USA > Ohio > Union County > The History of Union County, Ohio, containing a history of the county; its townships, towns military record; > Part 20
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He arrived at New York, July 5 of that year, after a journey from Ipswich, Mass., in his sulky. He obtained lodgings at the "Plow and Harrow," and saw that his good horse was properly cared for and fed at the same place. Congress was then in session, and he had come on a mission for the Ohio Com- pany, to negotiate their grant and its privileges in the new Territory of Ohio. He remained in New York three weeks, constantly engaged in the work vital to the interests of the future great State. But he secured the installment of the principles deemed the corner-stone of a future powerful State constitution. Mr. Poole, Librarian of the Chicago Public Library, searched assiduously for con- clusive proof of Dr. Cutler's right to this honor, and in the North American Review, Vol. 122, this is emphatically set forth with substantiating proof under his signature.
Other facts have been discussed and proven at a very recent date, relative to the State of Ohio, which heretofore have been omitted, and nearly lost from the historic thread which unites the present with the past.
The first settlement of the lands of the Northwest is necessarily surrounded with interest. But those were exciting, troublesome times, and a few links were passed over lightly. However, the years are not so far removed in the past but the line may be traced.
Mr. Francis W. Miller, of Cincinnati, has supplied some missing chapters. The earliest documentary trace extant, regarding the southern settlement at Cincinnati, is an agreement of partnership between Denman, Filson and Pat- terson, in the fractional section of land to which the city of Cincinnati was originally limited. It bears the date August 25, 1788. This was entered on the records of Hamilton County, Ohio, October 6, 1803.
198
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
A letter from Jonathan Dayton to the Hon. Judge Symmes, dated Septem- ber 26, 1789, says: "You have been selling your lands, I am told, for two shillings specie, the acre. The price at this moment is, and seems to be, and undoubtedly is, a good one; but as much cannot be said of it when you find hereafter that in consequence of the rise of certificates, another acre, in another payment, may cost you in specie two shillings and sixpence."
A letter from John C. Symmes to Capt. Dayton, dated April 30, 1790, says : "The land in the reserved township is held at much too high a price. Not a foot of land beyond the five-acre lots will sell. Five shillings, specic, or two dollars in certificates, is the utmost they will bring, and they will rarely sell at that."
This state of affairs was in a large degree brought about by the breaking-up of North Bend and a removal of the town to Fort Washington, or Cincinnati, later. A search through the old letters and other preserved documents prove that North Bend was at one time the beginning of the great city on the Ohio, rather than Cincinnati. Judge Symmes wrote, May 18, 1789: " I have not as yet been able to make a decisive choice of a plat for the city, though I have found two pieces of ground, both eligible, but not upon the present plan of a regular square. It is a question of no little moment and difficulty to deter- mine which of these spots is preferable, in point of local situation. I know that at first thought men will decide in favor of that on the Ohio, from the supposition that the Ohio will command more trade and business than the Miami. But if it were built on the Miami, the settlers throughout the purchase would find it very convenient."
Another of the earliest selections of town sites was adjacent to the most southerly point of what is now Delhi Township. To this the name of South Bend was given. Judge Symmes reports November 4, 1790, of this place, over forty framed and hewed-log two-story houses, since the preceding spring. Ensign Luce is said to have taken his troops to North Bend, but decided to remove to Cincinnati, on account of the object of his affections having settled there-the wife of a settler. But this story is refuted by contradictory evi- dence from Judge Symmes' letters, which illustrate the fact that the post of North Bend was abandoned by Ensign Luce and his men in consequence of a . panic, caused by Indian attacks. The removal of the troops caused a general decline of the town. Again, history and letters from the same eminent Judge, assert that Fort Washington was completed and garrisoned by Maj. Doughty before the close of that same year, and was begun by him during the summer, that Ensign Luce must have still been at his post at. the bend at that time. It has been, therefore, recently accepted that the traditional "black eyes" and the "Indian panic," had nothing to do with the founding of Cincinnati, and that the advantages of the position gained the victory.
Cincinnati has advanced, not only in prosperity and culture, but in national significance. Our readers must have observed, in perusing these pages, that
199
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
from this city and the State which it represents, have emanated some of the superior intellects which have used their wise faculties and talents, tempered by a wise judgment, in behalf of the American Union.
The originality of the Senecas and Wyandots have been debated at some length, while others have called the tribes the same, having two branches. We have searched the earlier records and have found an authenticated account of these two tribes.
The Indian tribes of Ohio were originally bold, fierce and stalwart. The country watered by the Sandusky and its tributaries was frequented by the Wyandot tribe, who came from the north side of the St. Lawrence River. The Senecas were blood relatives of this tribe. Both tribes were numbered by the thousands. A war originated between them, in this manner: A Wyandot chief desired to wed the object of his affections, who laughed him to scorn, because he had taken no scalps, and was no warrior " to speak of." To change her opinion, he led out a party, and falling upon a number of Senecas, slaugh- tered them mercilessly, that he might hasten to the side of his dusky belle, with his trophies. This act inaugurated hostilities, which extended through a century. The Wyandots began to fear extermination, and, gathering their entire effects, the natives escaped to Green Bay, and settled in several villages. But the Sen- ecas made up a war party and followed them, killing many Wyandots and burn- ing some of their villages. They then returned to Canada. Soon thereafter, they secured fire-arms from the French. Again they followed the Wyandots, firing their guns into their huts, and frightening them severely. They did not succeed as well as they expected. But the third party nearly exterminated the villages, because the young warriors were nearly all gone to war with the Foxes. The few at home escaping, promised to return with the Senecas, but desired two days for preparation. The Wyandots sent word to the two villages left undisturbed, and held a consultation. They decided to go as near the Senecas as possible, unobserved, and discover their real motive. They found them feast- ing on two roasted Wyandots, shouting over their victory. They danced nearly all night, and then fell asleep. A little before daylight, the Wyandots fell on them, leaving not one to carry back the news.
The Wyandots then procured guns, and began to grow formidable. They set ont to return to their own country, and proceeded on their way as far as Detroit, where they met a party of Senecas, on the lake. A fierce conflict ensned, and the Wyandots beheld the Senecas fall, to the last man, suffering fearful carnage themselves. They soon settled in this part of the world, their principal village being on the Sandusky. Northwestern Ohio was particularly dangerous with new Indian tribes, and the Wyandots were cruelly aggressive. The death of their chief, and their total defeat by Harrison, destroyed their power forever.
On the 29th of September, 1817, a treaty was held, at the foot of the rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, between Lewis Cass and Duncan MeArthur,
200
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO
Commissioners of the United States, and the sachems, chiefs and warriors of the Wyandot, Seneca, Delaware, Shawnee, Potawattomie, Ottawa and Chippewa nations. All their lands in Ohio were ceded to the United States forever.
There was really not a Seneca in the Seneca nation. They were chiefly Cayugas, Mohawks, Onondagas, Tuscarawas, Wyandots and Oneidas. But the Mingoes were originally Cayugas, and their chief was the celebrated Logan. After the murder of his family by the whites, the Mingoes were scattered over the territory northwest of the Ohio.
The notorious Simon Girty was adopted by the Senecas. Girty's name was a terror and fiendish horror for many years. He not only led the Indians in their atrocities, but he added barbarism to their native wickedness.
CONCLUSION.
When peace was proclaimed, after the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee to Gen. U. S. Grant, the volunteer troops disbanded, and a return to home indus- tries instituted, Ohio, like many other States, gave direct attention to the inter- ests of returned soldiers. The thrift of the State was augmented by a spasmodic, and thereafter recognized as a fictitious, demand for products, commercial and industrial pursuits redoubled their forces. But the great wave of stagnation swept over this fair land-the re-action of a war excitement. Laborers were many, but wages were inadequate. Deeper and deeper settled this lethargy- called by many " hard times"-until the wheels of commercial life revolved slowly, and from the workshops and the factories went up the echoes of priva- tion and distress. There was no famine, no fever, no epidemic, it was simply exhaustion. In the larger cities there was much suffering. Idle people loitered about, barely seeking employment, the task seeming worse than hopeless.
During the years 1870, 1871 and 1872, the stringent measures brought about by the depressed state of business retarded any material advancement in general matters. The years 1873-74 were marked by a preceptible improve- ment, and a few factories were established, while larger numbers were employed in those already founded. The year 1875 was under the direction of a Demo- cratic Legislature. It was marked in many respects by a " reverse motion " in many laws and regulations.
The Legislature which convened in 1876, January 3, was Republican in the main. It repealed the "Geghan Law " passed by the preceding body. At the time of its adoption, there was the most intense feeling throughout the State, the charge being made that it was in the interests of the Catholics. Among the general enactments were laws re-organizing the government of the State insti- tutions, which the previous Legislature had ordered according to their own belief to follow new doctrines. The office of Comptroller of the Treasury was abolished. The powers of municipal corporations to levy taxes was limited, and their authority to incur debts was limited. Furthermore, this body prohibited any municipal appropriations, unless the actual money was in the Treasury to meet
201
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
the same in full. A law was passed for the protection of children under fourteen years of age, exhibited in public shows.
The temperance cause received more vigorous and solid support than was ever rendered by the State previously. A common-sense, highly moral and exalted platform was formed and supported by many leading men.
This year witnessed the serious "strikes" among the miners in Stark and Wayne Counties. The consequences were painful-distress, riots and distruc- tion of property.
The State Mine Inspector reported 300 coal mines in the State, with only twenty-five in operation. Not over 3,000,000 tons of coal were raised during the year, owing to the dullness of the times.
The State charities reported the aggregate number under public care to be 29,508. The taxation for the maintenance of these classes was one and one six-hundredth of a mill on each dollar of taxable property.
The reports given of the year 1877 indicated a revival of business interests and prosperity. The State produced of wheat, 27,306,566 bushels ; rye, 914,106 bushels; buckwheat, 225,822 bushels; oats, 29,325,611; barley, 1,629,817 bushels ; corn, 101,884,305 bushels ; timothy, tons of hay, 2,160,334 ; clover, tons of hay, 286,265; flax, pounds of fiber, 7,343,294; potatoes, 10,504,278 bushels ; sweet potatoes, 126,354} bushels; tobacco, 24,214,950 pounds ; sorghum, sugar, 7,5074 pounds ; syrup, 1,180,255 gallons ; maple sugar, 1,625,215 pounds; maple syrup, 324,036 gallons ; honey, 1,534,902 pounds.
The year 1878 was marked by a more vigorous and combined effort of the people to entirely overcome the stagnation of business, the influence of the lethargy yet combating the awakened interest. This energy was amply rewarded in 1879, by a general dawning of the " good times " so ardently desired. New enterprises were instituted, manufactories erected, improvements carried on, and agriculture was successful. Before the year closed, the State was basking in the light of prosperity, and the year 1880 was ushered in when the confidence of the people was again a permanent incentive-confidence in the nation, their State, each in the other and themselves. The old-time crown of power, influence and integrity, which Ohio has earned, is conspicuous in this year of 1881. The jewels have been reset, and we confidently doubt not that their luster will remain undimmed intrusted to so faithful and so earnest a people.
202
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
POPULATION OF OHIO BY COUNTIES.
COUNTIES
18:20
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
The State
581434
937903
1519467
1980329
2339511
2665260
1 Adams
10106
122S1
13183
18883
20309
20750
24004
2 Allen ..
578
9079
12109
19185
23623
31323
3| Ashland.
7382
14581
23724
28767
31814
32317
87139
5 Athens
6338
9787
19109
18215
21364
23768
28413
6 Auglaize
20329
28827
30901
34600
36398
39714
49638
8 Brown
13356
17867
22715
27332
29958
30302
32726
9 Butler
21746
27142
28173
30789
35840
39912
42580
10 Carroll
8479
12131
16721
19782
22693
24188
27817
12 Clark
9533
13114
16882
22178
25300
32070
41947
13 Clermont
15820
20466
23106
30155
33031
34268
36713
14 Clinton.
8085
11436
15719
18938
21461
21914
27539
15 Columbiana
22033
35592
40373
33621
32536
38299
38299
16 Coslioctou
7086
11161
21590
25674
25032
23600
26641
17 Crawford
63:28
10373
26506
48090
78033
132010
196943
19 Darke
3717
6204
13282
20276
26009
S2278
40498
21 Delaware
7639
11504
22060
21817
23902
25175
27380
22 Erie
16633
24786
31924
30264
30338
31138
84283
24 Fayette
6316
8182
10984
12:26
15935
17170
20364
25 Franklin
10292
14741
25049
42909
50361
63519
86816
7098
9733
13444
17063
22043
25545
28124
10529
14801
17528
21946
26197
28038
31349
9392
18036
27748
30438
2.1174
23839
27197
31764
52317
60145
156844
216410
260370
313368
813
9986
16751
22886
23847
27788
14345
20916
20099
20157
19110
18682
20455
35|Henry
262
2503
3434
8901
14028
20587
36 Highland
12308
16345
22269
25781
27773
29133
30280
37 Hocking
2130
9741
14119
17057
17925
21126
38| Holmes
9135
18088
20452
20589
18177
20775
39 Huron
13341
23933
26203
26616
28532
81609
40 Jackson
3746
5941
9744
12719
17941
21759
28679
41 Jefferson ..
18531
22489
25030
29133
26115
29188
33018
42 Knox
8326
17085
28872
27735
26333
27450
43 Lake
13719
14654
155+6
15935
16326
41 Lawrence
3499
5367
9738
15246
23249
31390
39068
45 Licking
11861
20869
35096
38846
37011
35.56
40451
46 Logan
3181
6440
14015
19162
20996
23028
26268
47 Lorain
5696
18467
26086
29741
30308
85525
48 Lucas.
4799
6190
9025
10015
13015
15633
20'29
50 Mahoning
6551
14765
12618
15490
16184
20564
52 Medina.
7560
18352
24441
22517
20092
21454
54 Mercer
1110
8277
7712
14104
17254
21808
55 Miami
8851
12807
19688
24999
29959
32740
36178
56 Monroc
4645
8768
18521
28351
25741
25779
26197
57 Montgomery
15999
24362
31938
38218
52230
64006
78545
5297
11500
20553
28585
22119
20363
20074
60 Muskingum
17824
29334
38749
45019
44416
44886
49780
62 Ottawa
7016
13364
19763
63 Paulding
161
1034
1766
4945
8544
13490
64 Perry
8429
13970
19344
20115
19678
18453
28218
65 Pickaway
13149
16001
19725
21006
23469
24875
27353
66 Pike ..
6021
7626
10953
13643
15147
17927
67 Portage
10095
18826
22965
24419
24208
24584
27500
68 Preble
10237
16291
19-182
21736
21820
21809
24534
70| Richland
9169
24006
1-1532
30879
31158
32516
36306
71 Ross.
20619
240G8
27460
32074
35011
37097
40307
72 Sandusky
852
2851
10182
14305
21129
25503
32063
73 Scioto
5750
87-10
11192
18428
24297
29302
33511
75 Shelby
2106
2671
12154
13958
17493
20749
21136
76 Stark.
12406
26588
34603
39818
42978
52508
6.1027
77 Summit
34674
43788
78 Trumbull
15546
26153
38107
30490
30656
38659
44882
79 Tuscarawas
8328
14298
25631
31761
32463
33840
40197
80 Union
1996
3192
8422
12204
16507
1ST30
22374
81 Van Wert
49
1577
4793
10238
15823
23030
82 Vinton
15027
17226
83 Warren
17837
21468
23141
25560
26902
26699
28392
84 Washington
10425
11731
20823
29540
36268
40609
43244
85 Wayne
11933
23333
$5808
32981
32483
35116
37452
86 Williams
387
4465
8018
16633
20991
23821
87|Wood
733
1102
5357
9157
17886
24596
34026
88| Wyandot
1119
1.3596
18553
22401
25556
30583
20 Defiance
6966
11886
15719
22518
12599
18568
24171
28189
32640
26|Fulton
7781
14043
17789
21062
28 Geauga.
7791
15813
16297
17827
15S17
14190
14255
29 Greene
30 Guernsey
210
4598
8251
13570
18714
27028
34 Harrison
4791
13152
18177
22951
21933
99883
4 Ashtabula.
11338
17187
20041
25443
7 Belmont
18108
17685
15739
14491
16416
11 Champaign
23 Fairfield
31 Hamilton
32 Hancock
33 Hardin
4008
29579
12363
25831
46722
67388
49 Madison
23735
25894
31001
42867
53 Meigs
4480
6158
11452
17971
26534
31465
32325
58 Morgan 59 Morrow
20280
20445
18583
19073
61 Noble
20751
19949
21187
69 Putnam
230
5189
7221
12908
17081
23718
74 Seneca
5159
18128
27104
30868
308-27
36955
22560
27485
27344
51|Marion
3082
22.18
3308
9353
13631
23881
18 Cuyahoga
27 Gallia
6675
9382
23813
203
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Area in square Miles.
POPULATION.
Miles R.R. 1872
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Area 'n square Miles.
1870
1850
1812
States.
States.
Alabama.
50,722
996,992
1,262,791
1,671
Pennsylvania.
46,000
3,521,791
4,282,786
5,113
Arkansas
52,198
484,471
802,564
25
Rhode Island.
1,306
217,353
276,528
136
California
188,981
560,247
864,686
1,013
South Carolina.
29,385
705,606
995,622
1,201
Colorado.
104,500
39,864
194,649
392
Tennessec.
45,600
1,258,520;
1,542,463
1,520
Connecticut.
4,674
537,454!
622,683
820
Texas
237,504
818,579
1,592,574
865
Delaware.
2.120
125,015
146,654
227
Vermont.
10,212
330,551
332,286
675
Florida.
59,268
187,748
267,351
466
Virginia.
40,904
1,225,163
1,512,806
1,490
Georgia ..
58,000
1,184,109
1,539,048
2,108
West Virginia
23,000
442,014
618,43
485
Illinois.
55,410
2,539,891
8,078,769
5,904
Wisconsin.
53,924
1,054,670
1,315,480
1.725
Indiana
33,809
1,680,637
1,978,362
3,529
Iowa.
55,045
1,191,792
1,624,620
3,160
Total States
2,054,671
38,154,127
49,369,595
59,716
Kansas.
81,318
364,399
995,966
1,760
Kentucky.
37,600
1,321,011
1,648,708
1,123
Territories.
113,916
9.658
40,441
Maine.
31,776
626,915
648,915
871
Dakota.
147,490
14,181
135,180
Maryland.
11,181
780,894
934.632
Dist. of Columbia.
60
131,700
177,638
.
Massachusetts
7,800
1,437,361
1,783,012
1,606
Idaho.
90,932
11,999
32,611
Michigan
56,451
1,184,059
1,636,331
2.29
Montana
143,776
20,595
39,157
Minnesota
83,531
439,706
780,806
1,612
New Mexico.
121,201
91.874
118.430
Mississippi.
47,156
827,922
1,131.592
9'0
Utah
80,056
86,786
143,906
375
Missouri
63,350
1,721,295
2,168,801
2,580
Washington
69,944
23,955
75,120
498
Nevada
112,090
318,300
346 981
790
Total Territoriex
860,482
402,866
783,271
873
New Jersey
8,320
906,096
1,130,983
1,265
Aggregate of U.S ..
2,915,203
33,555,983
60,852
Ohio.
39,964
2,663,260
3,198,239
3,740
Oregon.
95,244|
90,923
174,767
179|
*Included in the Rallroad Mileage of Maryland.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; POPULATION AND AREA.
COUNTRIES.
Population.
Date of Census.
Area in Square Miles.
Inhabitants to Square Mile.
CAPITALS.
Population.
China ..
446,500.000
1871
3.741,846
119.3
Pekin.
1,648,800
British Empire ..
226,817,108
1871
4,677,432
48.6
London.
3,251,800
Russia ..
81,925,400
1871
8,003,778
10.2
St. Petersburg.
667,000
United States with Alaska.
38,925,600
1870
3,603,884
7.78
Washington
109.199
France.
36.469,800
1866
204,091
178.7
Paris ..
1,825,300
Austria and Hungary
35,904,400
1869
240.348
149.4
Vienna
833,900
Japan
34,785,300
1871
149,399
232.8
Yeddo ..
1,554,900
Great Britain and Ireland.
31,817,100
1871
121,315
262.3
London.
3,251,800
German Empire.
29,906,092
1871
160,207
187.
Berlin
825,400
Italy
27,439,921
1871
118,847
230.9
Rome ..
244,484
Spain
16,642,000
1867
195,775
85.
Madrid
Rio Janeiro.
420,000
Turkey
16,463,000
672,621
24.4
Constantinople
1,075,000
Mexico.
9,173,000
1869
761,526
Mexico
210,300
Sweden and Norway
5,921,500
1870
292,871
20.
Stockholm.
136,900
Persia ..
5,000,000
1870
635,964
7.8
Teheran ..
120,000
Belgium.
5.021,300
1869
11,373
441.5
Brussels.
314,100
Bavaria ..
4,861,400
1871
29,292
165.9
Munich.
169,500
Portugal
3,995,200
1868
34,494
115.8
Lisbou.
224,063
Holland
3,688,300
1870
' 12,680
290.9
HIagne ..
90,100
New Grenada.
3.000.000
1870
357,157
8.4
Bogota ..
45,000
Chili ..
2,000,000
1869
132.616
15.1
Santiago.
115,400
Switzerland.
2,669,100
1870
15,992
166.9
Berne ..
36,000
Peru ..
2,500,000
1871
471,838
5.3
Lima ..
160.100
Bolivia.
2,000,000
497.321
Chuquisaca.
25.000
Wurtemburg
1,818,500
1871
7,533
Stuttgart ..
91,600
Denmark
1,784.700
1870
14,753
120.9
Copenhagen
162.042
Venezuela.
1,500,000
368,238
Caraecas
47,000
Baden ....
1,461,400
1871
5,912
247.
Carlsruhe.
36,600
Greece ..
1,457.900
1870
19,353
75.3
Athens.
43,400
Guatemala
1,180,000
1871
40,879
28.9
40,000
Paraguay.
1,000,000
1871
63,787
15.6
48,000
llesse .
823,138 718,000
1871
9,576
74.9
Monrovia
3,000
San Salvador.
600.000
1871
7,335
81.8
Sal Salvador
15,000
Hayti.
572,000
10,205
56.
Port au Prince.
20,000
Nicaragua.
350,000
1871
58,171
6.
Managua.
10,000
Uruguay ...
300,000
1871
66,722
6.5
Monte Video,
44.500
Honduras
350,000
1871
47,092
7.4
Comayagua
12,000
San Domingo.
136,000
17,827
7.6
San Domingo
20,000
Costa Rica.
165.000
1870
21.505
7.7
San Jose.
2,000
Hawaii ..
62.950
7.633
80.
Honolulu
7,633
Louisiana
41,346
726,915
940,103
539
Arizona.
Wyoming
93,107
9,118
20,788
Nebraska.
75,995
123,993 42,491
452.433 62.265
593
New York.
47.000
4,382,759
5,083,810
4,470
North Carolina ..
50,704
1,071,361
1,400,047
1,190
Ecuador ..
1,300.000
218,928
5.9
Quito
Asuneion ..
277.
Darmstadt
30,000
Liberia
1,812,000
1869
871,848
2.1
Buenos Ayres.
177.800
Brazil ..
10.000.000
3,253,029
3.07
4.
Argentine Republic.
241.4
Guatemala
70,000
2,969
4.2
332,000
New Hampshire ..
9,280
1870
1830
POPULATION.
Miles R.R.
828
820
206
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
COMMENTS UPON THE ORDINANCE OF 1787, FROM THE STATUTES OF OHIO, EDITED BY SALMON P. CHASE, AND PUB- LISHED IN THE YEAR 1833.
[It would be difficult to find a more comprehensive review of the founda- tions of our system of laws than is given in the "Preliminary Sketch of the Ilistory of Ohio," by this distinguished representative of the bench and the bar of America. The work is now out of print, and is not easily obtained; besides, its great author has passed away; so these extracts are made more with a view of preserving old historical literature, than of introducing new; furthermore, the masses of the people have never had convenient access to the volumes, which, for the most part, have been in the hands of professional men only. The publication of the work first brought its compiler before the public, and marked the beginning of that career which, during its course, shaped the financial system of our country, and ended upon the Supreme Bench of the nation.]
By the ordinance of 1785, Congress had executed in part the great national trust confided to it, by providing for the disposal of the public lands for the common good, and by prescribing the manner and terms of sale. By that of 1787, provision was made for successive forms of Territorial government, adapted to successive steps of advancement in the settlement of the Western country. It comprehended an intelligible system of law on the descent and conveyance of real property, and the transfer of personal goods. It also con- tained five articles of compact between the original States, and the people and States of the Territory, establishing certain great fundamental principles of governmental duty and private right, as the basis of all future constitutions and legislation, unalterable and indestructible, except by that final and common ruin, which, as it has overtaken all former systems of human polity, may yet overwhelm our American union. Never, probably, in the history of the world, did a measure of legislation so accurately fulfill, and yet so mightily exceed the anticipations of the legislators. The ordinance has been well described, as having been a pillar of cloud by day and of fire by night, in the settlement and government of the Northwestern States. When the settlers went into the wilderness, they found the law already there. It was impressed upon the soil itself, while it yet bore up nothing but the forest. The purchaser of land became, by that act, a party to the compact, and bound by its perpetual cove- nants, so far as its conditions did not conflict with the terms of the cessions of the States.
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