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OUR COUNTY AND ITS PEOPLE
A HISTORICAL AND MEMORIAL RECORD
OF
CRAWFORD COUNTY
PENNSYLVANIA
23
BY
37
SAMUEL P. BATES, LL. D.
50
"They weakly err, who think there is no other use of government than correction. Governments, like clocks, go from the motion men give them, and as governments are made and moved by men, so by them are they ruined too. That, therefore, which makes a good constitulion must keep it, men of wisdom and virtue, qualities that, because they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a virtuous educa- tion of youth, for which after ages will owe more to the care and prudence of founders and the successive magistracy than to their parents for their private patrimonies." -WILLIAM PENN.
Illustrated
WV. A. FERGUSSON & COMPANY PUBLISHERS 1999
253533
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
THIE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF CRAWFORD COUNTY I
CHAPTER II.
THE CHARACTER OF TIIE ABORIGINES. 12
ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION
CHAPTER III.
23
CHAPTER IV.
PENN COMES WITH HIS ENGLISHI QUAKERS.
37
CHAPTER V.
CONTROVERSY OVER THE BOUNDS OF THE COLONY 50
CHAPTER VI.
PLANTING OF THE LEADEN PLATES BY CELERON 67
CHAPTER VII.
THIE EMBASSAGE OF WASHINGTON TO ST. PIERRE. 78
CHAPTER VIII.
WASHINGTON'S FIRST BATTLES 87
CHAPTER IX.
CRAWFORD COUNTY SHALL BE AN ENGLISHI AND NOT A FRENCH SPEAK-
ING PEOPLE.
103
CHAPTER X.
FINAL STRUGGLES OF THE ABORIGINES.
113
CHAPTER XI.
CRAWFORD COUNTY SETTLED.
CHAPTER XII. 126
VIRGINIA AND PENNSYLVANIA CONTROVERSY FINALLY SETTLED
I39
V
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIII. PAGE
APPEAL TO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS FOR JUSTICE. 150
CHAPTER XIV.
ROADS AND WATERWAYS IN CRAWFORD COUNTY I68
CHAPTER XV.
CRAWFORD COUNTY IN ITS MULTIFORM RELATIONS 178
CHAPTER XVI.
CRAWFORD COUNTY JUDICIARY 193
CHAPTER XVII.
CRAWFORD COUNTY EDUCATION
206
CHAPTER XVIII.
CRAWFORD COUNTY IN WAR TIMES.
CHAPTER XIX. 225
DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT TO CORNPLANTER, THE INDIAN SACHEM OF THE SIX NATIONS, WHO SAVED THE EARLY SETTLERS FROM DESTRUCTION 230
PART II.
MEADVILLE AND TITUSVILLE.
CHAPTER I.
EARLY SETTLERS OF MEADVILLE. 245
CHAPTER II.
EDUCATION IN MEADVILLE 250
CHAPTER III.
RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF MEADVILLE.
276
CHAPTER IV.
TITUSVILLE
293
CHAPTER V.
PETROLEUM AND OUR CONNECTION THEREWITH
CHAPTER VI. 373
TITUSVILLE-CONTINUED
428
TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART III.
vii
HISTORY OF TOWNSHIPS-ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.
CHAPTER I. PAGE
ATHENS TOWNSHIP
473
BEAVER TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER II.
480
CHAPTER III.
BLOOMFIELD TOWNSHIP
48_
CHAPTER IV.
CAMBRIDGE TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER V.
499
CHAPTER VI.
503
EAST FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VIII.
EAST FALLOWFIELD TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER IX.
FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER X.
526
HAYFIELD TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER XII.
537
NORTH SHENANGO TOWNSHIP
547
OIL CREEK TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER XV.
563
PINE TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER XVI.
RANDOLPH TOWNSHIP
567
519
GREENWOOD TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER XI.
532
MEAD TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER XIII.
CHAPTER XIV.
55 [
490
CONNEAUT TOWNSHIP
CUSSAWAGO TOWNSHIP
509
515
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVII. PAGE
RICHMOND TOWNSIHIP
575
CHAPTER XVIII.
ROCKDALE TOWNSHIP
581
CHAPTER XIX.
586
CHAPTER XX.
SADSBURY TOWNSHIP 591
CHAPTER XXI.
SOUTH SHENANGO TOWNSHIP 596
CHAPTER XXII.
SPARTA TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER XXIII.
SPRING TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER XXIV.
STEUBEN TOWNSHIP 617
CHAPTER XXV.
622
SUMMERHILL TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER XXVI.
625
TROY TOWNSHIP 631
CHAPTER XXVIII.
UNION TOWNSHIP
635
CHAPTER XXIX.
VENANGO TOWNSHIP 640
CHAPTER XXX.
VERNON TOWNSHIP
WAYNE TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER XXXI.
CHAPTER XXXII.
WEST FALLOWFIELD TOWNSHIP. 655
CHAPTER XXXIII.
WEST SHENANGO TOWNSHIP
659
CHAPTER XXXIV.
WOODCOCK TOWNSHIP
662
PART IV.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 675
599
604
SUMMIT TOWNSHIP
CHAPTER XXVII.
645
650
ROME TOWNSIHIP
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
MAP SHOWING CONTESTS FOR BOUNDARIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 50 FAC-SIMILE OF THE LEADEN PLATES BURIED BY THE FRENCH IN TIIE OHIO, 1749 67
MAP SHOWING VARIOUS PURCHASES FROM THE INDIANS I 26
MANUSCRIPT LETTER BY THADDEUS STEVENS IN 1864 206
MANUSCRIPT LETTER BY DAVID MEAD IN 1793.
225
DEDICATION OF THE CORNPLANTER MONUMENT 230
THE EDMUND GREENLEE HOMESTEAD. 680
RESIDENCE OF RALPH S. GREENLEE, CHICAGO 682
RESIDENCE OF ROBERT L. GREENLEE, CHICAGO 683
PORTRAITS.
PAGE
CALDWELL, JAMES H. 882
CHASE, EDWARD H. 929
CURTIS, ESTHER (GREENLEE 679
DICK, JOIIN 952 EMERY, DAVID 769
FERTIG, JOHN 818
GREENLEE, EDMUND 670
GREENLEE, THE FAMILY OF EDMUND 68 I
GREENLEE, JACOB 679
HUIDEKOPER, HARM J. Frontispiece
MAXWELL, SAMUEL G. 904
MCKINNEY, JAMES C. . 858
MCKINNEY, JOHN L. 721
ROBERTS, EDWARD A. L 941
ROBERTS, WALTER B. 937
STEBBINS, LUCINDA (GREENLEE 679
ix
INDEX.
A.
Abbott, William H., 411, 827. Abel, Barnard, Sr., 738. Abel, Barnard, Jr., 738. Abel, William G., 738. Akin, Aaron, 840.
Alden, Roger, 250. Aldrich, F. H., 709. Ames, Judson P., 916.
Anderson, Claes J., 872.
Andrews, Frank W., 409. Andrews, William H., 887. Atherton, Stephen, 901. Austin, Hiram A., 744.
B.
-
Babcock, John W., 893. Bail, Harry L., 833. Bailey, Francis, 817. Bailey, Morris, 435, 698. Baker, Frank C., 818.
Baldwin, Charles E., 896. Baldwin, Henry, 199.
Bannister, Lee, 873.
Barber, James R., 397, 746. Barker, John, 265. Barnsdall, Theodore N., 412.
Barnsdall, William, 412, 765. Barr, George W., 433, 761. Barrett, Charles S., 41I.
Bartle, W. H., 903. Bartlett, George C., 720. Bates, Arthur L., 684. Bates, Henry R., 960. Baugher, David R., 935. Baumgartner, Albert, 732.
Beers, J. W., 840. Belknap, Asa N., 812. Bement, Daniel, 836. Bender, Philipp, 916. Benedict, Charles W., 429, 713. Benedict, John, 814. Benedict, Willis B., 410, 762.
Bennett, A. P., 410.
Benson, B. D., 402.
Berly, Joseph J., 927.
Best, Wesley B., 805. Best, William, 873.
Bethune, George H., 845.
Beuchat, Louis J., 857.
Bidwell, Russell, 907.
Binney, John, 735.
Bishop, Zephaniah, 746.
Black, C. A., 440.
Blair, Andrew, 922.
Blatchley, David, 921.
Bloomfield, Thomas, 485.
Bloss, Henry C., 773.
Bloss, William W., 774.
Blum, Benjamin, 741.
Bohn, J. S., 926.
Bollard, Homer E., 898.
Bookhammer, William, 803.
Bortles, Charles A., 804.
Bowman, Elisha K., 778.
Boyd, James M., 906.
Boyd, Miss S. L., 845.
Boyer, Samuel P., 394, 817.
Bradford, David, 731.
Brawley Family. The, 876.
Brawley, James, Jr., 568, 905.
Braymer, Charles, 900.
Bresee, George L., 896.
Brittain, William C., 809.
Bronson, A. H., 409. Broughton, Francis, 703.
Brown, Fisher P., 406.
Brown, George F., 430, 926.
Brown, William, 873.
Brownson, Marcus, 409. Brunson, Oliver L., 735. Bryan, George, 431. Bue, P. O., 816.
Bugbee, Lucius H., 267.
Burchfield, S. N .. 437. Burger, Howard W., 928. Burgeson, Samuel, 961.
X
xi
INDEX.
Crossley, James P., 41I. Crowe, John, 779. Croxall, Edward, 779.
Culbertson, John H., 908.
Cummings, Barry, 807.
Cummings, Curtis C., 857. Cunningham, Robert A., 848.
D.
Daily, Allen E., 948.
Dame, Waldron M., 430.
Davenport, William, 811.
Davenport, William A., 860.
Davis, William H., 204.
Day, Charles C., 922.
Demary, Leonard C., 768.
Derickson, David, 202.
Dick, John, 952.
Dickson, James, 533.
Doane, W. A., 842.
Dobbs, Michael, 477.
Donehue, James J., 4II.
Donor, Henry, 855.
Double, Hannibal, 926.
Douglass, Joshua, 707.
Drake, Edwin L., 382.
Drake, James, 477-
Drown, John S., 874.
Drury, Judd C., 832.
Dubar, Jules A. C., 431, 872.
Dudenhoeffer, G. P., 924.
Dunn, David C., 932.
Dunn, James A., 437, 753.
Dunn, James J., 854.
Dunn, James L., 411, 436, 752.
Dunn, Joseph M., 785. Dutton, William T., 932.
E.
Eason, John, 850. Edson, Eber E., 789. Edwards, Burton F., 719. Egan, Patrick W., 936. Eiler, Edward, 781.
Eiler, Valentine W., 806. Ellicott, Andrew, 714.
Elston, William R., 842. Emerson, E. O., 41I. Emery, David, 409, 769. Emery, Lewis, Jr., 409.
F.
Farel, James, 411, 699.
Burgess, Charles, 786. Burlingame, Henry H., 797. Burrows, James, 933. Burwell, Findley, 705. Burwell, James, 705.
Burwell, Oliver E., 705. Burwell, Samuel, 705. Byham, John, Jr., 927. Byles, Julius, 428, 751.
C.
Cadwallader, J. A., 393. Cady, D. H., 409. Caldwell, James H., 397. 882. Calvin, Abner C., 971.
Campbell. Charles, 856.
Campbell, Charles S., 846.
Campbell, George C., 855.
Campbell, Homer H., 849. Carkhuff, Dennis, 729.
Carr, George P., 410. Carter, John J., 403, 756.
Cary, George L., 756.
Chapman, Orson A .. 919.
Chase, Edward H., 929.
Chase, George A., 429, 841.
Chase, Joseph L., 740.
Chase, Joseph T., 74I. Chase, Luther, 937.
Chess, Mrs. L. I., 852.
Christy, George A., 910.
Church, Gaylord, 203. Church, Pearson, 876. Church, Seth, 957. Clark, Curtis S., 878.
Clark, Joseph N., 906.
Cochran, J. J., 890. Cogswell. Joseph H., 774. Cole, Henry, 913. Coleman, John F., 890. Colestock, Daniel, 787. Colter, James P., 749. Consider, Joseph G., 924. Coombs, WV. M., 439. Cooper, James, 900. Cowles, Andre L., 837. Coyle, Hugh, 803. Crawford, Andrew J., 726. Crawford, Robert D., 836. Crawford, William, 178. Crawford, William H., 268. Crider, John W., 832. Crocker, Frederick, 408.
INDEX.
Farel. Nelson, 411. Farner. John T., 918. Farrelly, David MI., 203. Farrelly, Ellis MI .. 932. Farrelly, John W., 203. Farrelly, Patrick, 201. Fertig, John. 390. 818. Fetterman, Ira, 966.
Finney, Darwin A .. 204. First. Joseph T., 937. Fish, Benjamin O .. 839. Fisher, Mrs. E. A., 852. Fisher, Jacob, 891. Fitz Patrick, Hugh, 600. Fitz Randolph, Robert. 137. Flood, Theodore L .. 930. Flower, William S., 954.
Fogle. Joseph W .. 945.
Forker, William H., 895. Forsbloom, Peter A .. $51.
Foster. David. 951. Fox. Francis, 683.
Free. J. Laverne, 853. Fuller, A. 31., 840. Fulmer. W. C .. gc8.
G.
Gable, Burt G., 923. Gardner, Samuel L., 935. Gaston. F. D., 788. Gates, Luther. 696. Gelir, Baltzer, 701.
Gehr, Josiahı, 702.
Gerlach, Joseph. 956.
Gibbs, Charles L., 396, 783. Gibbs, Francis H., 782. Gilbert, Elisha M., 868.
Gill, James D., 794. Gilson Family, The. 552.
Gilson, Richard B., 911. Gordon, Gilbert, 837. Graham, Richard, 835. Graves, Leonard C., 768.
Gray, Alonzo, 874. Greenlee, Michael, 679. Griffiths, William T., 870. Grumbine, Samuel, 429, 747. Gntman, John G., 948.
H.
Haas, Henry, 844. Hamaker, Winters D .. 693. Hammon, William A., 909.
Hardy. William H., 897. Harris, Caleb P., 718. Harris. Junius, 686. Harrison, Benjamin, 794. Hart, Henry. 891. Hart, John M., 919. Hart, Samuel, 918. Hart, William A., 832. Harvey, W. C., 813. Hazen, Jesse, 884. Head, Holder T., 831.
Heath, William D .. 922.
Hecker, George W., 920.
Henderson. John J., 732.
Henne, S. S., 4II. Hettler, A. C., 958.
Heywang, M. J .. 429.
Hicks, Timothy B., 956.
Higgins. C. K., 795.
Hill, C. C .. 825.
Hilton, John H .. 900.
Hines, John, 896. Hipple, Jacob M., 914. Hoag, Evalon C .. 781.
Hoffman, Edwin, 922.
Hollister, Orrin H., 875.
Holman, David S., 907.
Hopkins, Orson, 935. Hopkins, R. E., 402.
Hotchkiss, H. V., 947.
Hotchkiss, J. S., 857.
Houser, James H., 715.
Houser, John B., 952. Houser, John J., 811. Houtz, Delmer, 921.
Hughes, Dennis D., 685.
Huidekoper, Harm J., 675.
Hull, Mrs. Juvia O., 736. Humes, Homer J., 691.
Hummer, Elias W .. 724.
Hunt, Ebenezer. 576. Hunt, William, 853. Hunter, A. M., 812.
Hyatt, Jerome, 717.
Hyde, Charles, 412, 764.
Hyde, Louis K., 699.
J.
Jackson, P. S., 767. Jackson, William W .. 715. Jameson, Hugh, 437. 727. Jamison, James, 838. Jamison, William L., 809.
INDEX.
xin
Jeanney, Francois. 913. Jennings, H. M., 710. Jennings, William M., 431. Johnson, Mead, 889. Johnson, Nels A., 931.
Johnson, Sara M., 742.
Johnson, William F., 915.
Johnston, William G., 437. 727. Jolly, James J., 861. Joy, Thaddeus C., 719. Jude, Stephen, 865.
K.
Kaster, Benjamin, 811. Kaster, Samuel, SII. Kean, John S., 902. Kebort, Frederick J., 780.
Kellogg, Isaac, 300.
Kellogg, Reuben L., 917.
Kendall, Celestia, 852. Kennedy, Joseph C. G., 838. Kepler, T. D., 759. Kerr, Chester L., 430. Kerr, James, 300. Kerr, Samuel, 296. King, George D., 914. King, John P., 751. King, Joseph L., 843. Kinney, William, 839. Kirk, M. Ethel, 869. Klippel, John, 837. Kuntz, George J .. 945.
L.
Laffer, Cornelius C., 807. Lake, C. F., 41I. Lashells, Theodore B., 944. Le Conte A. C., 957. Lee, R. H., 397. Leffingwell, James G., 969. Lenhart, Joseph H., 725. Lester, Frank B., 894. Levy, S. S., 784. Ley, Charles H., 410, 772. Ley, John D., 410. Lincoln, Seth C., 854. Loomis, George, 266. Lord, William, 903.
M.
Mackey, Eugene, 428. Magee, Francis, 843.
Mandell, Arthur, 958. Mantor, Frank, 829. Mapes, James M., 925. Markham, Frank L., 830. Marshall, Robert P., 885. Marsteller, George W., 898.
Martin, L. L., 965. Martin, Zadock, 964.
Marvin, Charles, 754.
Mason, E. T., 724.
Mather, John A., 400.
Maxwell, William H., 743.
Maxwell, Samttel G .. 904.
Maynard, John, 737.
Maynard, William H., 737.
McArthur, Emmett W., 902.
McCauley, Elmer E., 925.
McCombs, James, 920.
McCracken, William, 802.
McCrea, J. J., 743. .
McCrum, Joseph J., 815.
McDowell, E. Plummer, 959.
AcFate, Robert, 926.
McGill, Augustus, 689. McGill. W. R., 813.
McGrath, Daniel, 713.
McGuire, Sylvester, 737.
Mckinney, James C., 407, 858.
McKinney, John L., 407, 721.
McLachlin, James A., 745.
Mc Laughlin, Lucius F., 851.
Mead Family, The, 134.
Medo, Earnest, 946. Merrell, Simeon, 928.
Miller, James D., 855.
Moody, George O., 432, 871.
Moore, Jesse, 201, 687.
Morris, Benjamin, 810.
Morris, Lucius P., 901.
Morris, Richard, 824.
Morris, Thomas S., 803.
Morris, William, 810.
Morris, William S., 829.
Moulthrop, Franklin, 742.
Mullen, Lawrence E .. 892.
Murdock, Thomas, 912. Murray, James T., 826. Murray, Robert, 814.
N.
Nason, William, 795. Nau, Joseph M., 815. Neill, William T .. 411, 826.
xiv
INDEX.
Nelson, Francis, 956. Nelson, Horace F., 725. Nelson, Samuel H., 830. Netcher, F., 949. Northam, Henry M., 825. Norton, Franklin N., 843. Norton, L. Frank, 863.
O.
Oakes, Ephraim, 760. Oakes, T. F., 432. O'Hare, Hugh, 399. Oliver, Moses W., 775.
P.
Parker, M. Jennie, 917.
Pastorius, J. B., 824.
Patten, Thomas J., Jr., 962.
Patterson, Elisha G., 785.
Pease, Henry, 864.
Peebles, W. J., 440. Pentz, William, 881.
Perrin, A. N., 410.
Peterman, John H., 923.
Pettitt, Allen E., 897.
Pettitt, Edward, 897.
Philley, George J., 955.
Porter, H. B., 410. Post, Samuel, 865.
Potter, Alonzo A., 847.
Powell Brothers, 609.
Powell, Maurice M., 911.
Powell, Z. R., 862.
Pratt, Samuel, 881.
Proper, James L., 728.
Purdon, Henry, 788.
Q.
Quick, Miles W., 396, 773. Quigley, Amos C., 863. Quinby, E. C., 437.
R.
Radebuslı, Harry, 897. Ralston, A. S., 410. Ray, John T., 894. Ray, Sylvester H., 864. Reynolds, William, 753. Richmond, D. S., 967.
Richmond, Hiram L., 203. Ridgway, Charles, 703. Ridgway, Peter, 703.
Roberts, Edward A. L., 941.
Roberts, Henry, 900. Roberts, J. K., 927.
Roberts, Samuel W., 868.
Roberts, Walter B., 937. Rogers, Willie E., 797. Rosaback, Benjamin, 863.
Rose, Susan F., 948.
Roser, Joseph A., 954.
Rossiter, Albanas, 966.
Rouse, Martin R., 723.
Russ, James W., 917.
S.
Sager, C. W., 439.
Satterfield, Jolın, 410.
Schofield, Guy C., 967.
Schwartz, Jacob, 755. Schwartz, Sidney A., 431.
Scott, John W., 892.
Selzer, Lawrence, 816.
Shafer, Thomas, 933.
Shaffer, Daniel, 949.
Shaffer, William, 949.
Shaffner, Nathan, 950.
Shamburg, G., 409.
Sharpe, John J., 410.
Shauberger, John, 475, 910.
Sheldon, Hiram, 834.
Sherman, Roger, 798.
Sherwood, C. L., 440.
Shippen, Evans W., 709.
Shippen, Henry, 202, 708.
Shoffstall, John, 889.
Shreve, Milo F., 898.
Shreve, Richard, 485.
Sikes, James L., 924.
Sikes, S. S., 923.
Silliman, Samuel, 386.
Simons, John W., 822.
Sinning, Francis H., 439, 740.
Smith, David W., 792.
Smith, Elbert, 878.
Smith, Frank W., 972.
Smith, George T., 950.
Smith, Hiram C., 865.
Smith, Jesse, 406, 710.
Smith, Joseph, 739.
Smith, William A., 384.
Smith, W. S., 854. Snodgrass, Matthew R., 878. Sperry, Lewis, 865. Spicer, Clarence E., 438, 901.
-
-
INDEX.
Squier, O. O., 771. Squires, Sidney W., 850. Stebbins, Delwin A., 880. Steele, Preston, 439, 732. Stephens, George, 736.
Stewart, D. O., 913. Stewart, Lyman, 409.
Stewart, Milton, 401, 726.
Stolz, Andrew, 730.
Stolz, Charles, 887.
Stranahan, Chapman A., 766.
Sturtevant, John C., 780.
Sturtevant, Luman, 852.
Sutton, F. A., 955.
Sweetman, Charles H., 967. Sweetman, William B., 968.
T.
Tack Brothers, The, 395. Taft, Reuben E., 870.
Tarbell, Franklin S., 407, 776.
Tarbell, Ida M., 777. Tarbell, William W., 777.
Tarr, George A. W., 866.
Taylor, John, 834.
Taylor, Silas, 476.
Taylor, Sylvester, 805.
Teege, William E., 784.
Tew, Joseph L., 791. Thackara, E. D., 717. Theobold, John, 727. Thomas, Frank J., 750.
Thomas, James P., 397, 807.
Thompson, Charles H., 791.
Thompson, Charles W., 949.
Thompson, W. W., 409. Tillotson, O. A., 796. Titus, Jonathan, 294. Todd, J. A., 440. Townsend, Abram P., 970. Tubbs, Elijah N., 909. Tucker, Homer P., 844. Tyler, Levi S., 810.
U.
U'llman, Jacob, 712.
Vancise, John, 896. Van Horn, Cornelius, 136, 540, 646. Van Syckel, Samuel, 414. Varian, William, 432.
W.
Waggoner, Charles T., 825. Waid, John M., 436, 686.
Walker, Catharine, 438.
Walker, H. D., 918.
Wallace, John B., 201-2.
Walrath, Rensselaer, 750.
Ward, Mark, 823.
Washburn, Lorenzo, 866.
Washburn, Willis O., 797.
Watson, Jonathan, 408, 733.
Wells, Obed, 828.
Welton, Uri C., 761.
Wentworth, George H., 971.
Wesley, George W., 821.
W'est, C. C., 936. Westgate, Theodore B., 783.
Westheimer, Isaac, 886.
Wheeler, Abraham, 475. Wheeler, Abram, 866.
Wheeler, David H., 268.
Wheeler, James M., 946. Wheeler, John F., 869.
White, William, 728.
Wilcox, George N., 860.
Willson, Cathrine, 849.
Wilson, J. C., 438.
Winter, Franz, 906.
Witherop, Peter T., 698.
Wood, Charles M., 792.
Wood, Eugene, 889.
Wood, William H., 405.
Woodward, Amos, 830.
Wormald, John, 792.
Wright, John W., 970.
Y.
York, Joseph, 894. Young, Theodore J., 434. 835. Young, Jennie E., 867. Youngson, A. B., 912.
V.
PREFACE.
No more interesting subject for investigation by the student of history can be brought to his attention than the colonization of this continent. The colonization of a county was dependent upon the larger question of the success or failure of the three great nations-the Spanish, the French and the Eng- lish-which struggled for the mastery. Over the whole boundless expanse were scattered savage and warlike tribes whose trade was blood, and these had to be met. Penn had no sooner shaken the salt spray of the ocean from his locks, and set his foot upon the domain granted by royal charter, with bounds as fixed and unchanging as the sun and stars in the heavens, than he was confronted by Lord Baltimore, who disputed his occupancy, and, would be satisfied with nothing less than a sixth part of his possession, and for more than a century Penn and his successors were confronted upon the south, the west, and the north by parties claiming generous slices of his goodly heritage. To ward them off and hold their just rights, and to meet and pacify the red men of the forest, required the utmost stretch of the diplomacy of the peace-loving spirit of the founder.
WVe who occupy in peace and contentment the fruitful acres of this great Commonwealth, brought largely from trackless forests under the hand of cultivation, have little conception of the toils and dangers of the early settlers in holding the colonial domain in its entirety, and in meeting the savages on their own hunting grounds, and braving them in their war paint, when they spared neither helpless infancy nor trembling age. It has been thought best, accordingly, to give generous space in this volume to these vital subjects, whichi will ever command the attention of the thoughtful, will daily increase in interest to the oncoming generations, and by means of which we trace the philosophy of the vital events of history that are really useful.
In preparing these pages for publication it has been decided not to incumber the text with marginal notes, and references to authorities; but to name authors, where their investigations have been used, and to make acknowledgments in a general way. It would be impossible to name all; but
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PREFACE.
the following have been found to be especially useful and have been freely consulted : The Histories of the United States by Bancroft, Hildreth, Spencer, Bryant, and Lossing; Irving's Life of Washington; Life and Writings of William Penn: Colonial Records, and Pennsylvania Archives; History of Pennsylvania Volunteers; the Western Annals; the History of Western Pennsylvania ; the State Reports of Education from 1834 to 1898; Crumrine's History of Washington County ; Brown's History of Crawford County.
The Indians never made this section their home, having few wigwams or villages in all its limits ; but from time inmemorial they had kept this as a sort of park or preserve, for the breeding of their game. They may have felt ag- grieved in seeing their favorite hunting grounds broken in upon, and the game scared away by the ring of the settler's ax, the echo of his gun, and his frequent burning's.
Hoping that this work will prove useful to the citizens of the county ; and especially to the rising generation, and will serve to stimulate to further inquiry into the subjects which it touches, it is respectfully submitted to their considerate judgment. S. P. B.
Meadville, January 29, 1899.
OUR COUNTY AND ITS PEOPLE.
CHAPTER I.
THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF CRAWFORD COUNTY.
T HE territory of Crawford County is most fortunately located on the summit of the great watershed which divides the valley of the Mississippi from that of the St. Lawrence. The waters of the north- western section are discharged into Lake Erie, make the leap at Niagara, lap the shores of the Thousand Islands, and mingle with the turbulent ocean, as they round the stormy Cape Breton. While in the southern and eastern portions, the brooklets shimmer past forest and dell, orchards and green meadows, are gathered in the Venango and the Allegheny, the She- nango and the Beaver, flow onward by the banks of the Ohio and the Missis- sippi, and find their rest in Mexico's laughing gulf.
In the central portion is that beautiful lake-the largest natural body of water in Pennsylvania-Conneaut, which discharges its waters both by the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence valleys. This lake is one of a system which are spread out upon the summit of the great water-shed be- tween these two valleys, along the central portion of New York State and by the tier of states farther west, the Chicago River flowing sometimes into Lake Michigan, and at others into the Mississippi River.
By this natural location, the airs are so tempered that the extremes of heat and cold are warded off, and while a blizzard is raging over the west- ern plains, and a great storm is lashing the ocean, and driving great ships in upon the shores, a grateful mildness is prevailing here. In all the broad domain of Pennsylvania none is more grateful for residence than this stretch of country with its broad acres and its crown of hills.
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OUR COUNTY AND ITS PEOPLE.
The highways wind through its verdant valleys, or by the margin of its flashing streams, and everywhere is pleasing variety. The artist may find here worthy subjects for his pencil. The monotony which plagues the dweller in a prairie land, and in many portions of the Atlantic shores, is unknown to him here. Nor is there the other extreme,-the bald and shaggy mountain, with its inaccessible summits, forbidding intercourse from its opposing sides, given up to barrenness and sterility.
Scarcely has the snow and ice of winter disappeared from the hillside, and the balmy breath of spring touched the meadow, when the wheatfield springs into verdure, and the rich pasturage cheers the palates of flocks and herds.
In summertime the heat is tempered by the dews of the morning, the well ordered shade from dense foliage at the noontide gives refreshing comfort, and at evening a cooling breeze catches the moistened brow, and affords sweet relief.
The grasses, which yield the most nourishing pasturage, and the hays for the winter store, take deep root in the moist black mould, and the grains which wrap the well-cultured surface in their rich folds, with scarcely the chance of a failure, gladden the heart of the farmer. So numerous are the improvements of late years in farm machinery, that what was once one of the most laborious and wearing of employments has been facetiously designated a sedentary occupation.
Water is abundant. From the farthest hilltops gush forth the cooling springs, at which man and beast may slake their thirst; from their descend- ing currents the slopes are made verdant and the valleys absorb their mois- ture the hot summer long. At convenient intervals medicinal springs break forth from the rock, where the invalid may come and partake of the health- giving streams, and where the pool is waiting for the impotent to be led down into their healing waters.
Nowhere is the landscape more picturesque and charming. The dis- tant line of blue hills is hardly distinguishable from the clouds of heaven. Not infrequently in winding along the bold headland, one comes upon a hidden cascade as enchanting in its appointments as the cunningly devised imitation, planned with studied elegance for the gratification of an Oriental monarch. A valley may stretch away for a score of miles, through which a stream lazily pursues its tortuous course, and the bold hills close in at its
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