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THE OLD NORTHWEST
too many men. I took up the hatchet, for my part, to revenge injuries which my people could no longer endure. Had I borne them longer with- out striking, my people would have said, 'Black Hawk is a woman - he is too old to be a chief - he is no Sauk.'" After a brief imprisonment at Fortress Monroe, where Jefferson Davis was him- self confined at the close of the Civil War, the captives were set free, and were taken to Phila- delphia, New York, up the Hudson, and finally back to the Rock River country.
For some years Black Hawk lived quietly on a small reservation near Des Moines. In 1837 the peace-loving Keokuk took him with a party of Sauk and Fox chiefs again to Washington, and on this trip he made a visit to Boston. The officials of the city received the august warrior and his companions in Faneuil Hall, and the Governor of the commonwealth paid them similar honor at the State House. Some war-dances were performed on the Common for the amusement of the popu- lace, and afterwards the party was taken to see a performance by Edwin Forrest at the Tremont Theatre. Here all went well, except that at an exciting point in the play where one of the char- acters fell dying the Indians burst out into a war-
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THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY
whoop, to the considerable consternation of the women and children present.
A few months after returning to his Iowa home, Black Hawk, now seventy-one years of age, was gathered to his fathers. He was buried about half a mile from his cabin, in a sitting posture, his left hand grasping a cane presented to him by Henry Clay, and at his side a supply of food and tobacco sufficient to last him to the spirit land, supposed to be three days' travel. "Rock River," he said in a speech at a Fourth of July celebra- tion shortly before his death, "was a beautiful country. I liked my town, my cornfields, and the home of my people. I fought for it. It is now yours. Keep it, as we did. It will produce you good crops."
The Black Hawk War opened a new chapter in the history of the Northwest. The soldiers carried to their homes remarkable stories of the richness and attractiveness of the northern country, and the eastern newspapers printed not only detailed accounts of the several expeditions but highly colored descriptions of the charms of the region. Books and pamphlets by the score helped to at- tract the attention of the country. The result
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THE OLD NORTHWEST
was a heavy influx of settlers, many of them com- ing all the way from New England and New York, others from Pennsylvania and Ohio. Lands were rapidly surveyed and placed on sale, and surviving Indian hunting-grounds were purchased. North- ern Illinois filled rapidly with a thrifty farming population, and the town of Chicago became an entrepôt. Further north, Wisconsin had been or- ganized, in 1836, as a Territory, including not only the present State of that name but Iowa, Minnesota, and most of North and South Dakota. As yet the Iowa country, however, had been visited by few white people; and such as came were only hunters and trappers, agents of the American Fur and other trading companies, or independent traders. Two of the most active of these free- lances of early days - the French Canadian Du- buque and the Englishman Davenport - have left their names to flourishing cities.
To recount the successive purchases by which the Government freed Iowa soil from Indian domi- nation would be wearisome. The Treaty of 1842 with the Sauks and Foxes is typical. After a so- journ of hardly more than a decade in the Iowa country, these luckless folk were now persuaded to yield all their lands to the United States and re-
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THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY
tire to a reservation in Kansas. The negotiations were carried out with all due regard for Indian susceptibilities. Governor Chambers, resplendent in the uniform of a brigadier-general of the United States army, repaired with his aides to the ap- pointed rendezvous, and there the chiefs presented themselves, arrayed in new blankets and white deerskin leggings, with full paraphernalia of paint, feathers, beads, and elaborately decorated war clubs. Oratory ran freely, although through the enforced medium of an interpreter. The chiefs harangued for hours not only upon the beautiful meadows, the running streams, the stately trees, and the other beloved objects which they were called upon to surrender to the white man, but upon the moon and stars and rain and hail and wind, all of which were alleged to be more attractive and beneficent in Iowa than anywhere else. The Governor, in turn, gave the Indians some good advice, urging them to live peaceably in their new homes, to be industrious and self-supporting, to leave liquor alone, and, in general, to "be a credit to the country." When every one had talked as much as he liked, the treaty was solemnly signed.
The "New Purchase" was thrown open to set- tlers in the following spring; and the opening
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THE OLD NORTHWEST
brought scenes of a kind destined to be reënacted scores of times in the great West during succeeding decades - the borders of the new district lined, on the eve of the opening, with encamped settlers and their families ready to race for the best claims; horses saddled and runners picked for the rush; a midnight signal from the soldiery, releasing a flood of eager land-hunters armed with torches, axes, stakes, and every sort of implement for the laying out of claims with all possible speed; by daybreak, many scores of families "squatting" on the best pieces of ground which they had been able to reach; innumerable disputes, with a general read- justment following the intervention of the govern- ment surveyors.
The marvelous progress of the upper Mississippi Valley is briefly told by a succession of dates. In 1838 Iowa was organized as a Territory; in 1846 it was admitted as a State; in 1848 Wisconsin was granted statehood; and in 1849 Minnesota was given territorial organization with boundaries ex- tending westward to the Missouri.
Thus the Old Northwest had arrived at the goal set for it by the large-visioned men who framed the Ordinance of 1787; every foot of its soil was in-
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THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY
cluded in some one of the five thriving, democratic commonwealths that had taken their places in the Union on a common basis with the older States of the East and the South. Furthermore, the Missis- sippi had ceased to be a boundary. A magnificent vista reaching off to the remoter West and North- west had been opened up; the frontier had been pushed far out upon the plains of Minnesota and Iowa. Decade after decade the powerful epic of westward expansion, shot through with countless tales of heroism and sacrifice, had steadily un- folded before the gaze of an astonished world; and the end was not yet in sight.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
THERE is no general history of the Northwest covering the whole of the period dealt with in this book except Burke A. Hinsdale, The Old Northwest (1888). This is a volume of substantial scholarship, though it reflects but faintly the life and spirit of the people. The nearest approach to a moving narrative is James K. Hosmer, Short History of the Mississippi Valley (1901), which tells the story of the Middle West from the earliest explorations to the close of the nineteenth century, within a brief space, yet in a manner to arouse the reader's interest and sympathy. A fuller and very readable narrative to 1796 will be found in Charles Moore, The Northwest under Three Flags (1900). Still more detailed, and enlivened by many contemporary maps and plans, is Justin Winsor, The Westward Move- ment (1899), covering the period from the pacification of 1763 to the close of the eighteenth century. Frederick J. Turner, Rise of the New West (1906) contains several interesting and authoritative chapters on western de- velopment after the War of 1812; and John B. Mc- Master, History of the People of the United States (8 vols., 1883-1913), gives in the fourth and fifth volumes a very good account of westward migration.
An excellent detailed account of the settlement and development of a single section of the Northwest is
211
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
G. N. Fuller, Economic and Social Beginnings of Michi- gan, Michigan Historical Publications, Univ. Series, No. 1 (1916). A very readable book is R. G. Thwaites, The Story of Wisconsin (rev. ed., 1899), containing a full account of the early relations of white men and red men, and of the Black Hawk War. Mention may be made, too, of H. E. Legler, Leading Events of Wiscon- sin History (1898).
Among the volumes dealing with the diplomatic his- tory of the Northwest, mention should be made of two recent studies: C. W. Alvord, The Mississippi Valley in British Politics (2 vols., 1917), and E. S. Corwin, French Policy and the American Alliance (1916).
Aside from Lincoln, few men of the earlier North- west have been made the subjects of well-written bio- graphies. Curiously, there are no modern biographies, good or bad, of George Rogers Clark, General St. Clair, or William Henry Harrison. John R. Spears, Anthony Wayne (1903) is an interesting book; and Andrew C. Mclaughlin, Lewis Cass (1891), and Allen Johnson, Stephen A. Douglas (1908) are excellent. Lives of Lincoln that have importance for their portrayal of western society include: John T. Morse, Jr., Abraham Lincoln (2 vols., 1893); John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln, a History (10 vols., 1890); and Ida M. Tarbell, Life of Abraham Lincoln (new ed., 2 vols., 1917).
The reader will do well, however, to turn early to some of the works within the field which, by reason of their literary quality as well as their scholarly worth, have attained the dignity of classics. Foremost are the writings of Francis Parkman. Most of these, it is true, deal with the history of the American interior
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
prior to 1763. But Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV (Frontenac edition, 1915), and A Half- Century of Conflict (2 vols., same ed.) furnish the neces- sary background; and The Conspiracy of Pontiac (2 vols., same ed.) is indispensable. Parkman's work closes with the Indian war following the Treaty of 1763. Theodore Roosevelt's Winning of the West (4 vols., 1889-96) takes up the story at that point and carries it to the collapse of the Burr intrigues during the second administration of Thomas Jefferson. This work was a pioneer in the field. In the light of recent scholarship it is subject to criticism at some points; but it is based on careful study of the sources, and for vividness and interest it has perhaps not been surpassed in American historical writing. A third extensive work is Archer B. Hulbert, Historic Highways of America (16 vols., 1902- 05). In writing the history of the great land and water routes of trade and travel between East and West the author found occasion to describe, in interest- ing fashion, most phases of western life. The volumes most closely related to the subject matter of the present book are: Military Roads of the Mississippi Valley (VIII); Waterways of Western Expansion (IX); The Cumberland Road (X); and Pioneer Roads and Experi- ences of Travellers (XI-XII). Mention should be made also of Mr. Hulbert's The Ohio River, a Course of Em- pire (1906).
Further references will be found appended to the articles on Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wis- consin in The Encyclopedia Britannica (11th edition).
Opportunity to get the flavor of the period by reading contemporary literature is afforded by two principal kinds of books. One is reminiscences, letters, and
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
histories written by the Westerners themselves. Timo- thy Flint's Recollections of the Last Ten Years (1826) will be found interesting; as also J. Hall, Letters from the West (1828), and T. Ford, History of Illinois (1854).
The second type of materials is books of travel written by visitors from the East or from Europe. Works of this nature are always subject to limitations. Even when the author tries to be accurate and fair, his in- formation is likely to be hastily gathered and incomplete and his judgments unsound. Between 1800 and 1840 the Northwest was visited, however, by many educated and fair-minded persons who wrote readable and trust- worthy descriptions of what they saw and heard. A complete list cannot be given here, but some of the best of these books are: John Melish, Travels in the United States of America in the Years 1806 & 1807 and 1809, 1810 & 1811 (2 vols., 1812); William Cobbett, A Year's Residence in the United States of America (1818); Henry B. Fearon, Sketches of America (1818); Morris Birkbeck, Letters from Illinois (1818); John Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811 (1819); Thomas Hulme, Journal made during a Tour in the Western Countries of America, 1818-1819 (1828); and Michael Chevalier, Society, Manners, and Politics in the United States (1839). Copies of early editions of some of these works will be found in most large libraries. But the reader is happily not dependent on this resource. Almost all of the really important books of the kind are reprinted, with introductions and explanatory matter, in Reuben G. Thwaites, Early Western Travels, 1748- 1846 (32 vols., 1904-07), which is one of our chief collec- tions of historical materials.
INDEX
Abadie, D', Governor of the French, New Orleans, 33 Adams, John, 71, 72, 74 Alabama, Georgians in, 173 American Fur Company, 192- 193
Amherst, General Sir Jeffrey, 3, 14 Anderson, Robert, 201
Aranda, Count d', quoted, 76
Armstrong, Fort (Rock Island), 203 Astor, J. J., 192 Atkinson, General Henry, 196
Bank, National, 179 Beauvais, M., of Kaskaskia, 29 Belêtre, Captain, commandant at Detroit, 4
Birkbeck, Morris, quoted, 105- 106
Black Hawk, Indian leader, 198- 199; enemy of Americans, 198, 199-200; rebellion, 160, 200- 203; after defeat, 203-04; later life and death, 204-05 Blue Licks, Battle of, 71
Bouquet, Colonel Henry, 15-16, 17 Bushy Run, Battle of, 15-16
Cadillac, see La Mothe-Cadillac Cahokia, Pontiac at, 18; school for Indians at, 30; under English, 31; taken by Clark, 48, 55; British try to seize, 69 Caldwell, Captain, 71
Campbell, Colonel, British com- mandant at Detroit, 6
Campus Martius, fortification in Ohio, 81
Canada passes to British con- trol, 1
Carver, Jonathan, 12
Cass, Lewis, statesman of the Northwest, 183; life, 184-86; Governor of Michigan, 190; expedition into Mississippi regions, 190-91; aids against Indians, 196
Cass Lake, 191
Chartres, Fort, French com- mandant sends message to Indians, 14; Pontiac at, 17; "center of life and fashion," 30; after cession to English, 31; Saint-Ange commands, 33; Croghan invited to, 35; Sterling reaches, 36 Chillicothe (O.), 100 Chouteau, Pierre, 32-33
Cincinnati, named, 82; migration to, 99; legislature in, 131; education, 171
Clark, G. R., in Illinois country, 48; life and character, 48-49; delegate to Virginia Assembly, 49; proposes capturing British posts, 50; commissioned by Virginia council, 51; expedi- tion, 51-56; at Kaskaskia, 59-60, 60-61; expedition to Vincennes, 61-66; plans ex- pedition against Detroit, 67; failure of plan, 68; later life
215
216
INDEX
Clark, G. R .- Continued
and death, 68; expedition against Miami towns, 71; agreement of 1785 with Indians, 79
Clay, Henry, 164, 205 Cleaveland, Moses, 99
Columbus (O.), Cumberland Road reaches (1833), 166
Continental Congress claims Northwest, 71
Corydon (Ind.), capital removed from, 177 (note)
Croghan, George, 34-36 Cumberland Gap, 102
Cumberland Road, 165-68, 178 Cutler, Dr. Manasseh, 80-81, 82 Cuyahoga River, Pontiac halts English at, 3
Davis, Jefferson, 201, 203, 204 Dearborn, Fort, 149, 152, 153 Deckhard rifle, 120
Defiance, Fort, 92, 94
Detroit, occupied by French, 2-3; surrenders to English, 4; in 1760, 4-5; Pontiac plans destruction of, 11; council with Indians at, 17; Clark plans attack, 67-68; British refuse surrender, 83; Wayne obtains cession of Indian land near, 95; garrison at, 152; Hull's expedition for relief of, 153; growth, 193
Douglas, S. A., statesman of Northwest, 183; life, 184-87 Duquesne, Fort, see Pitt, Fort
East Florida, province provided in Proclamation of 1763, 24, 24 (note), 33; plan for Spain to resume possession, 73 Education in Northwest, 129- 130, 170-71
Erie Canal opened (1825), 102, 176 Erie, Lake, French settlement on, 2-3; Perry's victory on, 154
Fallen Timbers, Battle at, 92-94 Flint, Timothy, Western Monthly Review, 169
Florida, see East Florida, West Florida
France supports Spain in her American policy, 72-74
Franklin, Benjamin, advice to British ministers, 20; ac- quires western land, 38, 39; on committee for boundary negotiation, 72, 74
French settlements in North- west, 2, 28-33; Loftus's ex- pedition against, 33-34; under English control, 36-37 Fur trade, 191-93
Gage, General Thomas, 34, 36 Galena (III.), 195, 196
Gallatin, Albert, 164, 165
Gallipolis, attempt to build French colony at, 81 Garfield, J. A., 100 Ghent, Peace of, 172
Gibault, Pierre, French priest, 48, 55, 59, 62
Gladwyn, Major, 11, 12 Gnadenhütten, massacre at, 70 Great Britain refuses to give up fortified posts, 83
Greenville, Fort, 91, 94; Treaty of, 131
Grenada, province provided in Proclamation of 1763, 24, 24 (note) Grosseilliers, see Ménard des Grosseilliers
Hamilton, Henry, Lieutenant- Governor at Detroit, 43; and the Indians, 47; part in Revo- lution, 57 et seq.
Harmar, General Josiah, 80, 84, 85
Harmar, Fort, 80
Harrison, W. H., in Northwest Territory, 131-32; on Indians. 133-34; conference with Te-
217
INDEX
Harrison, W. H .- Continued cumseh, 139-40, 140-43; at Tippecanoe, 144-47; chief in command in West, 153-54, 156
Harrison, Fort, 144, 152 Hayes, R. B., 100 Helm, Lieutenant, 59 Hennepin, Louis, 190 Henry, Patrick, 49, 51
Hillsborough, Lord, on British policy in regard to Indian reservations, 26 Howard, Fort, 196 Huguenots forbidden to emi- grate, 29
Hull, General William, 138, 153, 156
Illinois, a county of Virginia, 56; after War of 1812, 161; ad- mitted as State (1818), 161, 177 (note); immigration, 162; frontier settlers in, 173; South- erners in, 174-75; population (1818), 177 (note); indentures 182; slavery, 182-83
Indiana, settlement, 98; formed from part of Northwest Terri- tory, 132; population (1800- 10), 132-33; (1810-16), 161; (1820), 177 (note); after War of 1812, 161; admitted as State (1816), 161; immigration, 162; frontier settlers in, 172; South- erners in, 174-75; indentures, 182; slavery, 182
Indianapolis, Cumberland Road reaches, 166; capital removed to (1825), 177 (note) Indians, parleys with Rogers, 3-4; incited by French against English, 4; relations with French at Detroit, 5; menace to English, 7-8; protest against English encroachments, 8-9; Pontiac's conspiracy, 9 et seq .; method of warfare, 15; trade with, 25. 44-45; reservation by
Proclamation of 1763, 25-27; attack Croghan's band, 34- 35; in Revolution, 45 et seq .; massacre at Gnadenhütten, 70; agreements with, 78-79; rebel against Americans, 82- 83; incited by British, 83-84; punitive expedition against Miamis, 84-85; Wayne against, 89 et seq .; danger on Ohio River from, 108; cessions by, 132, 135, 140; relations with white settlers, 133-35; Te- cumseh's conspiracy, 136 et seq .; Battle of Tippecanoe, 144-46; raids of 1812, 149; menace removed after War of 1812, 160; trouble with Winne- bagoes, 196-98; Black Hawk War, 200-03; treaties, 206-07 Iowa, organized as Territory (1838), 208; admitted as State (1846), 208 Itasca, Lake, 191
Jay, John, 72, 74 Jay Treaty, 94-95, 181 Jefferson, Thomas, 51, 67, 72, 164 Jefferson Barracks (St. Louis), 203
Jefferson City (Mo.), Cumber- land Road marked out to, 166 Johnson, Allen, Jefferson and his Colleagues cited, 138 (note) Johnson, Dr. Samuel, opinion of Northwest America, 21-22 Johnson, Sir William, visits De- troit, 6; Pontiac surrenders to, 18; sends Croghan against In- dians, 34 Johnson, W. S., 39 Johnston, A. S., 201 Joliet, Louis, 189
Kaskaskia, French settlement, 28, 30; under English, 31; Clark captures, 48, 52-53; Clark at, 60-61; British attack, 69
218
INDEX
Kendall, Amos, quoted, 156 Kentucky, organized as county of Virginia, 49; frontier settlers in, 172
Keokuk, Indian chief, 198, 200, 204
Knox, William, British Under- Secretary for the Colonies, 22
Laclède, Pierre, 32
La Mothe-Cadillac, Antoine de, founds Detroit (1701), 2
La Salle, Réné-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, 2
Laulewasikaw, "Prophet," Brother of Tecumseh, 135, 147-48
Laurens, Henry, 72 Le Bœuf, Fort, 14 Lee, "Light-Horse Harry," 89 Leech Lake, Pike reaches, 190 Leopard-Chesapeake affair, 138 Lexington (Ky.), aspires to be "Athens of the West," 171 Lincoln, Abraham, 184-88, 201 Lincoln, Thomas, father of Abra- ham, 185 Loftus, Major, 33 "Long Knives," 101 L-os-anti-ville, 82; see also Cin- cinnati Louisiana Purchase, 161, 190 Louisville (Ky.), education in, 171
McAdam, John, devises road construction, 165-66
Mackinac, Fort, 152, 153 Malden, Fort, 153
Marietta (O.), founded, 81; settlers from New England, 99
Marquette, Jacques, Jesuit mis- sionary, 189 Mason, George, 51 Massac, Fort, 52 Maysville Road Bill (1830), 178 Ménard des Grosseilliers, 189
Miami, Fort, 88, 92 Michilimackinac, 95
Minnesota organized as Terri- tory (1849), 208 Mississippi, Georgians in, 173
Mississippi Valley, 24-25
Missouri, population of Terri- tory (1812-18), 161-62; fron- tier settlers in, 173
Monroe, Fortress, 204
Montreal, fall of (1760), 1
National Road, see Cumberland Road
New England, westward migra- tion from, 99, 175-77
New Orleans, Indians seek equip- ment at, 18; Jackson's victory, 159
New Orleans, The, first steamboat in West, 168
Niagara, council with Indians at, 17
Northwest Territory, extent of, 1-2; French settlements, 2; Franklin advises British to retain, 20; ignorance of coun- try, 21-22; questions of settle- ment and government, 22 et seq .; settlement, 37 et seq .; 79-82; Continental Congress claims, 71; Treaty of Paris gives to U. S., 75; state claims yield to nation, 77; migration to, 97 et seq .; character of country, 110-12; pioneer life, 112 et seq .; in War of 1812, 151 et seq .; loses frontier charac- ter, 162; religion, 170; educa- tion, 170-71; sectionalism, 173-74; Southern influence, 176-77; national issues, 178- 79; form of government, 179- 80; slavery, 180-84; explora- tions upon upper Mississippi, 189-91; furtrade, 191-93; lead- mining, 194-95; after Black Hawk War, 205-06; Indian treaties, 206-08; bibliography,
219
INDEX
Northwest Territory-Cont'd 211-14; see also names of States
-
Ohio, settlement, 98 et seq .; routes to, 102, et seq .; formed from part of Northwest Terri- tory, 132; admitted as State (1802), 132, 165; means of transportation in, 157; fron- tier settlers in, 172; Southern- ers in, 174-75
Ohio Company, 39, 80-81 Ohio River, emigrants on, 106-09 Ordinance of 1787, 77-78, 131, 180, 181, 182
Oswego, Pontiac surrenders at, 18 Ottawa (Ill.), French settlement near, 2 Ouiatanon, 35
Paine, R. D., The Fight for a Free Sea cited, 153 (note) Paris, Treaty of (1783), 20, 22, 75 Parkman, Francis, quoted, 5-6, 19, 32-33
Perry, Commodore O. H., 154 Pike, Lieutenant Z. M., 190 Pitt, Fort, 15, 16, 17, 34, 36
Pittman, Captain, 34
Pontiac, Indian chief, 3; con- spiracy, 9 et seq .; power broken, 17; further plots, 34; meets Croghan, 35
Presqu'isle (Erie), council with Indians at, 17 Proclamation of 1763, 24, 24 (note), 41-42 "Prophet," see Laulewasikaw Prophet's Town, 139
Putnam, General Rufus, 80, 81, 82
Quebec, province provided under Proclamation of 1763, 24, 24 (note) Quebec Act (1774), 41-43
Radisson, Pierre, 189 Raisin River, 153
Rayneval, secretary to French Foreign Minister, 74
Recovery, Fort, 91
Red Bird, Indian chief, 196, 197 Revolution, effects on West, 45 Rocheblave, commandant at Kaskaskia, 54
Rogers, Major Robert, 3, 4 Roosevelt, Theodore, quoted, 61, 156
Sackville, Fort, 55 Saint Ange de Bellerive, 18, 19, 33, 36
St. Anthony, Falls of, Henne- pin reaches, 190
St. Clair, General Arthur, 81, 84, 85-87, 89
St. Joseph, Fort, 69-70
St. Louis, French settlement near, 2; French town, 18; established (1764), 32; Saint- Ange retires to, 36; under Spanish rule, 69; education in, 171
St. Louis, Fort, 2 Ste. Genevieve, 32 Schoolcraft, Henry, 191
Scioto Company, 81 "Seven Ranges," 80, 99-100
Sheridan, Lieutenant-General P. H., 100
Sherman, John, 100
Sherman, General W. T., 100
Sinclair, Lieutenant-Governor Patrick, 69 Slavery, 180-84 Snelling, Fort, 196
Spain, cessions to, 18, 28; ally of France, 69; seizes Fort St. Joseph, 69-70; American policy, 72-73; plan presented at peace negotiation, 73-74 Stanwix, Fort, Treaty of, 78 "Starved Rock," 2
Sterling, Captain Thomas, 36 Stillman, Major, 202 Symmes, Judge J. C., of N. J., 82
220
INDEX
Tariff, attitude of Northwest toward, 178-79
Taylor, Zachary, 201
Tecumseh, plans confederacy, 135 et seq .; at Prophet's Town, 139; confers with Harri- son at Vincennes, 139-40, 140-43; sympathy with Brit- ish, 148, 150; joins British in 1812, 152; killed, 154 Thames, Battle of the, 154 Tippecanoe, Battle of, 144-47 Transportation, difficulties, 163- 64; highways, 164-68; stage lines, 167; steamboats, 168- 70; Erie Canal, 176; roads and canals, 178; on Mississippi River, 195
Vandalia, projected colony, 39 Vandalia (Ill.), Cumberland Road graded to, 166
Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de, Governor of Canada, 1, 3
Venango, Fort, 14 Vergennes, Charles Gravier,
Comte de, French Foreign Minister, 74 Vigo, François, 60-61
Villiers, Neyon de, 31
Vincennes, French colony, 2; under British, 31; surrenders to Clark, 55; captured by British, 58-59; Clark retakes, 63-66, 69; Harrison and Te- cumseh in conference at, 139- 140, 140-43
Wabash Valley, French settle- ment in, 2
Waite, Chief Justice M. R., 100 Walpole, Thomas, 39
War of 1812, popular in West, 151; standing army, 152; volunteers called, 152; in the West, 153-54; military organization, 154-56; lack of transportation facilities, 157- 158; life of frontier soldiers, 158-59; peace (1815), 160 Warrior, The, Government supply steamer in Black Hawk War, 203
Washington, George, acquires western land, 38-39
Wayne, "Mad Anthony," 89 et seq.
Wayne, Fort, 94, 152; Treaty of, 135
Wekau, Indian chief, 197
Welby, Adlard, quoted, 163
West Florida, province provided under Proclamation of 1763, 24, 24 (note), 33; plan for Spain to resume possession of, 73
Western Reserve, 99, 102, 172, 175 Wharton, Samuel, 39
Whistler, Major, 196, 197 Wilkinson, General James, 190
Willing, The, Clark's boat, 61, 64, 66, 67 Winnebago, Fort, 197 Wisconsin admitted as State (1848), 208 Wythe, George, 51
Date Due
No 18'37
NEC 1 3 '54
JAN 21 '58
APR 3 0 '58
OCT 2 - '58
OCT 2 1 '58
NOV 2 4 58
APR 2 4 '59
DEC 2 - '59
DEC 1. 8 '59
MAY 4 - 450
OCT 2 6 '60
TEO JUNIOR COLLEGE LIE 7
C 8223 V. XIX cop. 2
973
Chronicles
Chronicles of America. Old
Northwest; by Ogg.
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