The history of Madison County, Ohio, Part 79

Author: Brown, Robert C; W.H. Beers & Co., pub
Publication date: 1883
Publisher: Chicago, W.H. Beers & co.
Number of Pages: 1180


USA > Ohio > Madison County > The history of Madison County, Ohio > Part 79


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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The first Postmaster in Midway was James Williamson. The first store was opened by William Holt, who kept a general stock of merchandise, tinware, etc. The first blacksmith was Mr. Boss, situated either on the Barrett or Johnson property. Dr. Clark was the first physician of the town, and he was followed by Drs. Lemon, Garrard, Darling, Atkinson,


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RANGE TOWNSHIP.


Fields, Seaton and others. The present physicians are Drs. Kirkpatrick and Ogan. The town now contains a business representation as follows: Hewett Bros., general store; J. M. Stroup, general store; Rev. Jolin Steele, general store; and Watson Everett. general store: J. H. Asher, drug store; Isaac N. Fisher, hotel; two blacksmiths-Richard Williams and Conn Steele; two wagon-makers-Peter Brow and R. Williams; one undertaker-A. L. Oglesbee; two physicians-Dr. A. Ogan and Dr. Kirkpatrick; and two vet- erinary surgeons-William Core and S. Vincent. The present population is about three hundred. It has two churches-Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian: and one school, and one dealer in agricultural implements, buggies, etc .-- J. R. Shoaf.


Danville .- The land where Danville now stands was formerly owned by Daniel and Joseph Counts, the latter owning the northeast corner, be- tween the crossroads, and the former owing the northwest corner, and all south of the Federal road. About 1827 or 1828, a stock-dealer, Daniel Brown, who had been buying stock and driving to the Eastern markets, pro- posed to open a store at the crossroads. Daniel Counts gave him a piece of land to erect a house upon, and assisted in putting up the building, a hewed-log house, about on the spot where the Housman's store now stands. When the building was completed. Mr. Brown put in a small stock of goods and continued in trade here about three years. He was succeeded by Jo- seph Counts, a brother of Peter Counts. He continued in trade two or three vears, when he removed to Ross County, thence to Springfield. Clark Coun- ty, and finally to Piqua. where he now resides. Finally. Mr. Daniel Counts gave several lots to individuals for the purpose of erecting houses, and the result was the beginning of a town. From the fact that both the proprietors of the town, Mr. Brown and Mr. Counts, were named Daniel, the new town received the cognomen of Danville. About 1836-37, a build- ing was erected where Edward Ulin now resides, for a hotel. It was built by the McClimans Bros., and the hotel was kept by Andrew Willoughby. He was succeeded by John Justis, and he by a succession of others for sev- eral years, this town enjoying a similar trade and prosperity with Midway ยท from the stock-dealers and trade and traffic of those early days. The first blacksmith in the town was James Counts, a brother of Peter Counts. The first shoe-maker was William Mitchell, a one-legged man, a Frenchman by birth, who was in the war. with Perry on the lakes, was taken prisoner, and subsequently he. with many others, was released and came to Chillicothe, and from there Mr. Mitchell came to Danville. The town was laid out and the plat recorded at London October 18. 1848. The town now contains about one hundred inhabitants; has two general stores-Housman Bros. and William Williamson: one blacksmith-Mr. Ross; one grist-mill (steam), erected in 1SS1, by Simeon Martin: one tile factory, by Housman Bros. : and one physician -- Dr. Deem.


SCHOOLS.


One of the early schools of this township was in the David Dye School- house, on land now owned by Mr. Ford. This was a howed-log house. Frank Flood was the first teacher. The next schoolhouse which succeeded this, was the two-story frame house in Midway, now owned by John Jeffers, which was used for school purposes till the present large frame was erected, with two rooms, and hall between one room as a primary department and the other for a grammar school.


From the small cabin schoolhouses which were first built by the early settlers in the various neighborhoods of Range Township, they are now es-


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HISTORY OF MADISON COUNTY.


tablished into eleven subdistricts, with as many good, comfortable frame or brick schoolhouses, and all the houses are kept insured.


The people of this township are now giving especial attention to the erection of brick schoolhouses. Although at this time they have but three out of the eleven built of brick. yet we are informed the School Board has decreed to build one brick house every year until every district is supplied with a good brick house. The Board of Education for 1882 are as follows: Subdistrict No. 1. J. S. Pancake: No. 2. J. W. Kellough; No. 3. Benjamin Emory; No. 4. J. R. Henry: No. 5. W. H. Bowers: No. 6. Wilson Johu son; No. 7. M. L. Yates: No. 8, I. T. Green; No. 9, Clinton Junk; No. 10. L. W. Blizzard; No. 11. G. L. Alkire: with M. L. Yates as President of the Board.


Enumeration in 1881: Subdistrict No. 1-Males, twenty-four; fo- males, twenty: total. forty-four. No. 2-Males. twenty-eight; females, fif- teen; total, forty-three. No. 3 - Males, thirty-one; females, thirty-seven; total. sixty eight. No. 4-Males, twenty-four; females, eighteen; total, forty-two. No. 5-Males, seventeen; females. twelve: total, twenty-nine. No. 6-Males, seventeen; females, eighteen: total, thirty-five. No. 7 -.- Males, thirty-seven; females. forty-two; total, seventy-nine. No. S-Males, fifteen: females, ten; total, twenty-five. No. 9 -- Males, eleven; females, three; total, fourteen. No. 10 -- Males, twenty-two; females, twenty; to- tal, forty-two. No. 11-Males, ten; females. eleven ; total, twenty-one. Total. 442; Independent District, Midway. 120; total enumeration of town- ship, 562. Teachers' wages. average-male. $35; female, $32. School funds for 1881, $5.015.41: paid for tuition, $2,921.46; incidentals: $2,444. - 15: Independent District Midway. total school funds. $960.82: paid for tuition. $726.97; incidentals, $90.28.


CHURCHES.


The first church organized in Range Township was probably the Meth- odist Episcopal Church of Midway. The first preaching-point was at the house of William M. Linton, where it appears a class was early formed, probably about 1812-14, consisting of the following persons: David Dye and wife, Joseph Pancake and wife, Lockhart Biggs and wife. Elizabeth Counts and Septimus Stuthard and wife. These nine persons, it is be- lieved, formed the first class, with David Dye and Joseph Pancake as Class- Leaders. But soon after, the following persons were added: Thomas Hughs and wife, William Chappell and wife, Andrew Johnson and wife, Zachariah Adams and wife, Thomas Bethard and wife, Lemuel Bethard and wife, and Isaac Fisher and wife. Mr. Linton's house continued to be a preaching-point until the building of the David Dye Schoolhouse, after which that was used for church purposes until about 1844; aframe building was erected at Midway, which was occupied for church purposes till the erection of the present church edifice. Among the first ministers who preached at this point were Rev. Nation, Rev. William Sutton. Rev. Young. Rev. Morrow and Rev. John Stewart. The present membership is ninety- seven, with William Bonham and J. H. Asher as Class-Leaders; A. B. Core and R. F. Williams, Stewards; A. B. Core, R. F. Williams, Daniel Greenich, Dr. A. Ogan, William Bonham, Jacob Heavner and Jacob Mc- Daniel, Trustees; and Rev. Isaac Mackey. Pastor. The parsonage for this circuit is located here. A lot adjoining the church property on the north was purchased, and in the summer of 1868 a large, two-story frame house was erected, by Thomas Hughis, at a cost of about $2.000. The house con-


RenBrown DECEASED]


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RANGE TOWNSHIP.


tains seven rooms. with a porch and kitchen; is well-finished and pleasantly located. J. S. Pancake, Washington Withrow and A. B. Core constituted the Building Committee.


The Concord M. E. Church .-- In 1816-17, a class was organized at the house of Richard Gosslee, consisting of the following persons: Richard Gosslee and wife, Charles Holland and wife, Thomas Dawson and wife, and a few others whose names could not be ascertained, with Richard Gosslee as Class-Leader. The house of Mr. Gosslee continued as a preaching place till in 1837, when the present church building was completed, and, in due form, dedicated to service. In 1860, this church was remodeled and re- paired, and rededicated to service by a sermon preached by Rev. A. B. Seo. Some of the early preachers who held services at the house of Mr. Gosslee were Rev. Jacob Hooper. James B. Findley, William Findley and William Westlake. The present membership is thirty-eight, with Samuel Gillespie as Class-Leader: Stewards. Joseph Gillespie and John Shepherd; Trust- ees, Joseph Gillespie. Andrew Shepherd. John Shepherd, John Emory, Isa- iah Gillespie, Milton Shepherd and Samuel Gillespie.


Bethel M. E. Church .-- This society was organized at the house of John Fisher, by Rev. Mr. Maley, in the year 1820 or 1821. The class consisted of the following persons: John Fisher and wife. Elizabeth Fisher, John Morris, Elizabeth Morris, Robert Farrar, Isabel Cox, James Fisher, Sarah Fisher and Prudence Steel. It is believed this first class consisted of ten members. They continued to have preaching at the house of Mr. Fisher, and in summer in the groves of the neighborhood, till the erection of the church, which it is believed was about 1847-4S. These facts of the early organization of this church have been kindly furnished by Mrs. Lydia Brown. the oldest member of Bethel society, and the only surviving daugh- ter of John Fisher now residing in this county. She resides on the old homestead place of her father, and has been a member of Bethel Church nearly all her life. Present membership of the church is eighty-five, with fourteen probationers. Class-Leaders, James S. Pancake, Joseph S. Martin and Christian Wissler; Stewards, James S. Pancake and J. B. Chenoweth; Trustees. J. B. Chenoweth, J. S. Pancake, Allison Grim, Christian Wissler, William A. Johnston, J. S. Martin, J. P. Foster and S. W. Brown.


These three churches whose history is given above, with the Newport Church, whose history is given in the history of Paint Township, and the society formed which holds its services at the Foster Schoolhouse, con- stitute the Midway Circuit, embracing five societies, with five preaching stations. The membership at the Foster Schoolhouse, Oak Run Township. is at present writing seventeen, with D. B. Foster as Class Leader; total membership of the circuit, 320, and twenty-five probationers. This circuit is embraced in the Ohio Conference.


Presbyterian Church. Midiray .-- This society was organized by Rev. C. W. Finley, , with the following persons: Scott Robinson and wife, Margaret Robinson. Mrs. Charlotte Withrow and Mrs. Sarah Corbit: ; and soon after, under the preaching of Rev. James Dunlap, the following names were added as members: Lonisa Counts, George Byers, Samuel Withrow, Barney Evans and wife and his father, Catharine Evans, Rebecca Linson and Nancy Dye, with Samuel Withrow as the first Elder.


Services were first held in the Methodist Church, then for some time they were held in the schoolhouse, and then again in the Methodist Church. Rev. C. W. Finley was their first pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. James Dunlap. Then came Rev. James MeIntire, Rev. Jones, Kev. David


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HISTORY OF MADISON COUNTY.


Kerr, Rev. George Brown and Rev. S. S. Garmo. Under the ministry of Rev. James McIntire, the church edifice was erected in 1863. The present condition is good, with Dr. Findley Kirkpatrick, Maxwell Murray and Rob- ert Harper as Elders. In the erection of this church, a serious accident oc- curred. The girder gave way, precipitating several workmen to the ground, by which William Swank was instantly killed. and John Wonderland had his thigh broken in two places, and others more or less injured. The wounded were attended by Dr. Seaton, of Midway. This church, when first built, was erected with a steeple seventy feet high. In March, 1866, the tall spire was struck by lightning, and the whole building was much damaged. Two corner-stones of the church were thrown out from under the building to quite a distance. In repairing the house. the steeple was built in its present form.


MILLS.


There is comparatively little to be said upon this subject in Range Township, as the majority of the mills that are or have been in the town- ship have been portable mills. or mills of a temporary character. Many of the early settlers would erect a cheap temporary saw-mill on some stream or creek, to be run by water-power, and. as the supply of water was only adequate to run the mill a short time, just when there was high water, the balance of the time the mill was useless. And there has never been a rail- road within the township to give facilities for shipping, or any great value to the lumber of this section: but this township is strictly an agricultural and stock-raising country, and these interests have absorbed the attention and capital of her people, to the general seclusion of everything else. At quite an early day, probably about 1835, William Holt erected a steam saw-mill at Midway. on the Armstrong lot, which was probably one of the first steam- mills in the county. This mill was run a few years and removed to New- port, and there run several years. There are a few portable saw-mills, which move from place to place and do a neighborhood work, but the prin- cipal and permanent mill of this township is the grist-mill at Danville, erected by Simeon Martin in 1881. This must prove a great convenience to the people of this community, as it is centrally located, and the only one in the township.


ROADS AND TURNPIKES.


This township is well supplied with good roads, and all the main lines are free turnpikes. Commencing in the western part of the township, run- ning in a north and south direction through the township, is the London & Midway pike and Bloomingsburg road. Further east, near the center of the township, passing entirely through the township, in the same general direction and almost parallel with the first-mentioned, is the London & Bloomingsburg pike. Further east still is another road, branching off from the London pike above Newport. and taking a general southeastern course, connects in the eastern part of the township with the Federal road near Mnd Run. And lastly, and the principal east and west road of the town- ship, is the Federal road. This road runs almost directly east and west through the township, with about one-third of the township lying south of the road, and the two-thirds lying north of it. At the time the General Government proposed to build a turnpike from the East to the West, from Maryland to St. Louis, her officers first viewed and surveyed this road for that great thoroughfare; but subsequently another survey was made north of London about four miles, which survey was finally adopted, and the great National road built, the acme of magnitude of improvement of that


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RANGE TOWNSHIP.


day and age. And from the fact that the Federal Government surveyed and laid out this road, it has ever since been known as the Federal road. And, although for many years it was merely a mud road yet it became a lively thoroughfare from the West to the East for immense droves of cattle and stock and of general travel. It is said that, before the days of rail- roads, it was no uncommon thing to see as many as two thousand cattle pass over that road in a day on their way to Eastern markets.


SECRET SOCIETIES.


Leanore Lodge, No. 512, F. & A. M., Midway, was declared in work- ing order under a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Ohio, granted Oc- tober 26, 1875, with the following appointed officers: Jeriah Swetland, W. M. ; A. P. Hewett, S. W. ; D. T. Yates, J. W .; Henry McCann, Treasurer; S. J. Paulin, Secretary; Thomas S. Davis, S. D .; John W. Kellough, J. D .; John H. Peters, Tiler. The charter was granted and the lodge insti- tuted November 2, 1876, by O. A. B. Senter, proxy for the Worthy Grand Master of Columbus, Ohio, with the following charter members: Jeriab Swetland, A. P. Hewett, Henry McCann, S. J. Paulin, David T. Yates, Frank Woosley, Thomas S. Davis, John R. Griffith, John W. Kellough, John H. Peters and James H. Horrell. Officered as follows: A. P. Hew- ett, W. M .; Henry McCann, S. W .; David T. Yates, J. W .; J. W. Green, Treasurer; S. J. Paulin, Secretary, Thomas S. Davis, S. D .; Fred L. Wat- kins, J. D .; R. F. Williams and John H. Peters, Stewards; and Daniel Greenich, Tiler. The lodge now numbers forty-seven members, officered as follows: Ambrose Ogan, W. M. ; Henry McCann, S. W .; Lewis Counts, J. W. : Mark L. Yates, Treasurer; S. A. Ireland, Secretary; W. H. Proffitt, S. D .; John Laytham, J. D .; William H. Gillmore, Tiler; R. F. Williams and R. L. Watkins, Stewards. The regular meetings of the lodge are on Thursday evening, on or preceding full of moon.


REMARKABLE STORMS.


In June, 1860, a severe wind and rain storm passed just south of Mid- way, from west to east, destroying considerable timber and fences, but do- ing little damage to buildings. In July of the same year, another severe storm passed north of Midway, taking the same general direction, but more destructive than the former on the timber and fences, and it moved a two- story frame house of William Jones from three to four inches on its foundation. Also, some ten or twelve years since, a wonderful hail-storm, accompanied with wind, passed ever the southern portion of Range Town- ship, doing much damage to houses and other property. the stones not only breaking windows, but even split the weather boarding on the houses. Some of the stones were said to measure eleven inches in circumference. Benjamin Harrison's house was especially damaged by the storm.


TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS.


We find no official records of the elections of the township prior to the .year 1849. Since that date, the officers have been as follows:


Trustees .- 1849-51, Levin Willoughby. John Foster and I. B. Fisher; 1852, I. B. Fisher. Levin Willoughby and Rollin Wilson: 1853, Levin Willoughby, I. B. Fisher and Jesse Watson; 1854, Jesse Watson, Levin Willoughby and Seaman Baldwin; 1855-57, Levin Willoughby, Jesse Wat- son and Seaman Baldwin; 1858, Jesse Watson, I. B. Fisher and Joseph H. Chenoweth; 1859, Joseph H. Chenoweth, David MeClimans and James


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HISTORY OF MADISON COUNTY.


Hornbeck; 1860, Peter Counts, Cyrus Timmons and John Johnson; 1861, Peter Counts, John Johnson and L. S. Baldwin; 1862, L. S. Baldwin, Pe- ter Counts and Jesse Watson: 1863, Peter Counts, Cyrus Timmons and William McClintick; 1864, Jesse M. Linson, William McClintick and L. S. Baldwin; 1865, J. M. Linson. William McClintick and Isaac Reeves; 1866. Cyrus Timmons, John Johnson and Benjamin Harrison; 1867-68, Cyrus Timmons, John Johnson, Sr .. and Benjamin Harrison; 1869, John Fallestine, D. C. Yates and Peter Counts: 1870, Peter Counts, Batteal Harrison and Cyrus Timmons; 1871 -- 72, Cyrus Timmons, Batteal Harrison and John McClimans: 1873, Batteal Harrison, John Johnston, Jr., and Levin Blizzard; 1874-75, Batteal Harrison, John Johnston and Immer Barrett, 1876, John F. Johnston, John Wingfield and Solomon McClimans; 1877, Solomon McClimans, John Killough and John Wingfield; 1878-79, Solo- mon McClimans, Immer Barrett and J. M. Johnston; 1880-81, Solomon Mc- Climans, W. A. Johnston and Nathan Shepherd: 1882, Solomon McCli- mans. W. A. Johnston and J. R. Wingfield.


Justices of the Peace .- 1813. Burton Blizzard and William King; 1814, James Whitesides; 1835, William Johnston; 1837, Burton Blizzard; 1838, William Johnston; 1841-44, Thomas Baldwin; 1840, Burton Bliz- zard; 1843-46, Christian Selsor; 1846, William Johnston; 1849, Vincent Allen and W. A. Koontz; 1852, William Small and Peyton R. Chrisman; 1853, W. A. Koontz; 1854, Woodville A. Freeman; 1856, John J. Bald- win: 1857, W. A. Koontz: 1859. David Haskell; 1860-63, John J. Bald- win: 1862, David Haskell; 1869, John Baldwin and James M. Horrell; 1875, Theodore Hill: 1878. Theodore Hill and G. H. Alkire; 1881, G. H. Alkire and Joshua Ross.


Treasurers .-- 1849, D. M. Jackson; 1850-61. M. Lemon; 1862-70, W. H. Creighton; 1871-73, C. L. Telfair; 1874, Benjamin Harrison; 1875-78. Levin Blizzard: 1879-82. Batteal Harrison.


Township Clerks .- 1849-51, W. A. Koontz; 1852-53, D. C. Bench; 1854-56, N. Baker; 1857. J. D. Reeves; 1858, Levin Willoughby; 1859, William Stroup; 1860, D. D. Johnson; 1863-64, J. H. McDaniel: 1865. W. L. Morgan; 1866, J. H. McDaniel; 1867-74, William Ellars; 1875-76. J. M. Stroup; 1877, P. R. Chrisman: 1878-79, J. M. Stroup: 1880-82. Isaac T. Housman.


Constables .- 1849, Thomas Bethard and I. Norman: 1850, J. Brock and L. McClimans: 1851. P. McDaniel and L. G. McClimans: 1852, L. G. McClimans and A. F. Wright; 1853, James Haggard and W. A. Koontz; 1854-55, William Alspangh and Thomas Bethard; 1856. Thomas Bethard and A. V. Chrisman; 1857, William Alspaugh and Thomas Bethard; 1858. Hugh Workman and George Housman: 1859, Thomas Bethard and Hugh Workman; 1860-61, William Alspaugh and J. B. Housman: 1862-63, Will- iam Alspaugh and Philip McDaniel: 1864, James Reeves and William El- lars; 1865, B. F. Badger and M. W. Cannon; 1866, John Johnson, Jr., and E. C. McClimans; 1867. James Reeves and John Johnson, Jr. : 1868, Will- iam Corson and Moses Foster; 1869, B. F. Badger and John C. Counts; 1870, Joshua Ross and James Reeves: 1871. John W. Sells and C. P. Jeff- ries; 1872, John W. Sells and Hugh Gibblin: 1873, Hugh Gibblin and D. Bragg; 1874, Hugh Gibblin and James Reeves; 1875, Joshua Ross and J. R. Stroup; 1876-77, Jacob McDaniel and Joshua Ross: 1878-82, Thomas W. Wright and Jacob McDaniel.


Assessors. - 1849-53. Thomas Reeves: 1854, William Stroup; 1855- 56, Benjamin Harrison: 1857, D. E. Johnson; 1858-59. Alfred Jenkins;


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RANGE TOWNSHIP.


1860-61, George McClimans; 1862, P. R. Chrisman; 1863-64, John Tim- mons; 1865, Levin Blizzard; 1866-71, John Timmons; 1872, D. D. John- son; 1873, John M. Stroup; 1874-76, William Johnston; 1877-82, James Reeves.


Mayors of Midway .- 1845, James Shepherd; 1846, William Chappell; 1848, Vincent Allen; 1850-51, Thomas Hughs; 1852-53, Vincent Tomlin- son; 1854, Woodville Freeman; 1858, Isaac Norman; 1859, Thomas Hughs; 1860, W. A. Freeman; 1861, R. F. Shepherd; 1863, W. A. Koontz; 1864, N. R. Stanford; 1865, W. A. Koontz; 1866, B. F. Shepherd; 1868-69, William Ellars; 1870, W. J. Bonham; 1872, James H. McDaniel, and 1873-74, Theodore Hill.


1


742


HISTORY OF MADISON COUNTY.


CHAPTER VIII.


PIKE TOWNSHIP.


T HIS township occupies the extreme northwestern corner of Madison County, and is one of the smallest of the fourteen townships compris- ing said county. It is also one of the most regular, in its contour and gen- er al form, being nearly a perfect parallelogram, while nearly all of the other townships of the county are remarkable for their irregularity in shape. Pike is bounded north by Union County. east by Darby Township, south by Monroe and Somerford Townships and west by Champaign County. It was one of the early constituted townships of the county, as upon the records at London we find the following account of its erection. bearing date Septem- ber 5, 1814: " At a meeting of the Commissioners, present Joshua Ewing and William Gibson, ordered, that the following bounds compose a new township, to be known and designated by the name of Pike. Beginning where the State road intersects the north boundary of Madison County and running from thence with said road, so as to include the same till it inter- sects the Urbana road; thence southwardly on a line half a mile east of Lit- tle Darby, till it intersects Jefferson Township line at Mark's survey; thence to Peter Pangh's, southeast corner; thence westwardly with Deer Creek Township line to Champaign County line, and with said county line to the northwest corner of Madison County, and thence with the line between Madison and Delaware to the beginning." In the erection of Union County in 1820, a portion of the above-described territory was embraced in that county, and consequently the north boundary line was changed and Pike made smaller in territory. Again, on March 4, 1839, another change was made in the township of Pike, as follows: " At a meeting of the Commissioners of Madison County, ordered that the following boundaries compose the town- ship of Pike (as surveyed January 24, 1839, by William B. Irwin), to wit: Beginning at the northwest corner of Madison County. thence running on the line between Madison and Union Counties, east by the variation six miles to an elm, corner to Darby Township, Madison County; thence with the line of Darby Township south three miles and 106 poles to four elms; thence south SO degrees west (by the needle) six miles and thirty poles, to the original southeast corner of Pike Township, in the line of Champaign County: thence with said line north four miles to the beginning."


SURFACE, SOIL, ETC.


The surface of this township is level, except along the streams and small creeks, much of it being prairie and oak openings. All that portion between Little Darby and Barron Run extending to the north line of the township, is very level and a beautiful country; also, all west of Barron Run and between that stream and Spring Fork is the same. On the Little Darby and along Barron Run and Spring Fork, the surface is quite uneven, and in a few places to some degree hilly. The soil of the level and prairie portions of the township consist principally of a black loam, with here and there a locality of clay and loam. It is very deep and rich, naturally pro-




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