USA > Pennsylvania > Erie County > Erie > Erie; a guide to the city and county > Part 12
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Fort LeBoeuf was evacuated by the French in August, 1759, after their defeat in the French and Indian wars and it was garrisoned by the English until 1785.
During the British occupancy, LeBoeuf was raided by Indians June 17, 1763, and the blockhouse burned. The American Fort LeBoeuf built in 1794 consisted of four blockhouses surrounded by pickets, with a 6 pound cannon on the second floor of each building and a swivel gun over each gate.
A memorable incident in the history of Waterford was the visit of the Marquis de LaFayette in 1825. He remained there overnight, June 2,
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1825, at the hotel of George W. Reed which stood just east of the Judson Block.
At the close of the Indian wars, many soldiers settled in Waterford, tak- ing advantage of the donation law which provided land for them as bonus from the State in recognition of their military services. Lieut. John Martin, commander of the post, was one. He opened the first tavern.
Amos Judson came from New England the same year and started a general store. Robert Brotherton built the first sawmill in 1797 and the first gristmill in 1802.
The WATERFORD ACADEMY, Walnut and 5th Sts., was incorporated in 1811 and building started in 1822. The school was opened in 1826. It is a 2-story dressed stone building with an unusual arched doorway, pedi- ment, and graceful cupola. A brick addition was built in 1859, and the structure is still in use as a high school.
The WASHINGTON MONUMENT, in the center of the main street, US 19 and State 97, is a life-sized statue of Washington. The monument was erected in 1922 to commemorate Washington's visit in 1753.
The EAGLE HOTEL, SW cor. First St. and US 19, was built in 1826 by Thomas King. A 2-story-and-attic building of gray fieldstone and white cut-stone trim, the structure is American Georgian in design. Flat arched windows, white cut stone quoins, and an elliptical arched central door- way overlook the main highway. Within the hallway is a glass display case showing artifacts excavated from the French and English Forts Le- Boeuf. A few clay pipes used by the soldiers, a mass of military buttons of the period, several rusted, broken bayonets, and some decayed Indian blankets comprise the exhibition. Further excavations of the site, south of the hotel, were made by the Frontier Forts and Trails Survey (W.P.A.), who uncovered the old baking ovens, and the foundation walls of the two forts (French and English).
The AMOS JUDSON HOUSE, SE cor. First St. and US 19, is of Connecticut design. It is of the post-Colonial period, built in 1820. The rambling, unpainted, 2-story frame structure has corner Doric pilasters, and within the broad pedimented gable front is a lunette window. The side wing, built for Judson's general store, now occupied by a restaurant-tavern, has quaint dormer windows.
The population of Waterford has varied but slightly during the last 80 years, hovering around the 800 mark. The area is mainly agricultural or dairying country. The raw milk supply of the city comes chiefly from the Waterford area, and the Carnation Milk Company's plant at Cam- bridge Springs processes Waterford milk to be shipped all over the world. The Pennsylvania R. R., Central Greyhound Bus Lines, and the West Ridge Bus Company serve the community.
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The first newspaper was the Waterford Dispatch, begun in 1831. In 1856 it was moved to Erie and became the Erie City Dispatch. The Waterford Museum was launched shortly after the Dispatch was removed to Erie. It became the Inquirer in 1857. The Waterford Leader, a weekly newspaper, is now the only publication in the borough.
The Methodist, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, United Presbyterian, Naz- arene, and Roman Catholic denominations have churches in Waterford.
South of Waterford the highway descends a slight grade to the LeBoeuf Creek Valley. At the edge of town is SENTINEL TREE (R), a time- beaten hemlock that legend says George Washington climbed while re- connoitering the French Fort LeBoeuf.
At 13.5 m. is the junction with State 97 (see COUNTY TOUR 7).
LAKE LEBOEUF, 13.7 m. (R), is the site of a small amusement park open in summer with fishing, boating, and swimming. It is noted for muskellunge fishing.
At 20.6 m. is a junction with US 6N; R. from US 19 on US 6N (see COUNTY TOUR 5).
At 34.2 m. in EDINBORO (see COUNTY TOUR 5), is a junction with State 99; R. from US 6N on State 99.
The Conneautee Valley, W. of Edinboro, is rolling. The hills, with their growths of brush interspersed with hardwood stands, are laid out in small farms. Numerous small creeks cross and recross the highway.
McLANE, 37.9 m. (pop. 100), straddles the peak of the range, and sprawls along the highway for about a mile.
Over the crest of the ridge, the community of BRANCHVILLE, 39.9 m., overlooks the headwaters of Elk Creek.
MIDDLEBORO, 42 m. (alt. 1,470, pop. 300, borough, inc. 1861), is a small community of a number of houses, stores, a church, and a school- house. Its postoffice designation is McKean.
McKean has an unusually high altitude for Erie County, its surround- ings are hilly with numerous deep ravines along small streams. The valleys are highly productive in grains. Above the valleys the land is heavy clay but fertilizers make it fairly fruitful. Dairying is the chief industry.
The Central Greyhound Bus Lines and the West Ridge Transporta- tion Co. serve the borough.
Churches are Baptist, Methodist, St. Francis' Roman Catholic, St. Peter's Lutheran, and Trinity Lutheran.
At 51.1 m. is a junction with US 19; L. from State 99 on US 19.
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COUNTY TOUR 7
Erie-Wesleyville-Colt's Station-Lowville-Union City-Erie, State 399 (Station Road), State 89, State 8, State 97, 56.1 m.
S TATE 399, Station Road, was laid out in 1813 to provide a road from Erie, to Mayville, N. Y., and was named from having become a main route into the village of Colt's Station, which was an important depot for goods shipped down French Creek to the Allegheny River.
S. from 12th St. on State St. L. from State St. on E. 26th St. (US 20). At 6.1 m., in Wesleyville is a junction with State 399. R. from US 20 on State 399.
South of Wesleyville Borough (see COUNTY TOUR 4), the highway passes through a residential district.
The highway turns abruptly east at the outskirts of Wesleyville and crosses Four Mile Creek.
The village of BROOKSIDE is at 6.6 m. This subdivision was built by the smaller wage earners of the General Electric Company, and is com- posed of one-family dwellings. A modern brick schoolhouse stands L. from the highway, and a frame church houses a small congregation. Fruit trees and small grape vineyards grow in vacant lots and along the roadside. The highway follows an undulating route to cross a wide valley.
GOSPEL HILL, 7.0 m., is the first elevation above the lake plain and offers a wide view of Lake Erie. To the northwest are the buildings of the General Electric Company, Erie Works. The long arm of the Pen- insula, jutting into the blue expanse of Lake Erie, is visible (L). In the valley below are the headwaters of Six Mile Creek.
From the top of Gospel Hill the road curves L. and descends to the valley of Four Mile Creek.
HORNBY, 14.5 m., is a small group of houses built around a general store and post office. The community was the shopping center of the farm area before improved highways and automobiles gave the farmer easy access to larger towns.
OLD GRANGE HALL, 14.6 m., (L), stands at the crest of a knoll overlooking a small valley. The building was once the social center of the community and the scene of agricultural fairs.
COLT'S STATION, 16.6 m., is a crossroads community of a few houses and a general store. This section, Greenfield Township, was one of the
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first settled in Erie County. Attracted by the beauty of the hills and streams, a number of settlers built homes around the community which became Colt's Station, named for Judah Colt, one of the first settlers. The settlement became important as a supplies depot. Merchandise shipped from Buffalo was landed at Freeport, near the present location of North East, and thence transported to Colt's Station. The village was the head of flat boat navigation on French Creek.
In a small log building Judah Colt conducted first Protestant services in Erie County. The sermon, which became a weekly event after July 2, 1797, drew settlers from the entire township.
At 16.6 m. is a junction with State 89. R. from State 399 on State 89.
The West Branch of French Creek is crossed at 24.5 m., and the road ascends the south side of the valley to LITTLE HOPE, 25.0 m. The com- munity consists of a few scattered homes, and a tiny frame church. The settlement was founded in 1798 by Leverett Bissel.
The road wanders over the hills for the next few miles, passing many old farmhouses, with huge barns overshadowing the adjacent buildings. From the top of the hill at 26.7 m. there is a wide view of French Creek Valley, R. French Creek is crossed at Lowville, 30.1 m. (see COUNTY TOUR 5).
UNION CITY is at 32.1 m. (see COUNTY TOUR 5).
At 32.1 m. is a junction with State 97. R. from State 89 on State 97.
State 97 was originally the old portage road between Presque Isle (Erie) and LeBoeuf (Waterford), built by the French in 1753 (see HISTORY). It follows the course of a small stream that winds back and forth across the valley, edged with rows of willows. Pastures occupy the level stretches between the curves. The Erie and Pennsylvania railroads follow the south side of the valley.
At 36.2 m. is the crest of the divide overlooking Elk Creek Valley. To the R. is rolling country, the hills wood-covered and torn by the valleys of creeks running into French Creek. On each side of the road are many old farmhouses with huge bank barns. These barns are of early Dutch farm construction.
The early settlers planted willow slips along the streams to protect their land from erosion. Today, as stately trees, their gnarled roots washed naked, they make a graceful screen across the valley. They are more numerous near Waterford.
At 41.2 m. is WATERFORD (see COUNTY TOUR 6).
The terrain for the next few miles is somewhat swampy at the right of the highway. To the L. the hills rise above the valley. Hemlocks grow densely on the hillside and offer haven to pheasant, quail, and many smaller birds.
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CAMP KLINGER, 46.8 m. (R) is a camping spot (small fee) on Le- Boeuf Creek. Fishing is excellent along the creek, which is stocked with bass every year by the State Game Commission. The hillsides abound in season with blackberries.
The highway rolls over a series of gentle hills out of LeBoeuf Creek Valley. For five miles the road passes farm land and nondescript rural pasturage.
The highway enters Erie on Parade St.
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COUNTY TOUR 8
Erie-Fairview-Lavery's Corners-Albion-West Springfield-Erie, US 20, State 98, US 6n, 62.3 m.
S TATE 98, improved throughout, traverses Fairview, Franklin, and Elk Creek Townships from Fairview to the Crawford County line, passing through some of the best farmland of Erie County. There is little roadside advertising and no sizable towns on the route. The highway follows the valleys of Elk Creek headwater streams, crossing the main stream near Fairview, and, after passing through Lavery's Corners, enters the valley of Cussewago Creek.
S. from 12th St. on State St., R. from State St. on W. 26th St. (US 20). At 11.8 m., is a junction with State 98; L. from US 20 on State 98.
At 12.6 m., the crest of a ridge, the road enters a wooded area, crosses Brandy Run, and traverses a short stretch of level country before descend- ing into Elk Creek Valley. Elk Creek is crossed at 14.8 m. The shale formations on both sides of the narrow valley tower 50 to 100 feet above the road.
At 18.5 m., is FRANKLIN CENTER (pop. 100), a crossroads village of a few frame houses and a general store.
The ridge a short distance south of Franklin Center marks the division of the county watersheds. Elk Creek and its smaller tributaries gather water from the north of Franklin Center to drain into Lake Erie. Cusse- wago Creek, on the south side of the ridge, flows into French Creek at Meadville.
LAVERY'S CORNERS, 22.4 m., is the intersection of State 98 with US 6N. This is a particularly dangerous crossing. US 6N is a through traffic highway and cars approaching the intersection on State 98 are con- fronted by sign after sign, starting 3,000 feet from the crossing, painted in letters two feet high, warning travelers of the crossing, and stating that State 98 traffic must stop.
R. from State 98 on US 6N.
At 26.8 m., is WELLSBURG (see COUNTY TOUR 5).
ALBION, 29.3 m. (alt. 857, pop. 1,681, borough, inc., 1861), is atop a short but rather steep hill. With modern homes and well-kept lawns, the town presents a pleasing appearance.
The borough is served by the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad, Pennsyl -.
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ERIE COUNTY TOURS
vania Railroad, the Greyhound Lines, and the West Ridge Transporta- tion Co.
Albion derives its name from a poetic name for England. Originally the community was known as "Jackson's Crossroads."
Johnathan Spaulding, who came from New York State in 1795, was the first settler in the area. Two years later the Pennsylvania Population Company sent Col. Dunning McNair as its agent in surveying and selling lands in the district.
Albion's early growth was rapid. It was a freight station and terminal of the Erie-Pittsburgh Canal. Sawmills and flour and feed mills and other small plants prospered. Its later development was influenced by the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad, which maintains its northern terminal in the borough. The Bessemer, a subsidiary of the United States Steel Cor- poration, transports millions of tons of iron ore yearly to the Pittsburgh district steel mills. Most of the ore is shipped to Albion from the lake port at Conneaut, Ohio. Great quantities of ore are stored here every year and hauled to the mills during the winter months; 9,600,000 tons were hauled in 1937. The Bessemer normally employs about 2,000 men in Albion and nearby Cranesville and Conneaut Townships.
Rogers' Trailer Works is located there. It employs about 30 men and constructs heavy duty overland hauling units.
Albion has four churches: Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, United Brethren, and St. Lawrence Roman Catholic.
The community is served by the Albion News, a weekly newspaper. The Airport Journal, national stamp collector's trade magazine, is edited and published by the News.
The American Legion Labor Day ox roast and picnic is an annual Albion affair. The town is thrown open to the Legion for the day, and thousands of visitors from northwestern Pennsylvania and western Ohio flock to the festival.
At 30.0 m., the highway passes over the Pennsylvania Railroad.
CONNEAUT CREEK, crossed at 30.2 m., courses through a fertile valley which produces rich crops of hay, wheat, corn, oats, and buck- wheat. The creek is deep and wide and affords excellent muskellunge and bass fishing. In March, when the spring rains melt the snow of the valley, the creek often rises to flood stage and deposits a fine silt over the fields, contributing to their fertility.
Conneaut Creek winds through a valley cut and cross-cut by old stream beds. Its course has changed many times, leaving backwaters and dead ponds. Muskrats have found shelter in these small ponds and schoolboys trap these small fur-bearing animals each winter. Mink, skunk, and weasel
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are also caught and it is not uncommon for amateur trappers to earn several hundred dollars each during the season.
At 36.6 m., in WEST SPRINGFIELD, is a junction with US 20 (see COUNTY TOUR 3); R. from US 6N on US 20.
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CHRONOLOGY
C. 1615 1634
French missionaries arrive.
Erie Indians defeat Seneca Indians in poisoned arrow warfare. Hundreds killed or wounded on each side.
1654
Senecas exterminate Erie tribe.
1753
French troops build Fort Presque Isle and Fort LeBoeuf.
1758
December 11-16. George Washington visits Fort LeBoeuf (Waterford). French settlers abandon village at Presque Isle.
1759
French troops evacuate and burn Fort Presque Isle.
1760
British troops occupy and rebuild Fort Presque Isle.
1763
June 18. Indians capture Fort LeBoeuf.
June 20. Indians capture Fort Presque Isle.
1783
Great Britain cedes western district, including Erie County, to U. S. Treaty with Six Nations gives Triangle lands to Pennsylvania.
1785
General Assembly of Pennsylvania authorizes David Watts and William Miles to survey Tenth Donation District, which included Erie.
1789
General Assembly authorizes payment of $2,000 to Half-Town, Corn-
1791
U. S. Government sells Triangle lands to Pennsylvania, after considerable litigation.
1792
General Assembly enacts bill to lay out towns at Presque Isle and LeBoeuf. Andrew Ellicott surveys and lays out town of Waterford.
1794
Treaty of peace with Six Nations at Canandaigua, N. Y., removes re- maining obstacles to settlement of Presque Isle.
Andrew Ellicott and William Irvine lay out town of Erie. Thomas Rees and John Grubb, with their families, settle in Erie. Colonel Seth Reed erects first dwelling in Erie. Louis Philippe, afterward King of France, visits Erie.
1796 1798
December 15. Gen. Anthony Wayne dies and is buried in Erie.
Sloop Washington, first sailing vessel built in Erie, launched at the mouth of Four Mile Creek.
1800
March 12. Erie County established by Act of General Assembly. First county census taken; population 1,468. First public school built at Waterford. Salt industry established.
1801
First mail route opened between Erie and Pittsburgh, by way of Water- ford and Meadville.
1803 First county officers elected. First court held in Erie County, the Hon. Jesse Moore, presiding. Opening of court announced by blowing of horn, a custom followed until 1823.
1805 Erie incorporated as borough.
1808 The Mirror, first newspaper in Erie County, started by George Wyeth. Gen. Anthony Wayne's body disinterred and removed.
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1784
planter, and Big Tree in settlement of claims to part of Triangle lands. Pennsylvania pays Seneca Indians $800 to quit Triangle lands.
1795
CHRONOLOGY
1813 March 27. Perry arrives in Erie to build fleet.
Sept. 10. Battle of Lake Erie. Perry captures British fleet.
1818 First U. S. lighthouse on Great Lakes built on Presque Isle.
May 28. Walk-in-the-Water, first steamship to sail on Great Lakes, launched at Erie.
1825 June 3. Marquis de LaFayette visits Erie.
1826 May 18. The steamboat William Penn, 200 tons, of the Erie & Chautauqua Steamship Company, launched at Erie.
1830
First major influx of German population.
1831
Horace Greeley works as printer on the Erie Gazette.
1832
Girard Township incorporated.
1834
North East incorporated as borough.
1836
Proposed canal connecting Erie with Pittsburgh quadruples price of real estate within few weeks. Sales in February exceed $1,000,000.
1839
Building constructed for Erie branch of United States Bank; used later as customs house.
1841
August 9. The steamship Erie burns near Silver Creek, N. Y .; 249 persons drowned; 26 of whom were from Erie; and $180,000 in gold and silver lost.
1846
December 5. Queen of the West and R. S. Reed, first boats to enter Erie on new Erie & Pittsburgh Canal, dock at foot of Sassafras St. Girard incorporated as borough.
1847
First telegraph line opened in Erie County.
1851
Erie incorporated as city.
1852
January 19. First passenger train enters Erie, on 6-foot gauge tracks of the Erie & North East Railroad.
1854
Railroad War. Popular resentment against standardizing the gauge re- sults in a riot.
1855
Police department organized in Erie.
West wing of county courthouse completed.
1858 City divided into four wards.
1861 Albion incorporated as borough.
Abraham Lincoln visits Erie.
1863 October 22. First newspaper in Corry, the Corry City News, established. 1866 South Erie incorporated as borough.
Gen. U. S. Grant and Andrew Johnson visit Erie.
1870
South Erie Borough annexed to Erie City.
1871
Erie Canal to Pittsburgh abandoned.
1874 St. Vincent's Hospital dedicated.
1876 Perry's original flagship, Lawrence, raised from Presque Isle Bay and rebuilt.
First telephone exchange opened.
1878 First labor union, Typographical Union, receives charter.
1880
Wayne Blockhouse rebuilt.
1881
July 1. Hamot Hospital dedicated.
1891
W. L. Scott, Erie industrial magnate and philanthropist, dies. Grover Cleveland attends funeral.
1896 Public Library built.
I26
1833
Waterford incorporated as borough.
Wattsburg incorporated as borough.
1843 November 9. U.S.S. Michigan (Wolverine) launched on Lake Erie.
1844
CHRONOLOGY
1898 Hammermill Paper Company founded.
May I. Capt. Charles Vernon Gridley of Erie fires first shot in Battle of Manila Bay.
1910 March 18. President William H. Taft arrives in Erie and speaks for Y.M.C.A.
1911 General Electric Company builds branch in Erie.
May 17. St. Peter's Cathedral consecrated.
1914
Erie Forge & Steel Company founded.
1915 August 3. Mill Creek flood causes 25 deaths and large property loss. 1916 Erie National guardsmen take part in war on Mexican border.
1918
July 14. Erie troops participate in Battle of Marne in France.
1920 Academy High School constructed.
1921 Presque Isle made a State Park.
East High School finished.
1926 Mercyhurst College constructed.
1931 Buses replace trolley cars on streets.
Church of the Covenant built.
Strong Vincent High School constructed.
1936 President Franklin D. Roosevelt speaks at mass meeting.
1938 Erie Municipal airport opened, and mail and passenger service inaugurated.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cornell, William Mason. The History of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, John Sully & Co., 1876.
Dutton, Charles J. Oliver Hazard Perry. New York, Longmans, Green & Co., 1935. Godcharles, Frederick A. Daily Stories of Pennsylvania. Milton, Pa., published by the author, 1924.
Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Wash- ington, Government Printing Office. Vol. 30, part I. (Fourth Impression, September, 1912).
Merrell, Edna Huntington, compiler. Survey of the Foreign Language Groups of Erie, Pa. Erie, MSS. 1919-1920.
Miller, John. A Twentieth Century History of Erie County, Pennsylvania. Chicago, The Lewis Publishing Co., 1909. 2 V.
Reed, John Elmer. History of Erie County, Pennsylvania. Topeka-Indianapolis, Historical Publishing Co., 1925. 2 V.
Sanford, Laura G. History of Erie County, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippin- cott & Co., 1861; 2nd edition, published by the author, 1894.
Sargent, M. P. Pioneer Sketches. Erie, Herald Printing & Publishing Co., 1891.
Sipe, Chester Hale. The Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania, Ed. 2. Harrisburg, The Tele- graph Press, 1929.
The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania. Butler, The Ziegler Printing Co., Inc., 1927. Whitman, Benjamin, compiler and editor. Nelson's Biographical Dictionary and His- torical Reference Book of Erie County, Pennsylvania. Erie, S. B. Nelson, 1896. History of Erie County, Pennsylvania. Chicago, Warner, Beers & Co., 1884.
I28
The Peninsula. The city of Erie to the right.
Kettle used in boiling flesh from General Wayne's skeleton after disinterment
INDEX
Academy High School and Stadium, 58, 81 Accommodations, 2 Ager, Patrick, 102 Agriculture, 86, 87, 113 Airports, 1, 101, 103 Airport Journal (magazine), 123 Albion, 122 Albion News (newspaper), 123 Alden & Harlow, 54, 60, 62 Allegheny County, 23 Annual Events, 10 Anshe Chesed Reformed Congregation, 51, 71 Ariel (ship), 69, 90 Armenians, 34 Associated Press, 80 Athletic fields, 3 Avonia, 103
Bachman, Max, 68 Baird, James, 22 Ballad of James Bird (song), 33 Barclay, Capt. Robert, 90 Barney, Frank, Farm of, 113 Baseball, 30 Baseball Diamond, 90 Battle of Fallen Timbers, 21
Battle of Lake Erie, 24, 32, 33, 61, 69
Becker, P. A., 35 Behrend, Ernst R., 75, 78 Behrend, Moritz, 75 Behrend,Otto F., 75 Belle Valley, 108 Big Tree, Chief, 21 Bird, James, 33 Bissel, Leverett, 120 Bissell, Capt. Russell, 22, 37 Blickensderfer, N., 111
B'nai B'rith Home for Orphans, 101 Boat Building, 39 "Boggataway," 30 Bouquet, Colonel, 20 Boyd, Rev., 49 Braddock, General, 20 Bradford, 110 Branchville, 118 Brandy Run, 122 Brant, Joseph, 21 Breweries, 25, 27 Brewster, Alexander, 107 Brick clay, 15 Brickyards, 38 Brookside, 119 Brotherton, Robert, 38, 117 Brown, John, 63 Brown, Lemuel, 106 Brown, R. Stanley, 64 Brown, Robert, 101 Brule, Etienne, 17 Bucyrus-Erie Company, 71 Buffalo & Erie Railways Co., 47
Buffalo & Lake Erie Traction Co., 47 Buffalo Road, 47, 104 Burgett, Henry, 106 Burgettstown, 106 Burns, James R., 80 Bus lines, 1, 47, 105
Campbell's Band, 59 Camp Klinger, 121
Carnation Milk Company, 117
Casey, Rev. Thomas A., 69
Cathedral Preparatory School, 56
Catholic Diocese, 48, 49, 70 Catholics, 34, 48, 49
"Cats," 17 Cavelier, Robert, 17, 43
Central High School, 57, 58
Central Market House, 81
Champlain, Sieur de, 17
Cheat (Indian), 26
Chimes of Erie (music), 60 Churches, 5
Anshe Chesed Reformed Congregation, 51, 71 Associated Reform Presbyterian, 50 B'rith Sholem Synagogue, 51 Church of the Covenant, 54, 68
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