USA > Pennsylvania > Cambria County > Johnstown > From trail dust to star dust : the story of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, a city resulting from its environment > Part 7
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The problem of sifting the real sufferers from the impostors, who poured into the Town to prey upon both the victims and those who came to bring aid, continued to be difficult for the whole period of readjustment and reconstruction. There is no estimate of the many valu-
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From Trail Dust to Star Dust
ables stolen not only by the impostors but also by ir- responsible citizens, or of the relief gained through false pretense. Incidents miraculous, humorous, tragic, despicable, fraudulent, and treacherous could supply radio and television today with much authentic, dramatic material.
On the second day after the flood, Governor Beaver, in conference with General Hastings and other prominent citizens of the State, together with a com- mittee of townsmen, decided that the business of cleaning up the town and preventing an epidemic called for more than a local plan. After careful consideration of the laws of the Commonwealth concerning sanitary pro- visions, the State was given control. Having no appropria- tion to meet such a crisis, the State accepted the offer of a half-million dollars from W. H. Kemble of Philadelphia. The assembly for 1891 refunded the money to him.
General Hastings, at this time representing Governor Beaver in the rescue work, paid only $1.50 a day to the workmen, who under the private plan had received $2 a day. This caused discontent and most of the men left town. General Hastings, however, gathered 2000 men who had been removing debris from the Stone Bridge. By the seventeenth of June, he had 2700 men, most of them reliable, and 200 teams at work. With the coming of the General, the Town was really now under martial law, and the people and their belongings had better protection from impostors, thieves, and roustabouts.
Money, pouring in from all parts of the world, was held in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and New York. So great were the contributions that a special committee
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The Great Flood of 1889
had to be created to care for the money and distribute it. Making their investigations almost a month after the flood, the committee established the first systematic effort to determine the number of lives lost and to award just payment for each property claim.
The Flood Relief Commission, as the committee was called, distributed money to all survivors according to their sworn losses. The first money distributed was $10 to the head of the family for each surviving member of the family. Dividing the devastated areas into dis- tricts, the board fixed a day upon which they would visit each district and, with three citizens of the district, they would allow each resident to present his case. Upon these hearings and claims, payments were made. Later the Commission published their payments. Copies of the report still exist.
CLASSES FOR DISTRIBUTION OF MONEY
FIRST Those made widows and having children.
SECOND Those made widows and having no children.
THIRD Aged, decrepit, injured.
FOURTH Those who lost all property but not of class one or two.
FIFTH Those who sustained considerable loss.
SIXTH Young persons and those able to take care of themselves. (These got only the per capita share).
Housing was a perplexing problem. Those who could temporarily leave the Town were urged to do so. All the beautiful, spacious summer "cottages" of the South Fork Hunting and Fishing Club were offered to
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From Trail Dust to Star Dust
the flood sufferers. The owners never again returned to their "cottages." Most of these have disappeared. A few, however, can be seen in the outskirts of St. Michael. They, with the ruined breast of the dam iden- tified by an historical marker, stand as mute evidence of one of the greatest disasters of all ages. A subcom- mittee of the finance committee arranged for the loca- tion and construction of portable houses known as "Oklahomas." These were small one-story dwellings in two sizes, fully equipped. The larger one, 16 feet by 24 feet, cost $180, the smaller one $75. The cost of the house was deducted from the amount of relief granted to a citizen.
The "Oklahomas" being so small, proved unsatis- factory, and Hoover, Hughes and Co. of Bellefonte offered to erect two-story, four-room houses for $260. By September, 400 of these were under construction or on order. This same firm erected the row of temporary stores and offices on the four sides of the Public Square. On the ground where the Episcopal Church now stands, Clara Barton had constructed a Red Cross apartment house which was completed near the end of July. It was two stories high and contained 35 bedrooms, a dining hall, laundry, and two baths.
The State, having taken over the task of clearing the flooded area, put into action at once the laws relat- ing to public health. It so happened that the State Board of Health was in annual convention at Pittsburgh on the day of the flood; and, consequently, Dr. Benjamin Lee, secretary of the board, came to Johnstown at once. His first official act was an order to the sheriffs of
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The Great Flood of 1889
Indiana, Westmoreland, Allegheny, and Armstrong counties to summon a posse to patrol the Conemaugh River for removing debris and bodies so that these counties might be kept free from pestilence.
On his arrival, Dr. Lee established hospitals and ordered disinfectants. From Washington, the Surgeon General of the United States sent all disinfectants avail- able. The most liberal donation of disinfectant, how- ever, came from Quibell Brothers of Newark, England. A free contribution of $25,000 worth of their disin- fectant was admitted free of duty. No one firm in the United States had made so liberal a contribution either in money or in material. With this contribution, a street sprinkler was put into use.
It was at this time that Dr. Lee made the first request to help make Johnstown flood-free. In his letter to Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, he requested:
". . . A problem now confronts me of grave importance, which, owing to the provisions of the State constitution, I am powerless to meet. The Conemaugh and Stonycreek rivers have been so filled with sand and debris, and at the same time, their banks have been destroyed to such an extent, that the whole plateau on which Woodvale and Johnstown stood, is in danger of inundation from a very moderate rainfall. The temporary structures which the homeless survivors are erecting, may at any moment be washed away. Congress will be applied to, and I presume successfully, to
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From Trail Dust to Star Dust
dredge and dyke the streams. But, in the mean- time, immediate protection is needed. It occurred to me that you might perhaps see your way clear to assign me a portion of the contingent fund placed at your disposal ... "
No funds were available, and Dr. Lee's request was not granted.
State funds being limited, they gave out, and State forces were withdrawn on Saturday, September 28. The citizens were not satisfied that all bodies had been recovered and so they requested help to continue the work. Again 400 men searched the streams. Four bodies were found on October 8. The following Saturday, State forces withdrew although many places had not been examined. The citizens, taking the task upon themselves, collected $12,233. The search continued. Between Johnstown and Nineveh, 26 bodies were recovered, eleven of them being identified.
The system of supplying food, clothing, and other essentials for living was interesting, effective, and some- times amusing. Everyone was on an equality with every- one else, for money was of no use. There was nothing to buy! Clothing of all kinds and sizes arrived. This was distributed as suitably as possible. Sometimes it meant a surreptitious and happy exchange when a six-foot man in a five-foot man's trousers met in some part of town a five-foot man in a six-foot man's trousers. One gift which arrived, no doubt well-meant, was a large box, five feet by four by two, filled with a great assort- ment of buttons.
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The Great Flood of 1889
Everyone-men, women, children-had to line up before the commissary building. The first of these build- ings was on Napoleon Street above South Street, for here there had been no serious damage from the water. Here also was the morgue until June 12, when General Hastings took charge. Other commissaries were estab- lished in Morrellville, Cambria City, Brownstown, Minersville, Rosedale, Coppersdale, Cambria, Prospect, East Conemaugh, Woodvale, and Franklin. Walnut Grove, Grubbtown (now the Eighth Ward area), and Moxham were supplied from Johnstown and Kernville.
By the end of July, the committee for the com- missaries under the leadership of Colonel Spangler had reduced the number to one: - first, by consolidating Morrellville with Cambria City at the latter place; then the next four with Cambria or Prospect; and East Cone- maugh and Woodvale with Franklin. From the consoli- dation of the commissaries came the beginning of the consolidation of the separate boroughs into the city of Johnstown on December 18, 1889. In fact, Johnstown was the first city of the third class to be established by the consolidation of boroughs. By July 22, all com- missaries for food, clothing, and furniture were closed, except the one at the Pennsylvania Railroad station. On October 5, this last one also was closed. Those bene- ficiaries still on the list, 464 of them, made application to the Conemaugh Valley Relief Association. Upon the approval of the women of that organization, either Clara Barton, President of the Red Cross, or Captain Kuhn, who had taken charge of Colonel Spangler's work of the commissary, granted relief.
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From Trail Dust to Star Dust
On October 13, at the Red Cross building which had been established on Walnut Street, the Union Benevolent Association of the Conemaugh Valley was organized to continue the work of the Red Cross which was about to close its office and its work here. That same week, a reception in honor of Clara Barton was held at the Morrell Institute, the former home of D. J. Morrell. There Mrs. Moxham, President of the Women's Branch of the Benevolent Association, presented Miss Barton with a gold pin and locket set with diamonds and amethysts-a token of the people's appreciation. To show their gratitude to General Hastings, they held a reception on February 8, 1890 for the General and his wife. Three thousand grateful citizens attended. News- paper representatives and invited guests were banqueted at the Windsor Hotel. Four years later General Hastings became Governor of Pennsylvania. To Colonel Spangler, the people presented a sword and belt when he finished his commissary work.
Like the fabled Phoenix, Johnstown rose again only to be partially destroyed a second time by the flood of 1936 with even greater property loss than in the flood of 1889 but with little loss of life, for there was not the added disaster of a broken dam. Next to the Great Flood of Biblical fame, the Johnstown Flood of 1889 is perhaps the best known. Thanks to the $8,000,000 flood-control project, the rivers in 1940 were widened to 400 feet and "straight-jacketed" in 60-foot retaining walls. The Johns- town Channel Improvement Project was authorized by the Federal Flood Control Acts of June, 1936 and 1937. It was completed on November 27, 1943, 54 years after Dr. Lee made the first request for channel improvement.
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26 Modern Times
In the future, every citizen of Johnstown looks for greater opportunity for all citizens to live in healthful, comfortable, and attractive surroundings; to earn a living in the field of his choice which will insure happy, healthy, and secure home life; to enjoy the recreational and cul- tural activities made possible by the gains in production efficiency. Today about 16,000 industrial workers in the City are employed by Bethlehem Steel Co. In second place is the plant of United States Steel Corp., employ- ing about 2,300 men. Both of these concerns are con- tinually expanding production and at the same time re- ducing the working hours of labor with no monetary losses to capital or labor. Another important industry is mine and quarry products, the principal commodity in this group being soft coal, in which Cambria County ranks third in the State. This group also includes fire clay, which is necessary for constructing blast furnaces. Food and food products rank importantly; most of these are consumed locally. The National-United States Radi- ator Corp. (now Crane Co.) produces heating apparatus and associated products. Again, environment plays its part.
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From Trail Dust to Star Dust
As Johnstown anticipates the future, it looks for greater diversity in industry, for both men and women. This is necessary to avoid unemployment when the mill production falls off. Because of this lack of diversity in employment, most families have only one "bread- winner" so, as a result, the greatest part of wages goes for necessities. Business census shows that the purchase of what are called "luxury items" is low for the population.
With the hope that the future will vindicate the wisdom of the present even as the present bears testimony to the wisdom of the past, the citizens in reflection and anticipation proudly regard their city. Johnstown's story has been the story of its environment, of the Indians and their trails, of the natural resources hidden in the hills, but most of all the story of men-George King, Daniel Johnson Morrell, John Fritz, George Fritz, and William Kelly who saved Johnstown by their tenacity, their skill, their ingenuity, their persistence, their faith, their courage, and their foresight from becoming just a country village. Two great floods could not break its spirit or stop its growth. Those who dwell upon the hills and in the valley of the Conemaugh and Stony Creek face the future with confidence and hope.
Today it is a new kind of faith and trust, a new kind of frontier spirit in the world of men to conquer the last and limitless frontier through visits to close celestial neighbors, a bold venture never even dreamed of by the pioneers in trail-blazing days. Some of these neighboring stars will be just as intriguing and just as full of mysteries
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Modern Times
to present-day explorers as our country's wilderness was to the frontiersmen of years ago. Steel manufacture, the automobile, the airplane, and electrical miracles were the stepping stones resulting from scientific research.
Dr. Wernher von Braun, operations chief of the U. S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency, in a recent article pub- lished in This Week Magazine (copyrighted but per- mission respectfully granted to this publisher) stated:
"We have just opened the door into the limit- less reaches of the Universe and we can see just far enough ahead to know that man is at the threshold of a momentous area. Here is oppor- tunity, challenge, adventure so tremendous as to exceed anything which has gone before. Here is the tomorrow which youth wants to embrace, and which we must not deny because of a wan- ing of the frontier spirit which made America great.
"Within a few decades we can have the means to send large expeditions out into the solar system, to Venus, Mars and beyond. From their explorations of our neighborly planets these ex- peditions will bring home a wealth of new scien- tific insight which will exceed some of our fond- est expectations.
"It is impossible to predict the nature of all these discoveries; their cumulative effect will be
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From Trail Dust to Star Dust
tantamount to a scientific revolution. But it will also be a revolution of human perspective, and here may be space flight's most far-reaching pay- off. We need not fear that future space explorers on their heaven-storming journeys will lose their humility. The heavens will surround them as an eternal reminder that there is a force greater than the thrust of their rocket ships, a spirit greater than the cold logic of their computers, a power greater than that of their own nation."
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FROM TRAIL DUST TO STAR DUST
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List of Reference Material
The following is a list of reference materials which were in- cluded in the Author's notes attached to the manuscript. It is be- lieved to constitute the bulk of the Author's literary consultations.
BOOKS
Beale, Rev. David J. Through The Johnstown Flood. Philadelphia, Boston: Hubbard Brothers, 1890.
Boucher, John N. William Kelly: A True History of the So-Called Bessemer Process. Greensburg, Pa .: Author, 1924.
Burgess, George Heckman and Kennedy, Miles C. Centennial History of Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846 - 1946. Philadelphia: The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1949.
Gable, John E. History of Cambria County. Topeka, Indianapolis: Historical Publishing Company, 1926.
McLaurin, J. J. The Story of Johnstown. Harrisburg: James M. Place, 1890.
Riegel, Robert E. America Moves West. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1930, 1956.
Storey, Henry Wilson. History of Cambria County. New York, Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1907.
Swank, James M. History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages. Pittsburgh: Author, as Secretary of The American Iron and Steel Association, 1892.
Weygandt, Cornelius. The Plenty of Pennsylvania. New York: H. C. Kinsey & Co., Inc., 1942.
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REFERENCE MATERIAL - (Continued)
BULLETINS AND PAMPHLETS
Allegheny Portage Railroad. Pennsylvania Railroad Information, Vol. 2, No. 1. February, 1930.
Beginnings of Cheap Steel, The. (By Philip Bishop). Contribu- tions From The Museum of History and Technology, United States National Museum, Bulletin 218, Paper 3. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1959.
Bethlehem In Johnstown. Bethlehem Review, Annual Report To Employees for 1955, No. 69. March, 1956.
Commemorating The Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Of The Johns- town Savings Bank, 1871 - 1946.
Geography of Johnstown, Pa., An Industrial Center, The. (By Raymond E. Murphy). The Pennsylvania State College Bulletin, Mineral Industries Experiment Station Bulletin 13, 1934.
It is Now Flood-Free Johnstown. Johnstown Chamber of Com- merce Committee on Flood-Free Johnstown.
Steelmaking In America. (Douglas A. Fisher). Office of Assistant to Chairman, United States Steel Corp., 1949.
Visit To The Cambria Plant, Johnstown, Pa., A. Bethlehem Steel Company, 1936.
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Alderfer, H. F. and Smedley, Elizabeth. Johnstown, Profile of a City Solving its Problems. Commonwealth, the Magazine for Pennsylvanians, Vol. 1, No. 8, June 1947.
NEWSPAPERS (Various Issues)
The Johnstown Democrat The Johnstown Leader The Johnstown Tribune
The Tribune-Democrat, The Johnstown Tribune Publishing Co.
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Index
Adams, Rachel, 18, 19, 77 Adams, Samuel, 18, 19, 77 Adams, Solomon, 18, 19, 77 Adamses, The, 13, 18, 19, 23, 77 Agriculture, 27 Allegheny County, 111 Allegheny Mountains, 9, 14, 58, 60, 61 Allegheny River, 61 Alma Hall, 102 Armstrong County, 111 Assistant Fire Co., 78 Atlantic Cable Celebration, 92
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 63, 70, 88, 107 Bank Act of 1840, 54 Bank of North America, 53 Bank of Pennsylvania, 54 Banks, Wild Cat, 54 Barton, Clara, 81, 107, 110, 113, 114 Barton, Clara, Headquarters, 107 Barton Reception-Presentation, 114 Baumer Street, 21 Beam, George, 89 Beaver, Governor, 108 Bedford, 19, 22, 24, 28, 77 Bedford Road, 19, 77 Bedford Street, 19, 21, 77 Bedford Trail, 19 Bell, Mr., 33 Ben's Creek, 33, 35, 90 Benscreek Road, 76 Benshoff, Benj., 89 Benshoff, Paul, 23 Benshoff's Hill, 33 Berks County, 18, 20 Bessemer Process, 37, 38, 42-44, 46 Bethlehem Steel Co., 28, 38, 40, 42, 66, 72, 79, 115 Beula (Beulah or Buel), 73, 74, 76, 83, 87 Beula Fording, 73, 74, 105
Black Friday, 99 Blacklick, 33 Blair County, 34 Blair County Hist. Museum, 67, 69 Blairsville, 66, 72 Blooming Rolls, 45, 46 Boston Co., The, 36 Brenizer, George, 22 Bridges, 73-75, 96, 99, 100-102, 104, 105 Broad Fording, 74 Buckwalter's Grist Mill, 28, 62
Cambria County, 12, 15, 17, 18, 27, 52 Cambria County, Origin of Name, 27 Cambria County Bank, 55 Cambria County Hist. Society, 19
Cambria County War Memorial, 20
Cambria Furnace, 33 Cambria Iron Co., 32, 33, 36-38, 40, 42, 46-48, 55, 62, 66, 78, 79, 81, 96 Cambria Public Library, 78-80 Cambria Steel Co., 38, 47, 51, 82, 95, 105 Cambria Tribune, 83
Campbell, Charles, 17 Canal, See Pa. Canal
Canal Street, 40, 46, 63
Canoe Place, 15 Canon, Moses, 23
Capital Hotel, 97 Carnegie, Andrew, 79 Carpentry, 27 Carr Street, 20
Carroll, Bishop, 85
Carrolltown, 13 Catholic High School, 89 Catholics, 86, 89 Caugh-naugh-maugh, 12
Centennial Celebration, 32 Central Park, 20, 62, 90, 97 Central Telephone Co., 99
Index
Cherry Tree, 15, 17 Chestnut Ridge, 77 Church Street, 62 Churches, Early, 85, 86 Circuses, 93 Citizen's Creed, 82 Civic Development, 78 Clearfield, County, 17
Clinton Street, 20, 40, 54, 61-63, 93, 102
Coal Industry, 10, 22, 50, 51, 115
Coffin Process, 46 Colebrookdale Mine, 29 Columbia (Lancaster), 58, 60, 61
Community Chest, 79 Conemaugh,Borough of, 21, 78 Conemaugh-New Town, 23, 72, 77 Conemaugh-Old Town, 12, 13, 20, 22, 24, 78
Conemaugh River, 9, 11, 13, 23, 28, 49, 61, 66, 111 Conemaugh Valley, 13, 26, 86, 100 Conemaugh Valley Memorial Hospital, 81, 87 Conemaugh Valley Relief Assn., 113 Conestoga Wagon, 57, 67 Con-nu-mach, 12, 18 Connumah, 12
Connumoch, 12 Cooper, James, 13 Coopersdale, 13, 33, 36 Coover, Jacob, 90 Cover, (Coover), Adam, 21, 22, 54, 74, 86, 88, 89
Cover, Mrs. Adam, 21, 22 Cover Alley, 21 Cover Hill, 21 Crane Co., 115 Cultures, 26, 27, 95 Cumberland Gap, 70
Daniels (Peter) Ferry, 74 Davenport, Jonah, 12, 18 Davidsville, 20 Davis, Mr. and Mrs. Donald and John, 80 Day Express, 101 Deeds, 22-24 Delawares, The, 12-14, 18, 19 Depot Street, 62 Diamond, The, 20 Dibert Field, 93 Dibert Street School, 102 Dibert Titles, 24
Dickens (Charles) Amer. Notes, 68 Disasters, 94-98 Distillery, 27 Dongan, Col. Thomas, 16
Early Furnaces, 29, 30, 33, 34 Early White Settlers, 18, 21, 27, 53
Easley, George W., 88 East Wheatfield Township, 13 Ebensburg, 73-75, 83
Edgehill Drive, 82 Elevation, 10, 82 Episcopal Church, 88, 110 Erie Canal, 57, 58, 60, 70 Exchange, 53-55
Farragut, Admiral, 94 Federal Flood Control Board, 98, 114 Feeder Street, 63
Ferries, Fords and Bridges, 73-75 Fink, Rev., 102
Firehouse, 91 First Bank in Johnstown, 55
First Bank in Pa., 53
First Blooming Rolls, 45
First Bridge (Franklin St.), 75
First Bridge (Little Conemaugh), 74
First Bridge (Stony Creek), 74
First Bldg. after 1889 Flood, 93 First Church, 19 First Dining and Sleeping Car, 69 First Flood (Recorded), 96 First Fording, 73
First Forge, 27 First Grist Mill, 28
First High School, 88
First H. S. Commencement, 89 First Indust. Hospital, 81
First Industries, 26
First Ironmaster, 32
First Keel Boat, 28 First Library, 78 First Mass, 19, 85
First National Bank, 55
First Newspaper, 83 First Organ, 90 First Parochial School, 86
First Post Office, 25 First Products, 12 First R.R. Tunnel in U.S., 67
Index
First Realtors, 21 First Rolling Mill, 36 First School, 87 First Settlers, 11 First Settlers (Permanent), 18 First Settlers (White), 13, 18, 23 First Steel (pneumatic) in U.S., 43 First Steel Rails in U.S., 48 First Tax Collector, 88 First Train, 71 Fish, 10, 12, 19, 27 Five Points, 62, 63, 66
Flood Contributions, 105-109, 111, 112 Flood 1889, Commissaries, 113 Flood 1889, State Forces Withdraw, 112 Flood Fires, 102 Flood Housing, 109-111
Flood Impostors, 107, 108
Flood, Pestilence Prevention, 108, 110, 111 Flood Relief Commission, 92, 107, 109 Flood Relief, Money Distribution, 109 Flood Rescue Work, 112 Floods:
1808, 96 1811, 28, 96 1820 Pumpkin Flood, 96 1889, Great Flood, 64, 66, 78, 92, 95, 9.7, 98, 99-114 1936, 79, 97, 98, 114 Others, 96, 97 Forbes, General, 14 Forbes Road, 56, 59 Fords, 73, 74 Forge, First, 27 Fort Bedford, 19 Fort Duquesne, 11, 14, 19, 59 Fort Ligonier, 13, 19 Fort Pitt, 14, 59, 70 Fort Stanwix Treaty, 14, 17 Fox's Fording, 74 Franklin Street, 20, 21, 25, 28, 62, 63, 74, 75, 86, 91, 105 Franklin St. Bridge, 73, 75, 96, 97 Franklin St. Methodist Church, 67 Frankstown, 12, 13, 77 Frankstown Hill, 21 Frankstown Road, 76, 77 French and Indian War, 14 Fritz, George, 45, 46, 47, 116 Fritz, John, 29, 39-42, 45, 47, 116 Fritz (John) Gold Medal Award, 41 Furnaces, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 38, 50, 90
Galbreath Road, 76 Gallitzin, Demetrius A., Father, Prince, 18, 19, 28, 85 Game, 10, 12, 24 Gap, The, 9, 82 G.A.R. Hall, 91 Gautier Plant, 46, 49, 72 Geography, 10, 59
Gersham, Mr., 13
Gocher, Florence L., 79
Good, Christian, 23 Goose Island, 62 Goughnour, Peter, 21, 23, 31 Grandview Cemetery, 20, 105
Grant, General, 94 Gray's Ferry, 73 Greely, Horace, 84 Green Hill, 21 Gristmill, 27, 28, 74 Growing Season, 10 Gunammochk, 12
Hamilton's Orchard Hospital, 107 Harrison, Pres. Benj. 111 Hartley and Anderson, 20 Hart's Sleeping Place, 13 Hastings, General, 92, 108, 113, 114 Haynes, Joseph, 73 Haynes St. Bridge, 73 Haynes Titles, 24 Hecks, Moses, 13 High School, First Commencement, 89 Hildebrand's Grist Mill, 74 Hinchman, Dr. Henry, Sr., 94 Hinckston, John, 13 Holliday, John, 20, 27
Holliday's Iron Forge, 27, 96
Hollidaysburg, 12, 20, 58, 61, 65, 66, 77 Hollsopple, 97 Hoover & Hughes Firm, 92, 110 Horne, Miss Columbia, 102 Horner, Christian, 22, 23
Horner, Jacob, 23
Horner, John, 23 Horner's Town, 18 Hospitals, 81 Howland, W. C., 82 Hudson & Morrison Map, 76 Hughes Houses, 93 Hulbert House, 63 Hunt, Robert W., 48
Index
Inclined Plane, 81, 82 Indiana County, 13, 17, 74, 111 Indians, 9-16, 18, 19, 23, 69, 77 Iron and Steel Industry, Beginning, 27 Iron Making, 29, 31-38, 57 Iron Ore, 10, 22, 29, 32-38 Iroquois, 14, 18
Jackson Street, 99 Johns, Joseph, 17, 20, 21, 78, 86, 87, 98 Johns (Jos.) Charter, 12, 78 Johns (Jos.) Junior H.S., 88 Johns Street, 81 Johnson, Pres. Andrew, 94, 95 Johnson Purchase, 24 Johnston, 17 Johnstown: A Pioneer Settlement, 9 A City Resulting from Its Environment, 38, 82 Charter-Original, Ordinances, etc., 78 Consolidation of Boroughs, 25, 113 Flood Free, 98 Industrial Founder, 32 Landmark in Dev. of Trans., 61 Review of Industries, 115 Johnstown, Channel Improv. Project, 98, 114 Johnstown College of Univ. of Pittsburgh, 89 Johnstown Democrat, 80, 83, 84 Johnstown Furnace, 33 Johnstown Savings Bank, 55 Johnstown Tribune, 49, 83, 84 Juniata Nail Iron, 34 Juniata Pig Iron, 28, 34 Juniata River, 12, 59, 61
Kaylor's Station, 18 Keffer, Mrs. W. O., 79 Kelly Converter, 42, 44 Kelly, William, 42-44, 47, 116 Kelly Pneumatic Process, 42-44, 47 Kemble, W. H., 108 Kern Titles, 24 Kettles, 35 King, George S., 31, 35, 36, 39, 47, 63, 116 Kittanning, 12 Kittanning Trail, 13, 59 Knowlton, 72 Kring's (Red Bridge), 74 Kuhn, Captain, 113
Lancaster - See Columbia Last Indian Attack, 13 Laurel Hill Gap, 66, 75, 76 Laurel Ridge, 9 Leader Press, 82 Lee, Dr. Benj., 81, 110, 111, 112, 114
Lee Hospital, 81
Le Tort, James, 12, 18
Levergood, Peter, 20-22, 86, 88
Levergood Street, 98
Ligonier, 90 Lincoln Highway, 59
Linton, John, 25
Linton, Col. John P., 93
Linton, Robert P., 89
Little Brick School, 88
Little Conemaugh, 12, 62, 63, 66, 74, 97, 98, 101, 105 Little Conemaugh Bridge, 74 Lock-Up, 91 Locust Street, 91
London Engineering Magazine, 45
Lorain Steel Co., 49, 105
Loretto, 19, 28, 85
Lumbering, 52
Lumber Yards, 27 Lutherans, 86
Main Street, 20,, 25, 54, 63, 77, 86, 91, 93, 97
Maple Syrup, 19, 24, 27, 56
Market Houses, 91
Market Street, 20, 73, 88, 96, 99, 101
Martin, Charles, 90
Masonic Temple Address, 44
Masters, Joseph, 36, 93 Matthews Family, 13 McGuire, Capt. Michael, 18, 85
McLanahan, James, 17
Menoher, Gen. Charles T., 34
Menoher (Blvd.) Highway, 34, 106 Mennonites, 89 Mercersberg, 32
Mercy Hospital, 81 Messiah, 80 Methodists, 86 Meyer, Mrs. Jos. J., 79 Midvale Steel & Ordinance Co., 38 Millcreek Furnace, 33, 34, 35, 90 Millcreek Road, 106 Mine Explosion, 95
Index
Mineely, Rev., 87 Minersville Titles, 24 Modern Times, 115 Mohawk Trail, 70 Money: Barter, 53 Bedford money, 22, 54 Lawful of Pa., 21 Lawful of U.S., 21 National System, 55 Specie, 53, 54 Wampum, 53
Morgan, Thomas, 90
Morrell, Daniel J., 36-38, 42, 43, 47-49, 83, 95, 114, 116 Morrell Institute, 114
Morrison Ave. (Franklin St.), 20, 63
Moxham, 50, 96 Moxham, A. J., 49, 89, 105
Moxham, Mrs., 114
Moxham Titles, 24 Munster, 76 Murphy, A., 74 Music, 90
Nationalities, 26, 95 National-U.S. Radiator Corp., (now Crane Co.), 115 National Road, 56, 57, 67, 70
Newspapers, 83 New York Central Railroad, 70 New York Tribune, 84 Nuts, 12, 27, 57
Okewelah, 12, 18 Oklahomas, Flood Houses, 110 Old Blacky School, 88 Oldest Road, 19 Open-hearth Furnaces, 46 Ore, Gold and Silver, 22 Ore, Iron - See Iron Ore Osborne-Suppes Titles, 24
Pack Horses, 19, 28, 35, 50, 56, 57 Panic of 1837, 32, 54 Park, James, Jr., 44 Pauper Schools Act, 87 Penn, William, 13, 14, 16, 29 Penn Traffic Store, 75
Pennsylvania Canal System, 60-72: Abandonment, 71, 72 Aqueduct, 62, 74, 75 Basin, 61-66, 72, 96 Boats, 64, 65, 66 Docks, 62 Eastern Terminus, 61 Feeder, 63 Goose Island, 62
Important Trans. Advancement, 61 Locks and Dams, 61, 64, 66, 96
Long Island, 62 Motive Power, 65, 67 Opening, 27, 60 Packet Boats, 15, 62, 68, 71
Portage R.R., 50, 61, 62, 65-67, 69
Profitable Years, 71
Race, 11, 62, 64
Route, 60, 61
Safety Car, 67
Schedule, 67, 68
Season, 68
Section Cars, 65, 69
Size, 63
Slips, 62
Sluice, 63 Sold to P.R.R., 69
Staple Bend Tunnel, 67
Stationary Engines, 67, 69 Suppes Dam, 63, 74
Toll, 65 Viaduct, 66, 100
Waste Weir, 62, 64 Weighlock, 64, 66
Pennsylvania Railroad, 9, 28, 35, 58, 59, 66, 69-72, 94, 99, 100, 103, 106, 113 Penn. R.R. Historical Dept., 69 Philadelphia, 10, 16, 56-61, 69-71, 108 Picture Gallery, 91 Pig iron, 24, 28, 31-38
Pioneer Converter, 42, 44 Pitcairn, Robert, 106 Pittsburgh, 10, 24, 28, 29, 33, 42, 44, 56, 57, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68, 71, 76, 105, 106, 108, 110 Pittsburgh Fire Department, 102 Platform Collapse, 94 Pneumatic (Steel) Process, 42-44, 47 Point, The, 9, 20, 73, 93, 96, 97 Political Parties, 91 Poplar Street Bridge, 75, 99, 105, 107 Portage, 69
Index .:
Portage Railroad, 50, 61, 62, 65-67, 69: Levels and Planes, 66 Route, 61 Safety Car, 67 Staple Bend Tunnel, 67 Stationary Engines, 67, 69 Viaduct, 66, 100 Portage Street, 62, 63 Post Office, First, 25 Pottses, The, 29, 30 Pottstown, 29, 30
Presbyterians, 86 Priestly, S., 25 Proctor, Isaac, 28
Prolix, Peregrin, 68
Prospect Hill, 33, 37, 38, 98
Public Safety Building, 46, 97
Public Square, 20, 91-93, 110
Quakers, 48, 59 Quibell Bros., England, 111 Quin-nim-maugh-koong, 12
Rager, Michael, 18 Railroad Street, 61-63, 68 Rails, Cambria, 35, 38, 40, 45-48 Rails, Lorain, 49 Rainfall, 10 Red Cross Aid, 114 Red Cross Apt. House, 110 Reversible Engine, 45 Rhey's Furnace, 33 Rittenhouse, 22 River Encroachments, 98
Roads, 56, 59, 76, 77 Roll Mill, three-high, 39, 40, 45 Round Mound, 37 Roxbury, 96 Rutter, Thomas, 29, 30
Sabbath Rest, 34 St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, 13 Sang Hollow, 106 Sawmill, 27, 76 Scalp Level, 19, 77 Schantz (Jos.), see also Joseph Johns, 20, 22 Schmet, Mr. 85 Schoenberger, Dr. Peter, 35 School Acts, 87, 88 Schools, 87-89 Schuylkill Valley, 29
Scott, J. B., 106 Scrip, Cambria Iron, 37, 55 Sech, Mr., 36 Securing The Land, 16 Select Schools, 88 Seventh Ward Hospital, 107
Seward, 97 Seward, William, 94
Shamokin, 12
Sharp, Thomas, 21
Sharpsburg, 21 Shawanese, 12, 18, 19
Shook Shops, 52
Singer, David, 23
Singing Groups, 90
Sinne-Hanne, 12, 36
Six Nations, 14
Smith, Bell & Co., 55
Smith, Father (see also Father Gallitzin)
Smith, Hull, 54
Smith, William C., 80
Smithsonian Institution, 42
Snowfall, 10 Somerset, 74, 76
Somerset County, 20, 74, 76
Somerset Pike, 76
South Fork Dam, 63, 64, 99, 103
South Fork Hunting and Fishing Club, 64, 109 South Fork Reservoir, 63 Space Commentary, 117 Space Flight's Most Far-Reaching Pay-off, 118 Spangler, Col., 113, 114
Spence, William, 74
Square, The, 20 Staple Bend Tunnel, 67
Steel's (Samuel) Saw Mill, 76
Stevens, Thaddeus, 87
Stitt, Ephraim, 72 Stone Bridge, 73, 100-102, 104-106, 108 Stony Creek, 9, 11, 12, 23, 28, 36, 50, 63, 73, 74, 81, 96-98, 101, 105, 106, 111 Storm, John, 28 Stoystown, 25, 28, 73, 76, 97 Stutzman, Jacob, 21-23, 74
Stutzman School, 90 Suppes Dam, 63, 74 Susquehanna River, 14-17, 59-61 Swank, George T. (Tom), 84 Swank, James, 27, 43, 49, 83, 84 Swank Corner, 21
Index
Tannery, 27 Taylor, Pres., 68 Three-High Roll, 39, 40, 45 Tittle, John, 67 Townsend, E. Y., 39 Train, First, 71 Trains, Iron Ore, 28 Transportation, 12, 15, 56-59, 61, 73 Treaty of 1754, 14 Trees, 10, 22, 52 Trefts, Adam, 73 Tribune-Democrat, 84 Trimble, Thomas, 77 Turnpikes, Old, 57
Union Benevolent Assn., 114 Union Graveyard, 20 United Brethren Church, 86 United States Steel Corp., 49, 115 University of Pittsburgh, 89 Unknown Plot, Grandview Cemetery, 105
Valley Forge Furnace, 30 Venison, 19, 24, 27 Vickroy, E. A., 89 Vine Street, 20, 27, 86, 87, 98 von Braun, Dr. Wernher, space commen- tary, 117 Von Lunen Holdings, 24
Von Lunen, Louis, 50 Von Lunen Road, 74
Wagon Making, 27 Walking Purchase, 14 Walnut Street Bridge, 74 Walnut Street Fording, 74 Wampum, 53 Washington Street, 21, 40, 46, 63, 79, 96
Weiser, Conrad, 13, 18, 53
Weiser, Samuel, 53
Western Sky Newspaper, 83 Western Union Report, 106
Westmont, Borough of, 79, 81, 82
Westmont Hill, 101, 106
Westmoreland County, 74, 111
Weygant, Cornelius, 27
White Schoolhouse, 88
Wilkins, 17 Willow Street, 74 Windsor Hotel, 114 Wipey, John, 13 Wissinger, Ludwig, 23
Women's Library Assn., 79
Wood, Morrell & Co., 36-39, 50
Woodvale, 38, 102, 111
Woodvale Fording, 74
Woodvale Titles, 24 Yoder Hill, 81, 98, 106
The text of this book was set on the Linotype in Times Roman. Line engravings by Wilbar, New York City.
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