, swelling about the head and neck which may open and discharge with little tendency to heal; death in from few weeks to months. Post mortem shows various sized tubercles, which may be situated in any part of the body, most An commonly in the bowels, lungs, liver, orộng. glands of the neck. An
Causes .- Direct contagion from otherong. hogs, but generally from feeding milk Ana from tuberculous cows, or by eating As butcher offal from such cows.
che
Prevention .- Care as to the source of A pi the milk fed; if suspicious, boiling will A s render it safe. Do not feed butcherbund offal; separate suspicious hogs at once, A g and if satisfied they are tuberculous, kill hes and bury deep, or burn them. The tuber- A g culin test can be applied to the remainder of drove, as without it it is impossible to say how many may be diseased.
A b
WOUNDS generally heal readily in the hog if kept clean and free from maggots. The result of neglected castration wounds is sometimes serious. Have the b animal clean as possible when castrated,“ k and endeavor to keep it clean and giveA st opportunity for abundant exercise until funds wound is healed. There is probablyA p nothing better and safer to apply tolne. wounds of the hog than creolin one part, Anth water six parts. prag
TRAVEL SICKNESS .- Similar to ordinaryA to sea-sickness in man; very common inBitu shipping pigs by wagon.
frag
Symptoms .- Vomiting, diarrhea, great Tem depression ; seldom if ever fatal. May bu be rendered must less severe by very to light feeding before shipment.
em
To Find the Amount of Wall Paper Required to Paper a Room
em bu
po
Measure the distance around the room deduct the width of each window and door, take two-thirds of result. Divide this result by the number of strips that can be cut from each roll and you have pou the number of rolls required. A roll and is generally a foot and a half wide, 24 fel, feet long and contains 36 square feet, $29 or 4 square yards. c
270
.
A ro A m A m A m A so A sq A s An An An A q
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
Handy Things to Know
A rod is 161/2 feet, or 51/2 yards. A mile is 320 rods.
A mile is 1,760 yards.
A mile is 5,280 feet.
A square foot is 144 square inches. A square yard contains 9 square feet. A square rod is 2721/4 square feet. An acre contains 43,560 square feet. An acre contains 4,840 square yards. An acre contains 160 square rods. A quarter section contains 160 acres. An acre is 8 rods wide by 20 rods 1g.
An acre is 10 rods wide by 16 rods ng.
An acre is about 2083/4 feet square. A solid foot contains 1,728 solid ches.
A pint (of water) weighs 1 pound. A solid foot of water weighs 621/2 unds.
A gallon (of water) holds 231 solid ches.
A gallon of milk weighs 8 pounds and ounces.
A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds. A barrel of salt weighs 280 pounds.
A barrel of beef weighs 200 pounds. A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. A barrel of fish weighs 200 pounds.
A keg of powder equals 25 pounds.
A stone of lead or iron equals 14 inds.
A pig of lead or iron equals 211/2 le.
Anthracite coal broken-cubic foot- rages 54 pounds.
. ton loose occupies 40-43 cubic feet. ituminous coal broken-cubic foot- rages 49 pounds.
ement (hydraulic) Rosendale, weight bushel, 70 pounds.
ton loose occupies 40-48 cubic feet. ement (hydraulic) Louisville, weight bushel, 62 pounds.
ement (hydraulic) Portland, weight bushel, 96 pounds.
ypsum ground, weight per bushel, ounds.
me, loose, weight per bushel, 70 ıds.
me, well shaken, weight per bushel, ounds.
nd at 98 pounds per cubic foot, per el, 1221/2 pounds.
29 bushels equal a ton. 1,181 tons : yard.
MEASURING HAY AND CORN
Hay is often sold in the mow or stack where the weight has to be estimated. For this purpose 400 cubic feet of hay is considered a ton. The actual weight of 400 cubic feet of hay will vary ac- cording to the quality of the hay, time of cutting, position in mow, etc. For making an estimate in a given case multiply together the length, breadth and height of the mow or stack in feet and divide the product by 400. The quotient will be the number of tons.
Corn is measured by the following rule: A heaped bushel contains 2,748 cubic inches. To find the number of bushels of corn in a crib it is therefore necessary merely to multiply together the length, width and height in inches and divide the product by 2,748. The number of bushels of shelled corn will be two-thirds of the quotient. If the sides of the crib are slanting, it will be necessary to multiply together one- half the sum of the top and bottom widths with the height and length.
The legal weight of a bushel of shelled corn in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia is 56 pounds.
In Pennsylvania, Virginia and Mary- land 32 pounds constitute a bushel of oats; in New Jersey, 30 pounds.
A bushel of wheat is placed at 60 pounds by most of the states of the Union.
Pennsylvania recognizes 56 pounds as a bushel of white potatoes. In Mary- land, New Jersey and Virginia the legal weight is 60 pounds.
A bushel of clover seed in Pennsyl- vania must weigh 60 pounds; in Mary- land, 60 pounds; in New Jersey, 64 pounds; in Virginia, 60 pounds.
A bushel of timothy seed in Pennsyl- vania must weigh 45 pounds, and the same weight in most adjacent states.
To estimate the amount of land in different fields under cultivation use the following table :
5 yards wide by 968
yards long, 1 acre
10 yards wide by 484 yards long, 1 acre
20 yards wide by 242 yards long, 1 acre
40 yards wide by 121 yards long, 1 acre
70 yards wide by 69 1/7 yards long, 1 acre
80 yards wide by 601/2 yards long, 1 acre
60 feet wide by 726 feet long, · 1 acre
110 feet wide by 396 feet long, 1 acre
120 feet wide by 363 feet long, 1 acre
220 feet wide by 198 feet long, 1 acre
240 feet wide by 181y2 feet long, 1 acre
440 feet wide by 99
feet long, 1 acre
271
er
2º to
ed give until ably to bart, nary
great May very
a per 1 room Divide s thal
de. 3
KNOX COUNTY DIRECTORY.
Seed Per Acre
It requires less seed per acre to sow in hills or rows than to sow broadcast. The hill or row system permits of after cultivation, which is not possible with a broadcasted crop. In all calculations for hill and drills it ·must be remembered that an acre of land contains 43,560 square feet. A square piece of land, 209 feet on a side, contains about an acre. The following figures are merely suggestive, as practice varies with locality :
ALFALFA, 25 to 30 1bs, broadcast.
ASPARAGUS, 4 to 5 lbs. in drills; 1 oz. to 50 feet of row.
BARLEY, 11/2 to 2 bushels drilled; 2 to 21/2 bushels broadcast.
BEANS, bush, 112 bushels in drills.
BEANS, pole, 10 to 12 qts., in hills.
BEETS, 5 to 6 lbs., in drills.
BUCKWHEAT, 1 bushel, broadcast.
CABBAGE, 1/4 lb. in seed bed, to be trans- planted.
CARROT, 3 to 4 lbs., in drills.
CELERY, about 1 oz. for 2,000 plants; 1 1b. per acre.
CLOVER, red, 8 to 10 lbs., broadcast.
CLOVER, crimson, 15 1bs., broadcast.
CLOVER, white, 6 lbs., broadcast.
CORN, field and sweet, 8 to 10 qts.
CORN, ensilage, 12 qts., in drills.
Cow PEAS, 1 bushel, in drills; 11/2 bush- els, broadcast.
CUCUMBERS, 2 lbs., in drills.
EGG PLANT, 1 oz. seed for 1,000 plants : 1/4 lb. to the acre.
GRASS, lawn, 2 to 4 lbs., broadcast.
LETTUCE, 1 oz. of seed to 1,000 plants ; 1/2 lb. to the acre.
MELON, musk, 2 to 3 lbs., in hills.
MELON, water, 4 to 5 lbs., in hills.
MILLET, 1 bushel, broadcast.
OATS, 3 bushels, broadcast.
ONIONS, 5 to 6 lbs., in drills ; for sets. 30 to 50 1bs., in drills.
PARSNIPS, 4 to 6 1bs., in drills.
PEAS, 1 to 2 bushels, in drills.
POTATOES (cut) 8 to 10 bushels.
PUMPKINS, 4 to 5 lbs., in hills.
RADISHES, 8 to 10 lbs., in drills.
RYE, 3/4 to 11/2 bushels, in drills.
SPINACH, 10 to 12 1bs., in drills; run- ning sorts, 3 to 4 lbs.
SQUASH, bush, 4 to 6 lbs., in hills.
TIMOTHY, 15 to 20 1bs., broadcast, if used alone; less if sown with other grasses. TOMATOES, 1/8 1b. in seed bed, to be transplanted.
TURNIPS, 1 to 2 lbs., in drills; 2 to 3 lbs., broadcast.
WHEAT, 11/2 bushels, broadcast.
Suitable Distance for Planting Tre
Apples-Standard .. 25 to 35 feet apart each w Apples-Dwarf
(bushes) 10
Pears-Standard
. 10 to 20 ..
Pears-Dwarf
10
..
Cherries-Standard .18 to 20
Cherries-Dukes and
Morrellos 16 to 18
Plums-Standard . . . 16 to 20
Peaches
16 to 18
Apricots
16 to 18
Nectarines
16 to 18
Quinces 10 to 12
Currants
3 to
4
Gooseberries
3 to
4
Raspberries
3 to
5
Blackberries
6 to 7
Grapes
8 to 12
..
Shingles Required in a Roof
Double the rafters and multiply length of building. Multiply this by if exposed 4 inches, by 8 if exposed 4 inches, and by 7 1/5 if exposed 5 inch to the weather.
One thousand shingles, laid 4 inch to the weather, will cover 100 squa feet of surface.
Eight hundred shingles, 5 inches
the weather, will cover 100 square fe One thousand shingles require pounds of four-penny nails.
Five to ten per cent. should be lowed to these figures to cover wa and shortage.
One thousand laths will cover 70 ya of surface, and take 11 pounds of na Two hundred and fifty pickets v make 100 lineal feet of fence.
Nails Required
For 1,000 shingles, 31/2 to 5 pour 4d., or 3 to 31/2 pounds 3d.
For 1,000 laths about 7 pounds
fine, or 8 pounds 2d. fine. For 1,000 feet clapboards (sidin about 18 pounds 6d. box.
For 1,000 feet covering boards, ab 20 pounds 8d. common, or 25 pounds 1
Nails-Common
Size
3d
4d
6d
8d 10d
Length
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
No. to 1b.
500
300
165
90
62
Size
16d
20d
30d
40d
50d
Length
31/4
4
41/2 18
5
51/4
No. to 1b. 35
24
13 10
Eighteen to twenty-five pounds nails are required per 1,000 feet lumber.
Grease a nail and it won't split wc
272
3930
reet
ch uar
S fee
ras ardi nail
un
ing
abd $ 1]
S et
1 wal
y
ch
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.