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1
A HISTORY
OF THE
STATE OF OKLAHOMA
BY 3
LUTHER B. HILL, A. B.
·
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES
VOLUME .I
ILLUSTRATED
THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY CHICAGO NEW YORK 1910 AF
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TO NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY 207570A ASTOR. LENOX AND ... DEN FOUNDATIONS R
1925
L
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PREFACE
In presenting "A History of the State of Oklahoma" the publishers feel that little explanation is necessary. The work describes the "evolution of a state," and has been prepared according to the original design that it should be a standard, comprehensive and authentic reference work. As a casual examination will show, the history is based upon the original sources, and authorities are quoted to prove practically every assertion made.
It should be stated that this is a pioneer work in this field; that no previous attempt has been successfully made to compile, on such an extensive scale, the historical informa- tion that pertains to Oklahoma and the Indian Territory. The material for such an undertaking does not exist within the State of Oklahoma, the records being available in the larger collections of older libraries and in the government archives. For the events of later years, much valuable information has been obtained from individuals in Okla- homa and elsewhere.
In the preparation of the history the author is particularly indebted to Hon. Sidney Clarke, of Oklahoma City, who besides furnishing a large amount of data in the nature of documents and manuscript, has also read the greater portion of the general history and has given the benefit of his wide personal knowledge in revising and correcting the historical material.
Among other local sources, to which acknowledgment should be made, the Oklahoma Historical Society should next be mentioned. Mr. W. P. Campbell, the custodian of the society's collection, offered the use of the material in his care, and was helpful in many ways.
1 115 { 2 1 .01 ) J
Mr. J. B. Thoburn, who was engaged in the preparation of his school history of Oklahoma while this work was in progress, manifeste a kindly interest in this under- taking. The four maps which are published in the first volume of the "History of the State of Oklahoma" were reproduced from the maps in Holcomb and Thoburn's School History.
Of other contributors, acknowledgment is made in the proper place to Mr. J. L. Brown and Mr. W. F. Harn, each of whom prepared an article on a phase of Oklahoma history on which they were well qualified to write. The author and publishers are indebted to many others in Oklahoma for interest and assistance in preparing the history.
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME I
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY
CHAPTER II
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
CHAPTER III
II
BOUNDARIES OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA. .
15
ORIGIN OF THE INDIAN COUNTRY
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
THE INDIAN COUNTRY A REFUGE OF BARBARISM.
37
REMOVAL OF THE INDIANS.
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
THE INTERCOURSE ACT OF 1834 AND PROGRESS OF THE INDIAN TRIBES.
76
THE INDIANS AND THE CIVIL WAR.
CHAPTER VIII
85
CHAPTER IX
ORGANIZATION OF AN INDIAN TERRITORY AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE TRIBES. ..
..
113
THE TREATIES OF 1866.
CHAPTER X
I22
CHAPTER XI
REALIGNMENT OF INDIAN BOUNDARIES, AND REMOVAL OF INDIANS FROM OTHER
STATES TO THE INDIAN TERRITORY .
132
CHAPTER XII
REVIEW OF WESTWARD EXPANSION
CHAPTER XIII
143
THE CATTLE INDUSTRY AND INDIAN TERRITORY
147
CHAPTER XIV
THE WHITE INTRUSION
150
THE FIRST RAILROADS
CHAPTER XV
157
CHAPTER XVI
THE ACT OF 1871 AND CHANGE OF INDIAN POLICY
162
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CONTENTS
ORGANIZED INVASION
CHAPTER XVII
169
CHAPTER XVIII
CAPTAIN PAYNE AND HIS SUCCESSORS.
184
CHAPTER XIX
No MAN'S LAND AND "CIMARRON TERRITORY".
202
OPENING OF OKLAHOMA
CHAPTER XX
CHAPTER XXI
FOUNDING OF CITIES AND ESTABLISHMENT OF LAW AND ORDER.
216
ORGANIZATION OF OKLAHOMA TERRITORY.
CHAPTER XXII
268
CHAPTER XXIII
EXPANSION OF OKLAHOMA TERRITORY ; CESSION AND OPENING OF INDIAN RESERVA-
TIONS
291
LANDS IN SEVERALTY
CHAPTER XXIV
313
THE STATEHOOD MOVEMENT.
CHAPTER XXVI
CHAPTER XXVII
337
CONSTITUTION MAKING AND ADMISSION AS A STATE.
362
CHAPTER XXVIII
THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND PROHIBITION.
374
CHAPTER XXIX
OKLAHOMA'S HERITAGE.
381
APPENDIX
394
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA
414
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THE DAWES COMMISSION
CHAPTER XXV
321
INDEX TO VOLUME I
Abilene, Kansas, 147. Act of 1871, 162-166; how passed, 173. Act of March 2, 1889, Deficiencies of, 206. Act of May 28, 1830, 59. Admission of Oklahoma, President's procla- mation, 368.
"Advisory convention," Delegates to, 270. Agricultural and Mechanical College, 390. Agriculture, 383. Albert, I. B., 535. "Alfalfa State," 383.
Allotment law of 1887, 292. Alva, Founding of, 301. Amalgamation of Indian and white races, 150.
Amendments to constitution, 366, 463. Anadarko, 304, 307. Anti-Saloon League, 376, 378. Apaches, 134. Arbuckle, General, 42, 68. Ardmore, 318.
Arizona and New Mexico in the statehood movement, 343.
Arkansas Territory, 17; Western boundary of, 17, 18, 30. Arkansas laws for Indian Territory, 286.
Arkansas City before the opening, 197, 212; in Cherokee Strip opening, 299. Asp, Henry E., 16. Asphalt, 384. Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Co., 157, 159. Atoka agreement, 323.
Baird, Melville B., 490. Banks and banking, 445. Barnes, Cassius M., 276. Baxter Springs cattle trail, 148. Beale, Mayor A. J., 231, 246, 249. Beatty, William, 513. Beaver City, 202. Bell, Allen, 551. Bell, Jack, 478. Benton, Thomas H., 18, 49, 58, 64. Beveridge, Albert J., 346.
Big Pasture opening, 292, 307. Bill of Rights, 415. Blackburn, John A., 261. Bledsoe, John, 548. Boggs, George G., 543. Bohemian Outfit of Sooners, 260, 262.
Boomers, Organized bodies of, 211, 235. Booth system at Cherokee Strip opening, 299. "Bootlegging," 386. Bourbonnais, Mary, 508.
Boudinot, Elias, 63, 66.
Boudinot, Maj. E. C., 92, 124, 128, 130.
Boudinot, E. C., Jr., 173.
Boudinot, E. C., 339.
Boyd, David R., 389, 392, 393.
Bradburn, Isaac N., 515.
Bradford, George H., 393.
Brady, W. Tate, 486.
Braidwood, Thomas P., 202, 203.
Brant, William H., 503.
Brooks, Caleb R., 263. Broom corn, 383.
Brown, George O., 522.
Brown, J. L., 234, 276; Narrative of early Oklahoma history, 234-254.
Brown, William H., 520.
Bryan, W. W., 496.
"Bunky," 217. Burnes, Peter G., 264.
Bushyhead, D. W., 199. Byrum, James M., 516. Bynum, Robert N., 493.
Cabell's Arkansas brigade, 95. Cabin Creek, Engagement at, 99.
Caddoes and Delawares, 134. Caddo, Kiowa and Comanche counties, 306.
Calhoun, John C., 49, 150.
California gold discoveries and the Indian Country, 117. Calkins, Edward, 479. Camp Arbuckle, 47. Campbell, H. G., 534.
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Campbell, W. P., 404. Campbell, Wilbur E., 474. Camp Radziminski, 48.
Campaign for and against constitution, 365. Capitol Hill, 227. Capitol Hill, Oklahoma City, 260. Carson, W. J., 507.
Cass, Lewis, 37.
Catholic schools in Indian Territory, 387. Catlin, George, 41, 79.
Cattle in Indian Territory, 153.
Cattle Industry and Indian Territory, 147- 149.
Cattle syndicate against land openings, 297. Cattle trails through Indian Territory, 148. Cattlemen in Indian Territory, 176.
Cattlemen, "Oklahoma boomers," and In- dians, 149.
Cattlemen vacate the Strip, 297.
Certificate system for town lots, 231.
Cessions of land in treaties of 1866, 126.
Chamberlain, Charles, 263.
Chandler, 295.
Charter election at Oklahoma City, 249. Chase, O. G., 202.
Cherokee act of union, 68.
Cherokee citizenship claims, 318.
Cherokee Civil war, 65, foll.
Cherokee Commission, 297, 318.
Cherokee Confederate regiment, 88.
Cherokee constitution, 53.
Cherokee convention at Fort Gibson, 68.
Cherokee country, Desolation of after the war, 106, 107.
Cherokee laws and white intruders, 152.
Cherokee migration of 1809, 26.
Cherokee Nation a state, 54.
Cherokee Nation, Settlement of other In- dians among, 136.
Cherokee Neutral Lands in Kansas, 31. Cherokee old settlers, 68.
Cherokee Regiment, 91.
Cherokee removal, 60, 64.
Cherokee Strip, 212, 239; cession, 297; opening, 291 ; opening regulations, 299; opening, National conditions affecting, 301 ; townsites, 300.
Cherokee Strip Association, 213.
Cherokee treaty of 1817, 26; treaty of 1828, 29; treaty of 1833, 30; treaty of 1835, 31, 64; treaty of 1846, 70; treaty of 1866, 126.
Cherokees, 18; in 1834, 79; in 1839, 81 ; in 1863, 97.
Cherokees, a civilized community, 166.
Cherokees, Civil condition in 1844, 70.
Cherokees in Georgia, 51, 62.
Cherokees, Eastern and Western, 26.
Cherokees, History of, 51.
Cherokees, Negotiations with during and after Civil war, 120.
Cherokees object to railroad, 158.
Cherokees' relations with intruders and general government, 318.
Cherokees and the freedmen, 125.
Cherokees and Osages, Hostility between, 27.
Cherokees and the Civil war, 87. Cherokees, Western, in 1819, 27.
Cheyenne and Arapahoe allotment agree- ment, 296.
Cheyenne and Arapahoe cattle leases, 197. Cheyennes and Arapahoes in 1872, 135.
Cheyenne and Arapahoe reservation opened, 291.
Cheyenne and Arapahoe treaty of 1867, 134. Cheyenne and Arapahoe uprising of 1885, 175.
Chickasaws and Choctaws, 32.
Chickasaw and Choctaw treaty of 1866, 127.
Chickasaws, 71; in 1839, 81; Removal of, 60.
Chickasaw "leased district," 72.
Chickasaws and the Confederacy, 86.
Chickasaw treaty of 1832, 72; treaty of 1855, 72.
Chilocco Indian Agricultural school, 389. Chisholm cattle trail, 148.
Choctaw and Chickasaw agreement of 1898, 323.
Choctaw and Chickasaw laws regulating in- truders, 152.
Choctaw and Chickasaw treaty of 1866, 125, 126, 157.
Choctaws and Chickasaws and the freed- men, 125.
Choctaws and Chickasaws, Relations of, 82. Choctaw treaty of 1820, 31 ; of 1830, 33. Choctaw-Chickasaw treaty of 1866, 315. Choctaw claims to Greer county, 304.
Choctaw Nation and schools, 388.
Choctaw Nation in Civil war, 85.
Choctaw removal, 60.
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INDEX
Choctaws, 31, foll .; reservation in Indian Country, 32; in 1839, 81 ; Leadership of, 81; Condition after removal, 71; Condition of at close of war, 106. Choteau, Pierre, 25.
Chusto-Talasah, Battle, 89.
"Cimarron Territory," 202-204.
Cities of Oklahoma, 216, foll.
Citizens' League, 380.
"Citizens' " meeting, 244.
Citizens' party at Oklahoma City, 219.
Citizen Pottawatomie cession, 294.
Citizens' survey at Oklahoma City, 241.
Citizenship for the Indians, 165.
Civil conditions in Oklahoma before terri- torial organization, 272.
Civil conditions in Indian Territory, 341. Civil war and cession of Indian Territory, 119
Civil war and Indian Territory, 5, 85-110. Claim jumping at Oklahoma City, 228.
Claimants to Indian citizenship, 155.
Claremore Radium Wells Co., 496.
Clark, John A., 528.
Clark, John G., 261.
Clark, Will H., 261.
Clark, W. S., 517.
Clarke, Sidney, 130, 219, 239, 339, 404, 410; Narrative, 170-183.
"Clarke" street, 240.
Clay, Henry, 19.
Cleveland, Grover, Attitude toward Okla- homa opening, 177; Proclamation con- cerning Couch colony, 197.
Cline, Henry R., 488.
Coal, 384; Discovery of at McAlester, 154. Code Napoleon, 13.
"Colony Crowd," 239, 240.
Comanches, 133, 134; state of in 1834, 43. Comanche and Kiowa treaty of 1865, 132.
Commissioner to the five civilized tribes, 321.
Common Law in Oklahoma, 16.
Common schools in enabling act, 357; ap- propriation for support of, 357.
Community system of landholding, 314. Compromise of 1850, 19, 20.
Confederation of Indian tribes, 127.
Confederate operations in Indian Territory, Plan of, 86. Confederate raid of 1864, 99. Conflicting court jurisdictions in Indian Territory, 317.
Constitution of Oklahoma, 414-470; Edi- torial comment on, 396; Failure to file, Explanation of, 370; Making of, 362, foll .; Injunction suit against, 366; sign- ers of, 468; Vote on, 368.
Constitutional convention at Muskogee, 350. Constitutional convention, 362; Criticisms of, 364; delegates, 355; re-assembles, 366, 397, foll.
Constitutional convention and prohibition, 378.
Constitutional schedule, 463.
Cook, W. Albert, 492.
Cooley, D. N., 122.
Cooper, Douglas H., 86.
Corn, 383.
Cornell, E. E., 535.
Coronado Expedition, 4.
Corporations, 431.
Corporate commission, 433.
Cotten, F. L., 526.
Cotten, J. L., 526.
Cotton raising, 82 ; 83.
Couch, Capt. W. L., 174, 176, 178, 192, 219, 225, 235, 238, 239, 247, 249, 408.
"Council bill No. 7," 252.
Council Grove, 176, 197.
Counties, 446; Boundaries, 447; County seats, 447.
Courts for Indian Territory, 285. Craig, Henry C., 552.
Creek cession of 1866, 126; cession of Okla- homa lands, 205.
Creek Indians, 33, foll .; Condition of in 1834, 79; and Civil war, 88; after the war, 108; and liquor traffic, 375; and the freedmen, 126; Loyal, 90; Removal of, 60, 73.
Creek treaty of 1833, 34; treaty of 1866, 126; treaty of 1825, 33; of 1832, 34. Creeks and Seminole treaty of 1856, 35. Creeks and Seminoles in 1839, 81.
Creel, F. W., 526.
Crocker, Samuel, 190, 264.
Crop failures in early Oklahoma, 381, 382. Cross Timber country, 39. Crutcho organization of sooners, 260.
Cullum, J. E., 508.
Cullom, Shelby M., 173.
Curtis act of 1898, 321, 322, 324, 325, 389. Dale, Frank, 243.
Dawes Commission, 6, 321-333; member- ship of, 321 ; work of, 327.
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Dawes Commission and liquor traffic, 375. Dawes Commission and statehood, 345. Dawes Commission, 152. De facto government, 223.
Delaware Indians, 136.
Delegates to constitutional convention, List of, 362.
Denial of jury trials in Oklahoma City, 247. Denominational schools of Oklahoma, 388. Depredations and robbery in Indian Terri- tory in Civil war, 102.
de Toqueville on the Indian policy, 58.
Dick, Louis O., 264. Dille, John I., 230.
Dimmers, Arthur, 548.
Dinwiddie, E. C., 376, 378.
Disintegration of Indian Territory, 5.
Dodge, Col. Henry, 41.
Dodge Expedition, 41.
Dodson, Samuel D., 547.
Doughitt, William A., 550.
Douglas, Stephen A., 21.
Downing, Phillip H., 516.
Doyle, Thomas, 301.
Doyle, Thomas H., 343.
Drew, Col. John, 88.
Durant, W. A., 371.
Dwight Mission, 81, 388.
East Guthrie, 227.
Eaton, George W., 499.
Edmond, 390; Establishment of town, 231.
Education, 387-393, 444.
Education among Choctaws and Chickasaws in Civil war, 108.
"Eighty-niners," 381.
Election proclamation for vote on consti- tution, 367. Elzo, Sam, 547.
Enabling act for Statehood of Oklahoma, 353-361. Enid, Founding of, 301.
Epworth University, 393.
Escheti, Abandonment of, 307.
Evans, James G., 539.
Executive department, 424.
Executive department of Oklahoma terri- tory, 277. Executive order of 1885, 149.
Farris, W. W., 540. Federal court at Muskogee, 229. Ferguson, Thompson B., 276.
"Filibuster" against statehood in the sen- ate, 348.
First city election, record of, in Oklahoma City, 221.
First city election, Proclamation for in Okla- homa City, 220.
First counties of Oklahoma Territory, 275, 277. "First Eight Months of Oklahoma City," 217.
First general election held in Indian Terri- tory, 351.
First municipal government in Oklahoma, 203.
First statehood convention, 338.
First territorial election, 275.
First territorial legislature, 276.
Fishback, Governor of Arkansas, Letter to President Cleveland, 386.
Five civilized tribes, Political status of, 316. Flynn, Dennis T., 365; statehood bill, 179, 343, 347. Folsom, Col. David, 82.
Forster, J. W., 537.
Fort Arbuckle, 47.
Fort Cobb, 47, 133.
Fort Coffee, 47.
Fort Gibson, 30, 38, 47; and whisky trade, 83. Fort Holmes, 47.
Fort Reno military reserve, 139.
Fort Sill, 305.
Fort Smith, 46, 317.
Fort Smith council of 1865, 122.
Fort Towson, 47, 82.
Fort Wayne, 47.
Fort Wayne, Battle of, 92.
Forts Washita, Cobb and Arbuckle, Sur- render of, 85.
Forts in Indian Territory, 46.
Fort Washita, 47.
Forty-sixth star, 399.
Foster, Harry V., 546.
Founding of cities, 216-267.
Frantz, Frank, 276, 367.
"Free homes," 341.
Freedmen, 109; in Indian Territory, 125. French influence in Oklahoma, 4. French residents intermingling with In- dians, 150.
Frisco convention against provisional terri- torial government, 270. Frisco Railroad, 159.
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Frontier conditions in Oklahoma, 386. Fruit culture, 383.
Galbreath, Robert, 473. Gallinger-Stone prohibition 377. Gano, Gen. R. M., 88, 99.
amendment,
Garfield, James A., and Indian Territory, 182. Garland, Attorney General, opinion on cat- tle leases, 198. Garland, Attorney General, and the cattle- men, 176. Gas, 384, 385. Gault, Frank M., 243, 264. Geary, . James, 248.
Gee, Vernon H., 545. Gilbert, J. F., 501.
Gilliland, J. D., 553.
Glenn Pool, 473.
Gore, Thomas P., 372.
Gould, C. N., 384.
Government training schools, 389. Governor, Powers and Duties of, 425. Governor of Oklahoma state, vote on first, 368
Governors of Oklahoma territory, 276. Granfield, Town of, 308.
Grand avenue in Oklahoma City, 241.
Grand council of 1865, 122. Grand Council at Fort Smith, 122.
Grand council of Indian tribes, 129. Grant, U. S., and Indian Territory, 181. Green, F. W., 272. Greer county, 284. Greer County case, 18, 292, 303. Grimes, Charles W., 494. Grimwood, O. W., 532.
Guthrie, 178, 227; on April 22, 1889, 230; seat of government, 251 ; and statehood movement, 342; Provisional city gov- ernment, 225. Guthrie land office, 255. Guthrie townsite, 230. Guthrie, Ledru, 219.
Hainer, B. T., 366. Hammett, A. Miller, 483. Hanraty, Pete, 363. Hanson, B. C., 546. Hard times in early Oklahoma, 381. Harn, W. F., 254, 261. Harney, Gen. W. S., 123.
Harrison, Benjamin, 256; 382; and the Oklahoma opening, 207.
Harvey, D. A., 248. Haskell, Charles N., 350, 369, 379.
Hatch, M. P., 554.
Hawley, S. DeZell, 479.
Hayes, Rutherford B., and Indian Terri- tory, 182. Heal, Stephen D., 524.
Helm, Lina P., 518.
Henderson, Moses M., 544.
Hill, R. M. C., 538.
Hindman, Gen. T. C., 91.
Hobart, 304, 307. Hoffman, Roy, 263.
Holland, Cicero L., 482.
Homestead contests, 226, 229.
Homestead contest in land department, 257.
Homesteads and exemptions, 444.
Homesteads in Oklahoma territory, 284.
Honey Springs, Battle of, 95.
Hopkins, Maj. Henry, 99.
Hopoeithleyohola, 88, 108.
Horseshoe Bend battle, 34.
Horticulture, 383.
House of Representatives, Members of first, 394. Hudiburg, John G., 529. Hughes, W. C., 363.
Hutchinson, James, 542.
Impeachment and Removal from Office, 431.
Indian cessions after the war, 119.
Indian education, 79.
Indian expedition, Union, 91.
Indian general council of 1837, 115.
Indian grazing lands, leasing of, 151.
Indian citizens, Dawes Commission de- cisions, 323.
Indian citizenship claims, 155.
Indian colonization, 49, 59.
Indian commonwealth, planned, 113.
Indian concentration, Plan of, 145.
Indian Country, First defined, 18; in 1832, 38; in 1839, 80; in 1850, 20; after the Mexican war, 117; Meaning of, 143; Origin of, 23-36. Indian international convention of 1885, 199 Indian land cessions in Oklahoma territory, 291-309. Indian land tenure, 53.
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Indian Lands, 313-320. Indian Peace Commission of 1867, 120.
Indian policy, 49; in 1839, 116; Change of, 162. Indians, Policy of concentration, 29. Indian question, The, 166.
Indian removal, Protests against, 57; Re- ports on, 61, 62.
Indian removal and the traders, 61.
Indian trader system, 45, 76.
Indian treaties, Hollowness of, 162; Modi- fication of, 171.
Indian tribal courts, 317, 325.
Indian Tribes, Consolidation of, 113-121; Progress of after removal, 76, foll .; Removal of small tribes to Indian Ter- ritory, 118.
Indian troops in the Civil war, 97.
Indians becoming citizens of the United States, 289; Early federal relations, 23, foll .; protest against territorial organi- zation, 172; protest against statehood, 344; the loyal, 98; to be removed to Oklahoma country, 201; and federal government, 55; and whites, Amalga- mation of, 150.
Indian Territory, 76; in 1863, 97; in 1864, 98; in 1865, 100; a refuge of outlaws, 386; Changes in after Civil war, 125; Condition at close of war, 105; Courts established in, 285; Educational af- fairs, 387; First general election in, 351; Its fitness for statehood, 351; Northern boundary of, 21 ; Operations in in 1861, 88; Organization of, 113- 121 ; Partition of among Indian tribes, 132-139; Population of, 395; Progress of, 153; Relative advancement, 340; Situation in 1862, 91; Survey of, 321 ; The Name, 143.
Indian Territory townsites and Dawes Com- mission, 324.
Indian Territory's influences on the new state, 385.
Indian Territory and free intercourse with the nation, 169.
Indian Territory and the Railroads, 148. Indian Territory, and white towns and cities, 318.
Initiative and Referendum, 418.
Injunction suit of Woods county against constitution, 366. Insurance, 461.
Inter-tribal council, 127. Inter-tribal federation, 162.
Intercourse act of 1834, 76-84, 151, 374. Interpretation of opening proclamation, 236. Inter-territorial statehood convention of 1893, 340.
Intruders, 145, 153, 316; Classes of, 154; and Indians, Conflict of, 154.
Iowa reserve, 294.
Iowa, Sac and Fox and Pottawatomie open- ings, 291. Iowa tribe, 138. Irving, Washington, 38. Isolation of Indians, 163.
Jackson, Andrew, 51, 55; Indian policy, 56; on Indian policy, 77.
Jarvis, W. M., 521.
Jefferson, Thomas, 13, 23, 143.
Jenings, Harry, 498.
Jenkins, William M., 276.
"Joint and single statehood," 347.
Jol-lee, Creek chief, 79.
Jones, Asa, 210.
Jones, C. G., 370.
Jones, Rev. Evan, 85.
Johnson, Andrew, and organization of In- dian Territory, 181.
Judicial department, 428.
Judicial districts in state of Oklahoma, 359. Judicial home rule for Indian Territory, 317. Jumper, John, 88.
Kansas Free-state party, 145, 170.
Kansas-Nebraska bill, 21, 118.
Kansas and Nebraska, 145.
Kansas and Oklahoma Territory, 410.
Kansas Pacific Railroad, 147.
Kearney, S. W., 41.
"Kee-too-wha" secret order, 85.
Kell, Town of, 308. Kennedy, Abraham L., 521.
"Kickapoo" council, 249. Kickapoo emigration to Mexico, 302.
Kickapoo Indians, Allotment and cession of lands, 302.
"Kickapoo" meetings, 249.
"Kickapoos," 234; Origin of name, 246.
Kickapoo reserve, 138; opening, 291. Kieff, John W., 495.
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