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-
A HISTORY
of
THE CHURCH OF THE BRETHREN in SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
by
THE HISTORICAL COMMITTEE
Edited by J. LINWOOD EISENBERG, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D. Pastor of the Church of the Brethren Shippensburg, Pa.
Quincy Orphanage Press Quincy, Pa.
The ownership of this history is vested in the Church of the Brethren of the Southern District of Pennsylvania through its Historical Committee, G. W. Harlacher, Chairman; Sudie M. Wingert, Secretary ; A. S. Baugher, Treasurer; Mrs. Annie Sheets and M. E. Sollenberger.
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GERMANTOWN MEETING HOUSE IN 1899 The original meeting house is in foreground.
HISTORICAL COMMITTEE
First row, left to right: Sudie M. Wingert, Secretary; Mrs. Annie Sheets; second row: G. W. Harlacher, A. S. Baugher, M. E. Sollenberger.
Dedicated to
Our Forefathers who served so faithfully to preserve and promote the Teachings of Christ as interpreted by The Church of the Brethren in The District of Southern Pennsylvania
FOREWORD
Christian Greetings to the Churches of the Southern Dis- trict of Pennsylvania, Church of the Brethren:
You are to be commended for having taken the important step of putting a part of your history into a permanent record. I have watched with much interest for several years the progress of the work on that assignment. You are to be congratulated that you have in your midst folks inter- ested and faithful from whom to form a Committee with a sense of historical values, and able to meet dis- couragements, and to keep on going, when the going was hard; and also, I con- gratulate you on having in your own ministry a man so well qualified by educational preparation and experience, in the person of Dr. J. Linwood Eisenberg, as your Editor of this splendid his- torical program. I am highly gratified with what you have accomplished in your Dis- trict, and mine, and for your ELDER GEORGE NESS FALKENSTEIN ancestors and mine, natu- rally and spiritually to the third and fourth generations. You will understand more fully the responsibility of your in- heritance, and it will qualify you the better to serve your day and generation, and qualify them for their day to come.
The Lord bless you, and make you a blessing. Sincerely and fraternally,
GEORGE NESS FALKENSTEIN.
IX
INTRODUCTION
It is a difficult undertaking to write the history of an organization or an institution covering a period of more than two hundred years. The truth of this statement becomes increasingly clear when one reflects upon some of the major events in American history which have occurred during the past two centuries. A number of the congregations included in the area covered by Southern District of Pennsylvania were organized more than thirty years before the Declaration of Independence was signed. The first congregations were under the political jurisdiction of the King of England, George III. These churches continued and prospered through the years of the French and Indian Wars, the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Civil War, and a World War. Probably no- where was the impact of the slavery question felt more keenly than along the Mason and Dixon Line.
Again, this period of more than two centuries has with- out doubt witnessed greater social, economic and industrial upheaval than any other A. C. BAUGHER, M.S., PH.D. President of Elizabethtown College. thousand-year period in the history of mankind. The epoch-making inventions, the establishment of national pub- lic education, migration across a continent, startling scientific discoveries, expanding com- merce, rapid travel, and ease of communication have deeply affected the life of the Church of the Brethren in Southern Pennsylvania as it has every one throughout the country.
There is another factor which makes the writing of a his- tory covering this early period in the life of our church difficult. It is the inadequacy of reliable records. However, such records as have been available, and the memory of those older, were drawn upon in writing the most authentic history.
Carlyle said, "history is the essence of innumerable biographies". In a large measure, this is true. Great move- ments invariably revolve about great personalities. Conse-
XI
INTRODUCTION
quently, the history of the Southern District of Pennsylvania will devote considerable space to the biographies of individual leaders and their families. It must of course be understood that it is impossible to mention all whose names should be brought forward. Time and space make this impossible.
The committee appointed to write the history of the Southern District of Pennsylvania has indeed been fortunate in securing the services of Doctor J. Linwood Eisenberg as editor. His education, experience, and interest qualify him for this task. His many years in the educational work of the State as a dean, and a president of a State Teachers College for almost a quarter of a century, his wide experience in the ministry and his acquaintance with the genius of the people about whom he writes, enable him to not only assemble records, but to write clearly about a people to whom he himself belongs.
Those who read this history should remember that history is more than a record of past events. It is a witness of what has happened. The proverbial saying that "history repeats itself", is not even a half truth. The events of the human family are certainly more than a merry-go-round. They are more like a spiral upward. As you read this history we hope you will see the gradual unfolding of a human drama as it is taking place among the people of the Southern District of Pennsylvania. We trust that in it may seem the pattern of the Kingdom of God, slowly but surely unveiling iteslf. This then becomes the sincere message of the book.
Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania
A. C. BAUGHER.
March 29, 1941
PREFACE
The Editor, reared in the Coventry Church and familiar from early childhood with the Germantown church through reports of my honored father, John Y. Eisenberg, given every four weeks after his Sunday visits to Germantown and my own periodic ministry at that historic spot, has found real pleasure in bringing together
the historical data of Southern Pennsylvania. Without that early contact, and the acquaint- ance with Brother Abraham H. Casel of Harleysville, Pennsylvania, who knew thoroughly the History of the Early Church, the task would have seemed too great to undertake.
My acquaintance in youth with practically all of the leaders of the church in the troublesome days of the decade 1880 to 1890 gave me an understanding of many of the problems of the early days of the congrega- tions of Southern Pennsyl- vania.
The above background combined with an interest in history caused me to accept the invitation of the His- torical Committee to edit the History.
J. LINWOOD EISENBERG, A.M., PH.D., LL.D. Pastor of the Shippensburg Church of the Brethren, Editor.
The credit for this volume in general belongs to the Historical Committee of Southern Pennsylvania consisting of Elder G. W. Harlacher, Chairman; Sister Sudie M. Wingert, Secretary; Elder A. S. Baugher, Treasurer; Sister Annie Sheets, and Brother M. E. Sollenberger. The work with this committee has been most pleasant.
The Committee began its work in 1934 by suggesting a general plan to each congregation and requesting the appoint- ment of an individual or a committee to gather the data. This plan was followed. Most of the material was given into the hands of Sister Wingert who checked and coordinated it. The chapters on the congregations were therefore for the most part written by individuals or committees of the several
XIII
PREFACE
churches. The chapters on special activities of the district were prepared in the same way by individuals or committees of people most directly interested in the special activity.
To all who have worked so faithfully, I wish to express my own appreciation and that of the committee.
Acknowledgment is made to the various histories of the church and other historical documents from which data has been used.
Most of the cuts have been made from pictures secured through the several congregations. It is regretted that the pictures of some of the older leaders are not available, mostly because they conscientiously objected to having the pictures taken.
Appreciation is due the Brethren Publishing House at Elgin for the cuts that they were able to lend for the period of the printing.
Every effort has been made to have this history a record of facts. Where possible, dates have been checked against. documentary records. In some cases statements are based upon the memory of older interested people. The minute books of the several congregations have furnished much of the information. District and Annual Meeting minutes have been checked carefully. An effort has been made to have names spelled accurately.
MISS SUDIE M. WINGERT Secretary of the Historical Committee.
The Editor has found it necessary to eliminate much of the material because of duplication. In some cases eliminations have been made because the material was not of an historical nature.
It is especially fine that the Forward has been written by Elder George N. Falken- stein and the Introduction by Dr. A. C. Baugher, both sons of Southern Pennyslvania.
Too much credit cannot be given to Sister Sudie Win- gert for her careful historical research which took her to the court records of the sev- eral counties, college and public libraries, church rec- ords of individual congrega- tions, District and Annual Meeting records, as well as personal visitation and much correspondence. The manu-
XIV
PREFACE
script nas been read by her with special reference to historical data.
I wish too to express my appreciation to my very helpful wife, Emma Johnson Eisenberg, for her numerous suggestions. She has been especially helpful in correcting the English of the manuscript.
The editing of this material has been a labor of love and increasing interest.
I trust you will be patient with shortcomings and any inaccuracies which may appear.
With the prayerful desire that the present generation may be inspired to more faithful service in the work of the Master this volume is submitted for your consideration.
J. LINWOOD EISENBERG,
July 28, 1941
Editor.
XV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Forward
VIII
Introduction
IX
Preface
XI
List of Illustrations
XXI
Chapters
I. Origin of the Church 2
Germany, United States, Southern Pennsylvania
II. Congregations of Southern Pennsylvania 7
Antietam 7
Back Creek
42
Big Conewago-Divided into Lower and Upper
Conewago, 1849
51
Boiling Springs
56
Buffalo
58
Carlisle
70
Chambersburg
76
Codorus
81
Falling Springs
99
Greencastle
107
Hanover
113
Huntsdale
121
Lower Conewago
126
Lower Cumberland
139
Lost Creek
143
Marsh Creek 149
154
Mt. Olivet 156
New Fairview 160
Newville 165
Perry
167
Pleasant Hill 169
Ridge 171
Shippensburg 174
Sugar Valley 181
Upper Codorus 199
Upper Conewago 209
Waynesboro
224
XVII
Mechanicsburg
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Welty 259
York-First and Second Churches 262
York-Madison Avenue 285
III. Our District-District Meetings 290
IV. Brethren's Home
309
V. Children's Aid Society
316
VI. Missionary Activities of the District
327
VII. Missionary Reading Circle
337
VIII. Ministerial and Sunday School Meetings
346
IX. Women's Work Organization
365
X. Young People's Work
XI. Education 380
375
Board of Christian Education
380
Relation to Juniata College 383
Relation to Elizabethtown College 386
XII. Annual Meeting's 392
XIII. Related Organizations 404
XIV. Special Biography 410
XV. Biographical List 420
XVI. List of Congregations and Present Presiding Elder 435
XVIII
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
The Germantown Meeting House in 1899
Historical Committee
VII
Elder George Ness Falkenstein
A. C. Baugher, President, Elizabethtown College VIII
J. Linwood Eisenberg, Editor X
Miss Sudie M. Wingert XI
Schwarzenau
Coventry Brethren Church-Second Building
4
Map of Southern District
8
Prices Church-Built 1795
14
Ministers and Wives, Antietam Congregation
27
Benjamin E. Price
28
Preaching Appointments, Antietam
30
Rouzerville Church, Antietam Congregation
36
Brandts Church
42
Upton Church
44
Shanks Church
45
Home of Elder John Shank
45
Mrs. Mary Catherine Emmert Miller and Granddaughter
16
Elder J. Kurtz Miller
47
McConnellsdale Meeting House
48
Elder M. B. Mentzer and Wife
48
Elder Edgar Landis and Wife
49
Ezra D. Auman and Wife
49
Elder John Lehner and Wife
50
Elder David A. Faust
50
Facsimilie Teller's Sheet-Election 1847
54
Boiling Springs Church of the Brethren
56
Bakers Church, Lower Cumberland 57
58
John G. Royer
59
House Where Buffalo Church Was Organized
60
Isaiah Beaver and Wife
61
John L. Beaver and Wife 62
63
Minister Samuel Starook 64
Elder Mervyn W. Mensch and Wife
65
Elder Green Shively and Wife 65
67
Buffalo Church Group, 1941
69
Carlisle Church and Parsonage 71
XIX
6
Home of Bishop William Stover
11
Prices Church-Built 1890
18
Elder Jacob Snider and Wife
Pastor J. Albert Cook and Wife
Deacon Jacob S. Shively and Wife
Buffalo Church in 1864, Present Meeting Place
2
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Elder H. M. Snavely, Pastor
72
Ministers and Wives, the Carlisle Church
73
Carlisle Church, Deacons and Wives
75
Chambersburg Church 77
Auditorium Chambersburg Church 77
Ralph G. Rarick, Pastor, and Wife
78
Official Board, Chambersburg
79
Parsonage, Chambersburg Church
80
Salem Meeting House
81
Keeney Homestead
82
Original Joseph Y. Myers Home
83
Codorus Church
84
Elder Jacob Shamberger
86
Elder Jacob M. Myers and Wife
37
Elder D. Y. Brillhart and Wife
89
Elder J. H. Keller and Wife
90
Elder S. B. Myers and Wife
93
Official Board, Codorus Church
95
Elder S. C. Godfrey and Wife
96
Pleasant Hill Church, Codorus Congregation
97
New Freedom Church, Codorus Congregation
97
Shrewsbury Church, Codorus Congregation
98
Elder William C. Koontz and Wife
99
Elder Samuel E. Gearhart
99
Elder Welty G. Smith
100
Ministers of Falling Springs Congregation
101
Browns Mill Church
103
Hade Church
105
Falling Springs Church
106
Exterior of Church, Greencastle
109
Interior of Church, Greencastle
110
Official Board, Greencastle 111
Choir, Greencastle 111
112
Hanover Church as Remodeled by Mission Board
114
Hanover Church, Remodeled 1841
114
Elder B. F. Masterson and Wife
115
Elder D. H. Baker
115
Deacon Edward K. Hetrick and Wife
116
Deacon Cornelius Weaver and Wife 117
Deacon Wilson B. Harlacher 117
118
Elder B. F. Kline and Wife
119
Elder J. E. Myers and Wife
120
Elder J. M. Stauffer and Wife
120
Minister E. E. Baugher and Wife 120
Elder Daniel Keller 121
Elder Jacob Hollinger and Wife, Mary Ann
122
XX
Elder C. E. Grapes
Elder Henry S. Baker and Wife 116
Elder B. C. Whitmore and Wife
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Huntsdale Church
123
Huntsdale Church in 1941
123
Elder John F. Stamy and Wife
124
Huntsdale Official Board
125
Facsimilie of Vote on Division and Election, Lower Conewago
127
First Certificate
128
Bermudian Church
129
Wolgemuth Church
131
Altland Meeting House
134
Elder O. W. Cook and Wife
135
Ministers and Wives, Lower Conewago
136
Elder S. S. Sheffer and Wife 137
Deacons and Wives, Lower Conewago 138
Mohlers Church-Lower Cumberland 141
Elder William Murphy and Wife 142
Good Will Church, Lost Creek Congregation 144
Elder George Strawser and Wife 144
Smith Homestead, First Love Feast in Lost Creek 145
Elder J. E. Rowland and Wife 146
Elder C. E. Grapes and Wife 146
147
Oriental Church, Lost Creek Congregation 147
Free Spring Church, Lost Creek Congregation 148
Richfield Church, Lost Creek Congregation 149
Marsh Creek Church of the Brethren 150
152
W. A. Keeney and Wife 152
Elder W. G. Group and Wife 153
Elder B. F. Lightner and Wife 153
Church and Parsonage, Mechanicsburg 155
155
Mt. Olivet Church 157
Pastor Earl S. Kipp
158
Elder Wm. H. Miller 159
New Fairview Church and Congregation
161
Elder Michael Markey and Wife 163
164
Newville Church 166
166
Pastor Cletus S. Myers
167
Three Springs Church, Perry Congregation
168
Elder Edmund D. Book
169
Elder G. Howard Danner 170
Elder John Fogelsanger 171
Ridge Church of the Brethren 173
Shippensburg Church 176
Deacon W. M. Fogelsanger and Wife 176
Deacon Wm. H. Fogelsanger 177
132
Elder Hezekiah Cook
Elder J. A. Buffermeyer and Wife
John M. Myers and Wife
Elder J. Lloyd Nedrow, Pastor
Ministers and Deacons, New Fairview Congregation
Elder S. M. Stouffer
XXI
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Elder Ross D. Murphy, First Pastor
178
Elder David Fogelsanger 178
Presiding Elder S. A. Myers and Wife 179
Official Board, Shippensburg 180
Daniel Shroyer and Wife 182
Eastville Church, Sugar Valley Congregation
183
Alfred Miller and Wife .
184
B. Frank Long and Wife, Elder Charles Schwenk and Wife 185
John Boone and Wife 185
Chester Shroyer 186
Home of Christian Royer 191
Farm of Henry Hohf 192
First Church at Black Rock 194
Black Rock Church Remodeled 194
Chestnut Grove Church 196
Home of Samuel Miller 197
Elder E. S. Miller and Wife
198
Four Generations of Ministers-The Baughers
199
Home of Aaron Baugher
201
Barn of Aaron Baugher
201
Elder A. S. Baugher and Wife
202
Deacon Jonas Royer and Wife
204
Deacons, Upper Codorus Congregation
205
Deacons Wives, Upper Codorus Congregation
205
Minister Raymond Bucher and Wife
207
Minister Henry E. Miller and Wife
207
Deacon L. S. Fuhrman and Wife
207
Minister Mark Wildasin and Wife 207
Minister Daniel Mummert and Wife 208
Presiding Elder N. S. Sellers and Wife 208
Hampton Meeting House 211
Mummert Meeting House and Graveyard
212
Interior Mummert Meeting House
212
Latimore Meeting House
214
East Berlin Meeting House
215
Ladies' Aid Society, Upper Conewago Congregation
219
Elder Samuel S. Miller and Wife
220
Presiding Elder J. Monroe Danner and Wife
221
Official Board, Upper Conewago Congregation
222
Singing Class, Upper Conewago Congregation 223
Church of the Brethren, Waynesboro-Built 1830 225
Interior of Church of Brethren, Razed in 1903 225
Waynesboro Church-Dedicated October, 1904 229
Sunday School Room-Waynesboro Church 229
Elder Jacob F. Oller and Wife 231
Elder James M. Moore and Wife 234
203
Deacon A. M. Wolf
204
Elder A. S. Baugher Family
Elder George M. Resser and Wife .
206
XXII
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Elder Levi K. Ziegler and Wife
235
Elder George L. Detweiler 235
Ministers of Waynesboro Congregation 236
Facsimilie of Report of First Sunday School, Waynesboro
241
Sunday School Board of Waynesboro Congregation 242
J. J. Oller and Wife 249
Elder John B. Ruthrauff
254
Welty Church
260
Elder J. I. Thomas
261
Facsimilie of List of Regular Meetings, Beginning 1859-York 262
Elder Jacob Aldinger
263
First Church of York
265
Elder Joseph A. Long
267
Elder Edward K. Ziegler, Pastor
271
Presiding Elder J. J. Bowser
272
Old Second Church Building-York
275
New Second Church Building-York 276
277
Ministers of York Church-1939
284
Elder M. A. Jacobs
286
Madison Avenue Church-York
287
Ministers of Madison Avenue Church
288
Brethren's Home
309
Group at Dedication of Home
310
Wealthy Burkholder, First Matron
311
Superintendent of Home and Associates
313
Trustee Board of Home 314
Shuman Family, Children's Aid Society
318
Home of Children's Aid Society 319
Mame Hollinger Nell, First Superintendent
320
Children of the Home 323
Mrs. L. H. Leiter, Executive Secretary 324
Board of Trustees of Children's Aid Society 325
Mr. and Mrs. H. Newcomer and Daughter, Josephine 326
Robert L. Ditmer, Pastor of Van Dyke Mission 332
Mission Board 335
Wilbur B. Stover
337
Edith R. Newcomer, First Secretary of Reading Circle 339
John R. Snyder 340
341
Missionary Reading Circle Certificate
343
Ministerial Board
367
Mrs. W. L. Widdowson, Director of Children's Work
369
Women's Work Officers, 1941
372
Elder J. E. Rowland and Wife 376
District Cabinet, Young People 378
Board of Christian Education 381
Founders Hall, Juniata College
XXIII 284
Mrs. Elizabeth D. Rosenberger
Mrs. Grace Ziegler, First President
346
Interior Second Church Building-York
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Elizabethtown College
389
Dr. R. W. Schlosser, Former President
Jacob Price Home, Antietam, 1866 390
394
Isaac Latshaw Farm, Big Conewago Annual Meeting, 1819
398
George Royer Home, Annual Meeting, 1929
398
Peter Dierdorff Farm, Big Conewago Annual Meeting, 1844 399
Michall Bashore, Mexico, Lost Creek Annual Meeting, 1885 403
Michael Bashore, Mexico, Lost Creek Annual Meeting, 1885 403
Facsimilie Deed by Jacob Moor to John Ness
410
J. B. Emmert
413
H. P. Garner
Mary Quinter 415
432
Mrs. Nora Arnold Lichty 432
Minor Myers
432
J. M. Blough 433
Adam Eby
433
Mrs. Christina Kulp
433
XXIV
CHAPTER I
ORIGIN OF THE CHURCH
In 1708 at Schwarzenau, in the Province of Wittgenstein in Hesse-Cassel eight pious souls were baptized in the river Eder in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Alexander Mack was led by one of the number into the river and immersed three times. Then Alexander Mack baptized the other seven in the same manner.
A new congregation called the German Baptist Church was organized with Alexander Mack as the leader.
From the beginning the Schwarzenau congregation flourished. Bitter persecution followed. In 1720, the congre- gation under Alexander Mack fled for protection to Westervain in West Friesland.
Peter Becker, a man of great fervency in prayer and a leader of singing organized the first emigration of members to America. They landed at Germantown in 1719.
On Christmas Day 1723, a group met at Peter Becker's nouse in Germantown, to plan for the first immersion in America. Present at this meeting were the members near Germantown and six persons, led by Martin Urner, from the Schuylkill country (now Coventry).
Peter Becker was chosen to act as Elder. Six candidates for membership were baptized in the Wissahickon by trine immersion. In the evening the first Love Feast was held in the house of John Gomorry. Now the congregation was organized. The next year October 1724, they decided to make a general visitation to the Brethren in the whole country. Brother John Jacob Price of Indian Creek was visited. On November 8, 1724, they held a Love Feast at Coventry in the home of Martin Urner. Two were baptized. Previous to this Love Feast, on November 7, 1724, the Coventry Congregation was formally organized.
At Coventry the Brethren decided to continue the journey to the Conestoga country. As a result of this visit five were baptized in the Apostolic manner in Piqua Creek.
On the 12th day of November, 1724, the Conestoga Congregation, the third in America, was organized. This was spoken of as the Ephrata Church as it was near the present town of Ephrata.
Before the Revolutionary War the Brethren tended to move southward along the Piedmont Plateau. Inspired by the missionary spirit and desire for good farm land they came into Southern Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.
SCHWARZENAU
3
ORIGIN OF THE CHURCH
In 1738 in Hanover township, York County, Elder Daniel Leatherman organized the Little Conewago Congregation.
In 1741, the Big Conewago Congregation was organized. The first minister was George Adam Martin who came from Coventry by way of the Conestoga Church.
In 1752, John Price from the Indian Creek district moved into the Antietam area. About the same time Elder Abram Stouffer who was ordained by Peter Becker came into the same area. This was the year in which the congregation was organized.
It was in 1758, that Elder Jacob Tanner organized the Codorus Congregation.
In a period of 20 years, 1738 to 1758, four congregations in Southern Pennsylvania were organized mostly by Brethren from Germantown, Coventry, or Conestoga Country.
From 1790 to 1823 three other congregations, Lost Creek, Marsh Creek, and Cumberland were organized. From these seven original congregations the present thirty congregations have developed.
DISTRICT OF SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA Showing the Seven Original Congregations and the Congregations Developed from Them :
1738-Little Conewago (Now Upper Codorus) 1906-Pleasant Hill 1912-Hanover
1741 -* Big Conewago 1849-Upper Conewago 1849-Lower Conewago
1752-Antietam 1800-Manor, Md. 1810-Welsh Run, Md. 1850-Back Creek 1910-Chambersburg 1930-Greencastle
1836-Ridge 1910-Chambersburg 1924-Shippensburg 1866-Falling Spring 1910-Chambersburg 1930-Greencastle 1922-Waynesboro 1934-Welty
1758-Codorus 1895-York, First Church 1939-York, Madison Avenue 1908-New Fairview
COVENTRY CHURCH: SECOND BUILDING, ERECTED IN 1817
5.
ORIGIN OF THE CHURCH
1790-Lost Creek 1826-Buffalo 1878 or 1880-Sugar Valley
1805-Marsh Creek
1821 or 1823 -* Cumberland 1836-Upper Cumberland (name changed to Hunts- dale in 1925) 1914-Carlisle 1925-Newville 1836-Lower Cumberland 1843-Perry 1914-Carlisle 1916-Mt. Olivet 1926-Mechanicsburg 1934-Boiling Springs *Divided and original congregation ceased to exist.
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Back Crack. 3 Brandts
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1 . Buffalo
Buffalo Buffalo Carlale sambale
mechanicsburg 16 mechanicsburg mt Qlivet
Mt Clavel
codmwel
Anyder
Pleasant will
Falling Spring
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