USA > Pennsylvania > Clinton County > Historical and biographical work, or past and present of Clinton County, comprising a sketch of every town and township of the county from date of settlement up to the present time > Part 3
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Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37
POPULATION OF COUNTY.
According to the first census, taken after the organization of the county, the entire population amounted to only 8,323. In 1850 it had increased to II,207. In 1860 to 17,723. Ten years later it stood at 23,21I. In 1880 the number was 26,278, and at the last census, taken in 1890, the population had increased to 28,685.
33
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
PRESENT COUNTY OFFICIALS.
The present county officers are Hon. Charles A. Mayer, President Judge ; Hon. James W. Crawford and Hon. James W. Clark, Associate Judges; J. Irwin Hagerman, Official Stenographer; Hon. J. C. Quiggle, Representative; John F. Brown, Prothonotary; A. S. Grow, Register and Recorder; Henry T. Jarrett, Deputy Register and Re- corder; S. Woods Caldwell, Treasurer; W. M. Ever- hart, Sheriff; John F. Brosius, A. H. Kissel and Lyons Mussina, Commissioners; Alexander Flanigan and Samuel Fulton, Jury Commissioners; William F. Moyer, Harry L. Bridgens and John McGhee, Auditors; James A. Wensel, Deputy Treasurer; D. I. McNaul, Deputy Sheriff; John C. Clark, Deputy Prothonotary; E. S. McNaul, Commis- sioners' Clerk.
CLINTON COUNTY FISH AND GAME PRO- TECTIVE ASSOCIATION.
The Clinton County Fish and Game Protective Asso- ciation was organized in Lock Haven at the office of Dr. J. H. Hayes, February 19th, 1892, with the following officers : Dr. J. H. Hayes, President; Dr. W. J. Shoemaker, Vice- President; J. F. Brown, Secretary; G. L. Morlock, Treas- urer; H. T. Harvey, Solicitor.
BOARD OF MANAGERS-L. M. Morrison, Moore Frede- ricks, Charles J. Wait, E. J. Israel and Charles Keiger, Lock Haven; J. V. Quiggle, Pine Station; Charles H. Rich, Richville; R. W. A. Jamison, Jamison's Mills ; Nicholas Watt, Hammersley Forks; A. S. Furst, Cedar Springs; Charles Sigmund, Sr., Salona; H. G. Holmes, North Bend; C. K. Soher, Glen Union; Harvey Kleckner, Logan Mills; Wallace Gakle, Keating.
The association has a membership of seventy-five, and meets the first Tuesday of each month at the office of Dr. J. H. Hayes, on Water street, Lock Haven, Pa. 3
34
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
CLINTON COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY.
The Clinton County Medical Society was organized June 12th, 1888, with the following named persons as officers : Dr. J. M. Dum, President; Dr. R. B. Watson, Vice-Pres- ident; Dr. F. P. Ball, Secretary; L. M. Holloway, Treas- urer ; Dr. W. J. Shoemaker, J. E. Tibbens and A. G. Walls, Censors.
PRESENT OFFICERS-Dr. W. J. Shoemaker, President; Dr. A. J. Stokes, Vice-President; Dr. H. C. Lichtenthaler, Secretary ; Dr. F. P. Ball, Treasurer; Dr. J. H. Hayes, Dr. R. Armstrong and Dr. R. B. Watson, Censors.
The Clinton County Medical Society meets the second Tuesday of each month in the office of Dr. J. H. Hayes, on Water street, Lock Haven, Pa. The society has nineteen members.
POSTOFFICES OF CLINTON COUNTY.
Beech Creek, Bitumen, Boonville, Caldwell, Carroll, Cedar Springs, Chatham Run, Clintondale, Farrandsville, Flemington, Glen Union, Greenburr, Hammersley's Forks, Haneyville, Hyner, Island, Keating, Lamar, Lock Haven, Logan Mills, Loganton, McElhattan, Mackeyville, Mill Hall, Parvin, Pine Station, Rauchtown, Renovo, Rosecrans, Rote, Salona, Shintown, Tylersville, Westport and Wistar.
CLINTON COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Clinton County Agricultural Society was organized March 12th, 1881.
Its first officers were Joel A. Herr, President; W. S. Clawater, Secretary; S. D. Ball, Treasurer.
The present officers are Joel A. Herr, Cedar Springs, President; William Hayes, Mackeyville, Secretary; W. H. Dornblaser, Lamar, Treasurer.
35
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
POMONA GRANGE, No. 29, P. OF H.
Pomona Grange No. 29, P. of H., was organized in 1875.
The present officers are John McNaul, Salona, Master; C. J. Wasson, Cedar Springs, Lecturer; David Mapes, Beech Creek, Secretary; James Taylor, Mackeyville, Treasurer.
1138989
GEOLOGY OF CLINTON COUNTY.
By Prof. Isaac A. Harvey, A. M. Ph. D.
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.
A LL the strata which form the geological structure of Clinton county, so far as they are exposed or accessible to investigation, are included in the Paleozoic time, one of the four divisions of geological time, to wit: Archæan, Paleo- zoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic.
The lowest epoch of the Paleozoic time is the Acadian, the next, the Potsdam sandstone, and the highest is the Permian epoch.
The general divisions of the Paleozoic column or time are the Silurian, or age of inverebrates, the Devonian, or age of fishes, and the Carboniferous, or age of coal plants, and these are sub-divided into their several periods and epochs.
The Acadian and Potsdam epochs nowhere come to the surface in this county, but the next strata above, viz: The limestones of the Trenton, Chazy and Calciferous epochs, which are exposed in part in Nippenose, Nittany and Sugar Valleys, are the lowest visible strata in the county.
The Pennsylvania second Geological Survey have adopted and used a Paleozoic column, as follows: The Potsdam S. S. is No. I, the Trenton, Chazy and Calciferous limestones, No. 2, the Hudson river and Utica shales, No. 3, the Oneida and Medina S. S., No. 4, the Clinton shales and Niagara limestone, No. 5, the Lower Helderberg limestone, No. 6, the Oriskany S. S., No. 7, the Chemung, Portage, Hamil- ton, Marcellus and Upper Helderberg epochs, No. 8, the Catskill "old red" S. S., No. 9, the Pocono S. S., No. 10, the Mauch Chunk red shale, No, II, the Conglomerate
PROF. ISAAC A. HARVEY, Ph. D.,
GEOLOGIST, BEECH CREEK, PA.
37
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
rock, No. 12, the Lower Productive Coal Measures, No. 13, the Lower Barren Measures, No. 14, the Upper Pro- ductive Coal Measures, No. 15, the Upper Barren Meas- ures, No. 16, and the Permian epoch, No. 17. The ex- posures in this county, as already intimated, include the epochs from No. 2 to No. 13-the limestones of the valleys to the "Lower Productive Coal Measures."
Through the middle of Nittany Valley extends an anti- clinal axis, from which the limestone of No. 2 dips north- west, under the Bald Eagle mountains, and never comes to the surface again in Pennsylvania. To the southeast the limestone dips under the Sugar Valley mountain, and thence rises to the surface in Sugar Valley, whence it dips under the Brush Valley mountain to re-appear again farther south- east. The Bald Eagle mountain is formed by the Hudson river and Utica shales, the Medina Southeast and the Clinton shales, Nos. 3, 4 and 5, all of which dip with No. 2, and are under the Bald Eagle creek. Thence, as we ap- proach the coal regions to the northwest, the other mem- bers or groups of the Paleozoic section come in their order of super-position, the rapid dip to the northwest dimin- ishing, from 80° at the Bald Eagle mountain, to 5° or 69 in the coal measures. When we reach the hills containing the coal, the limestone measures of Nittany Valley are from 12,000 to 15,000 feet beneath us, and hence the Bald Eagle mountain should be at least two miles high to include any coal beds of value ; and all the epochs from No. 2 to No. 13 should be found in their order before reaching the coal.
The geological height and vertical height must not be confused; for the rapid dip of the measures carries the Nos. 4 and 5 of the Bald Eagle mountain top very far beneath the hills containing the coal beds, say from 10,000 to 12,000 feet ; although the Bald Eagle mountain is as high as the coal beds in Clinton county.
COAL BEDS.
The entire coal areas of Clinton county are found in the following localities: In the Beech Creek and Tangascootac
38
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
basin, extending into the Farrandsville and Queen's Run regions, and the Karthaus-Keating basin, extending from the Keating townships, northeast to the Westport basin, and thence into the northern portion of Leidy and Chapman townships, in which some small detached areas of the lowest coal beds are in the hilltops. All the coal in these basins is bituminous; that is, containing from 18 to 30 per cent. of volatile matter, and 58 or 60 to 70 per cent. of fixed carbon. Of course there are some slight variations from this quality; as in the Queen's Run coal, which yielded 73 to 75 per cent. of fixed carbon, and 15 to 20 per cent. of volatile matter, indicating a coal approaching semi-bitumi- nous in quality.
The Conglomerate rock is the base of the valuable or workable coal beds, although some intra-conglomerate seams enlarge locally to a workable thickness, and, in rare instances, the Pocono S. S., No. 10, Subcarboniferous, has thin seams of coal, but only at one place, Tipton Station, Blair county, has any coal been mined with profit from this horizon.
Sporadic deposits of carbonaceous matter, resembling coal, occur in some of the lower measures, but never any pure coal in workable shape.
The marcellus shales have yielded 15 to 20 per cent. of combustible matter; but this is only one-fifth or one-sixth of the shales which yield it, and, hence, it is valueless.
The Hudson river and Utica shales, of No. 3, out-crop at various places in Nippenose and Nittany Valleys beneath the sandstone of No. 4. These shales are oftentimes car- bonaceous, being of a dark brown, or even a black color, and they are frequently supposed to contain coal.
Much money has been imprudently expended in vain efforts to open coal in these shales and slates. The recent futile drilling operations in Nippenose Valley indicate how far people may be misled in this respect, and yet no advice from competent geologists would avail to prevent the use- less work and expense. A brief study of the geological
39
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
structure of Pennsylvania, and particularly of Clinton county would have sufficed to teach those concerned that no coal could possibly be discovered in Nippenose Valley. The same conclusion will apply to Nittany Valley, where the slates and shales of the same quality and period appear in immense quantities. The discovery of anthracite, semi- anthracite or cannel coal cannot be expected in this county, and, therefore, all efforts to develop or find any coal beneath the conglomerate rock will never repay the time and money expended.
VERTICAL SECTION OF COAL MEASURES.
A complete section of the coal measures, in their best condition and greatest height in this county, includes eight coal beds, with various seams of fire-clay and limestone, and nests or local deposits of carbonate iron ore, as follows :
Mahoning sandstone and shales, - 25'
to 40'
Coal, Bed E, Upper Freeport Dam,
2' to
Fire clay floor,
2ʼ to 3ʼ
Limestone, local bed,
2' to 4'
Sandstone, shales and slates, -. - - 30' to 40'
Coal, Bed D, Lower Freeport Dam,
Moshannon, Karthaus and Reynolds- ville coal, -
3'
to 6'
Fire clay floor, -
2' to
3'
Limestone, in some places,
2' to 4'
Shales and slates, - - -
25' to 40'
Coal, Bed C, Upper Kittanning, Snow Shoe D, -
2 12' to 4'
Fire clay floor, - -
2'
to
3'
Limestone, Johnstown cement, -
2ʼ to
5'
Sandstone and shales, - -
20' to
30'
Coal, Bed C, Middle Kittanning,
Iʼ
to
4' '
Fire clay floor, - -
2' to
Shaley S. S. and slates, -
20'
to
4' 25'
Coal, Bed B, Lower Kittanning,
2 12' to
6'
Fire clay floor, - - -
3'
to 8'
-
-
-
-
-
-
40
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
Shales and slates, sometimes including
nodules of carbonate iron ore in seams of one, two or three feet, called Clarion ore, with seam of feniferous limestone I' to 3', -
Coal, Bed A, Clarion,
I' to
3'
Fire clay floor, - -
2' to
3'
Sandstone and shales,
20' to
25
Coal, Bed A, Brookeville,
-
I'
to
4'
Fire clay floor, -
2'
to 4'
Sandstone, -
20' to
40'
Fire clay, Woodland, Blue ball, Queen's Run, Farrandsville, &c., &c., - -
3' to 20'
Sandstone and shales, top bench of con- glomerate rock, - -
30' to 60'
Coal, Mt. Savage, Mercer, Intra-conglom- erate bed, -
Iʼ to 3'
Conglomerate rock, No. 12 with two or
three thin coals, - -
- - - 100' to 150'
- 25' to
40'
DESCRIPTION OF COAL BEDS.
The upper coal, bed E, called the Upper Freeport, has a very small area, being confined to West Keating township, where it does not include more than 300 acres, mostly in detached hilltops of a few acres each. Hence this coal is of small importance in this county, although some portions of its area can be profitably mined in connection with the lower beds. Its thickness is from two to four and a half feet, and the amount of coal contained in it is from 5,000 to 6,000 tons per acre, or 1,500,000 tons in its entire area. Not more than 1,000,000 tons of coal could be recovered or utilized. The coal is of good quality, and in some Western counties coal E is extensive and important.
Bed D, the Lower Freeport coal, is widely known as the Moshannon, Karthaus and Reynoldsville bed, being mined also in many other regions. Being 40 feet lower in the section than Bed E, it has a much larger extent. This coal is found only in East and West Keating townships, and its
-
41
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
area is probably from 1,000 to 1,500 acres, two-thirds of which are in West Keating township. The coal of this bed is popular among operators and dealers, by reason of its superior quality and thickness, and it supplies most of the coal now mined in Clearfield county for shipment over the Tyrone and Clearfield railroad and the Beech Creek railroad. It is likewise highly valued in the Karthaus region, and in Jefferson and other counties. The 1,000 to 1,500 acres contain 6,000 to 7,000 tons of coal per acre, and the whole amount of coal in this bed is from 7,500,000 to 8,000,000 tons. Probably 5,000,000 or 6,000,000 tons would be the output of coal by careful mining.
Bed C', the Upper Kittanning or Snow Shoe Bed D, has an area of 3,000 to 3,500 acres, mostly in East and West Keating townships, a small and unimportant acreage being in Noyes township, in the Westport basin. With a thick- ness of 21/2 to 4 feet, this coal contains 5,000 tons of coal per acre. · Its area contains 15,000,000 to 18,000,000 tons, of which amount perhaps 10,000,000 to 12,000,000 tons can be utilized. The coal compares favorably with that of Bed D, and at many places in the Keating townships it can be mined with profit. In the Snow Shoe basin this bed fur- nishes a large quantity of coal for Eastern markets, and it is mined in many other regions for local or general use.
Bed C, the Middle Kittanning coal, underlies from 5,000 to 6,000 acres, more than three-fourths of this acreage being in the Keating townships, a small area in the Westport basin, and a few hundred acres in the Beech Creek and Tangascootac regions. Coal C is rarely mined for Eastern trade, but it supplies domestic fuel in many places. This bed is supposed to be identical with the cannel coal bed of West Virginia and Kentucky. Much of its area is unreli- able and faulty, but in some localities it yields coal in good shape and condition. Its thickness ranges from I to 4 feet, and, as it has an average of 3,500 tons of coal per acre, the quantity of coal in this bed is from 18,000,000 to 20,000,000 tons. Only about one-half the amount is accessible for mining or use.
42
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
Bed B, the Lower Kittanning coal, is largely mined at Blossburg, Osceola, Coal Port and many other places. It has been mined with much success in many counties which do not contain Bed D. Its extent in this county is 6,000 to 8,000 acres in the Keating townships, 2,500 acres in the Westport basin, 500 to 600 acres along Beech Creek, 600, 800 or possibly 1,000 acres in the Tangascootac basin, and 500 to 1,000 acres in various isolated areas in other townships ; or a total extent of about 12,000 acres. The thickness of Bed B varies from 212 to 6 feet, the latter thickness being developed in the Westport basin. Hence it may be fairly estimated to contain 6,000 tons of coal per acre, or 70,000,000 tons in its whole extent. About 50,000 .- 000 tons of coal can be mined from this bed, the other 20,000,000 tons being in outcrops, remote places and inac- cessible areas.
Bed A', the Clarion coal, is usually too thin to be of economic value. Therefore, while its area is from 15,000 to 20,000 acres, a very small part of this acreage can be mined with any advantage. It enlarges, locally, to 3 or 3 1/2 feet, and yields good coal. Assuming that one-fifth of its extent is minable, I may compute the workable coal in this bed to be from 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 tons, nearly all of which is in the Keating townships, with a small workable area in the Westport basin. Elsewhere in this county the Clarion coal is too thin to be of any value.
Bed A, the Brookville coal, is only mined for local use in the state, for the reason that it is either beneath the coal railroads, and the other coal beds are more desirable, or it is too impure in many mining regions to be of much prac- tical value. However, a considerable area of coal A in our county may become valuable, as the coal is of better form and quality here than it is farther west. The extent of this coal is about 20,000 acres-15,000 in the Keating townships and 5,000 in the other coal regions named. The quantity of coal per acre in this bed is from 3,000 to 4,000 tons, and the entire amount may be stated as 65,000,000 to
43
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
70,000,000 tons. One-half of the entire amount can be mined; but the prospective value of Bed A is good, but it is not yet much in demand for investment and mining. This coal is valuable in Centre county, although it is not mined for market.
The Mount Savage, or Mercer coal, is an inter-conglom- erate bed, being beneath the Homewood sandstone, the upper bench of the conglomerate rock. With an area of 30,000 acres, it can hardly be said to have any importance. However, some portions of its extent will yield sufficient coal per acre, and of such quality, that it may sometime acquire economic value. This bed enlarges to 3 feet in some parts of the Keating basin. The whole amount of coal in minable shape may be estimated at 30,000,000 tons, contained in selected areas of 5,000 or 6,000 acres from its entire 30,000 acres.
SUMMARY OF COAL BEDS.
In a brief summary of the coal in Clinton county we have:
Minimun. Maximum.
In Bed E,
-
1,500,000 to 2,000,000 tons
" D, -
7,500,000 to 8,000,000
" C',
" C,
- 15,000,000 to 18,000,000 18,000,000 to 20,000,000
" B,
- 70,000,000 to 75,000,000 1 5,000,000 to 18,000,000
" A', -
A,
65,000,000 to 70,000,000
M't Savage,
25,000,000 to 30,000,000
Total, - -
- 217,000,000 to 240,000,000
Making a more general estimate from these figures, we have from 225 to 240 million tons of coal in beds of work- able thickness, and such areas of thin seams as enlarge locally to a minable size, assuming 3 feet as the minimum. Assigning the amount proportionately to the respective basins we have :
In the Keating basin or townships, 135,000,000 to 150,-
44
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
000,000 ; in the West Port basin, 40,000,000 tons; in the Beech Creek, Tangascootac and Queen's Run basins and other outlying areas, 50,000,000 tons. Of the 225 to 240 million tons of coal in this county hardly more than two- thirds can be mined for railroad transportation, and the branch railroads, which will make this coal accessible, are yet to be constructed. The amount of coal in the Beech Creek region of Clinton county only includes a small por- tion of the Beech Creek basin proper, as the workable coal lies mostly in Centre county, and only extends a short distance into this county. The Beech Creek basin is an extension northeastward of the Snow Shoe basin.
The amount of coal seems to be large, but there are single townships in Clearfield county which have as much coal as the above estimate for Clinton county. Yet there is a large quantity of good coal in our county, and much of it will be utilized ere many years.
FIRE CLAY.
Each coal seam is underlaid by fire clay, mostly, how- ever, of inferior quality ; but in some places the clay under Beds B and C' is good, and has been worked with advantage.
In the coal measures occurs the bed of fire clay which is valuable and important in many counties, and mined exten- sively at Sandy Ridge, Blue Ball, Wallaceton, Philipsburg and Woodland, in Clearfield and Centre counties, at Barr Station and Bennezette, in Elk county, at Farrandsville and Queen's Run, in Clinton county, and in many other local- ities.
This bed of fire clay underlies coal Bed A by an interval ranging from 3 to 40 feet. In this county the fire clay has an area larger than coal A, and it probably extends through 25,000 acres of territory. Its thickness varies from 3 to 20 feet, the latter section having been obtained in the Westport coal basin. Hence there are at least 250,000,000 or 300,- 000,000 tons of the fire clay in our coal regions, besides which, the under clay of the respective coal beds is some-
45
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
times of good quality; notably that of Bed B, which has been mined in the Queen's Run region, yielding a soft clay.
The impression that the soft clay and hard clay are of distinct qualities is erroneous. All fire clay was originally soft, and the clay of this bed, as developed at Farrandsville and Queen's Run, is variable in its character from one point to another, some openings showing more or less soft or plastic clay mixed with hard clay ; other openings showing either hard or soft clay, according to the depth of the clay from the surface and the quality and compactness of the roof and cover. So, in many places, the fire clay is soft at outcrop, but it becomes firmer under cover, till it acquires the hardness of rock, and can only be mined by blasting. In some instances the clay may be soft under considerable areas, but, if such be the case, the roof and cover are too thin to protect the clay from the softening effects of water and exposure to the atmosphere. It must be admitted, also, that the chemical composition of soft clay is slightly dif- ferent from that of hard clay; but the variance can be ex- plained as the effect of surface influences and exposure. In exploring for good fire clay, let it be remembered that hard clay, so much preferred, only shows itself on or near the surface in rare instances, and, as a rule, the bed has a soft outcrop. Many persons have found the plastic clay of the important bed on the surface, and yet discarded it because the outcrop was not hard. If they had developed the clay under good cover, they would have found the bed which they were seeking.
Good results have been obtained relative to the quality of the fire clay in the Keating, Tangascootac and Beech Creek regions, and in the Westport basin, and, in the Queen's Run and Farrandsville regions the clay has been well developed and tested, and its great quantity and excel- lent quality are assured.
Doubtless, further investigation will show as good results from the fire clay in the other coal regions of our county. Fortunately, a large amount of clay in these basins is near
46
PAST AND PRESENT CLINTON COUNTY.
the railroad lines, having; withal, a decided advantage of accessibility and convenience to transportation and market, over the fire clay operators in Clearfield and Centre counties.
IRON ORE.
In the coal measures are found local nests of nodules of Gray Carbonate iron ore or Siderite Spathic ore, but these deposits are seldom of any value, being limited to a small area and not containing sufficient metallic iron to compete with the richer ores of our limestone valleys. These nod- ular ores are often indicated by Brown Hematite or bog ore outcrops, which contain a larger per cent. of iron than the nodular ore from which it is derived. When convenient for shipment or hauling to a furnace, these hematites and gray carbonate ores, being very free from phosphorus, are used for mixing with the limestone hematites.
At the base of the conglomerate rock, and in the Mauch Chunk red shale, No. II, occur similar carbonate iron ores with their bog ore (limonite) or brown hematite outcrops. In the Pocono sandstone, No. 10, no iron ore of value is likely to be discovered, but some brown hematite, bog or carbonate ore is occasionally noted in this epoch.
The Catskill red sandstone, No. 9, the "old red sand- stone," of Hugh Miller, contains some thin seams of brown hematite and local carbonate ore, and in Perry county thin layers of red hematite have been observed in this group. There is not sufficient prospect of valuable iron ore in this red shale to encourage much investigation. In the Che- mung, Portage, Genessee, Hamilton, Marcellus and Upper Helderburg, No. 8, iron ore occurs at various horizons' mostly, however, of little or no economical importance.
In some places the Chemung and Portage shales and sandstones contain limited seams of lean hematite or sandy iron ore. A fossil iron ore of some value has been observed in the Hamilton group in one or two places in Pennsyl- vania, and at the base of the Marcellus shales is an iron
47
PAST AND PRESENT OF CLINTON COUNTY.
bearing horizon, usually of brown hematite, limonite or bog ore, and sometimes of a honey comb or pipe form.
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