USA > Pennsylvania > Historical notes relating to the Pennsylvania Reformed Church, V. I > Part 17
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408. June 7. Jonathon Bailey and Mary Brower.
409. August
12. George Garner and Rebecca Fray.
410. August 16. Mathew Chain and Cathrine Wagenseller.
411. September 2. John Umstad and Maria Favinger.
412. September 6. Samuel B. Matlack and Debora Snyder.
413. September 9. Thomas Frantz and Elizabeth Groff.
414. September 10. Joseph Hoffman and Eliza Summers.
415. September 20. Leonard Vanfossen and Sophia Derrstein By Rev. C. Wack.
. 416. September 30. Daniel Halhan and Cathrine Favinger.
417. September 30. John B. Sauter and Mary Wiegner.
418. October 2. Joseph Fisher and Harriet Farro.
419. October 11. James Baker and Cathrine Dorworth.
420. October 14. John Schwartz and Cathrine Overholtzer.
421. October 28. Andrew Tyson and Elizabeth Reiff.
422. November 8. Jonas Godshalk and Cathrine Zieher.
423. November 8. Joseph MeCombs and Cathrine Hartel.
424. November 18. Jacob Dorworth and Ana Rittenhause.
425. November 22. James Carson and Elizabeth Walker.
426. November 25. Mathias Booz and Christina Ache.
.
126
HISTORICAL NOTES.
427. November 27. Joseph Markley and Hannah Gotwaltz.
428. December 2. Israel Thomas and Elizabeth Hoffman.
429. December 6. Abraham Hendrix and Mary Stoover.
430. December 13. Peter Heines and Cathrine Wierman.
431. December 25. Michael McGill and Mary Schlater.
1828.
'432. January
433. January
8. Henry Stem and Mary Lukens ( widow ).
434. January
24. Thomas Baker and Susanna Woher.
435. January
24. Edward Tumlinson and Elizabeth Hunter.
436. January
24. David Bleyler and Maria Knoedler.
437. February
3. Henry Snyder and Sarah Rittenhause.
439. March
14. J. Adam Roman and Herriott Sholl. 9. Samuel Huster and Fulmina Drake.
440. May
4. Michael Shumaker and Elizabeth Lethero.
1. Jacob Culp and Cathrine Hunsicker.
442. July
10. Epraim Miller and Charlotta Casselberry.
443. August
10. John Heiser and Elizabeth Funk.
444. September 11. James Woodruf and Eliza Bodgers.
445. September 8. Peter Mattis and Elizabeth Watts.
446. October
14. Abraham Heckler and Sarah Shudel.
447. October 21. George Moyer and Minna Markley.
448. November 16. Jacob Keyser and Hellena Godshall.
449. December 450. December
4. John Sherer and Elizabeth Engert.
4. William Moore and Hannah Prake.
451. December 9. Benjamin Keyser and Elizabeth Detterer.
452. December 11. Jacob Hendrix and Anna Wisler.
453. December 11. Abraham Oberholtzer and Elizabeth Bonner.
454. December' 21. James Peters and Elizabeth Schlaugh.
455. - December 25. Josiah Evans and Elizabeth Frank.
1829.
456. January
15. Enos Frantz and Sarah Summers.
457. March
17. Abraham Ziegler and Elizabeth Hunsickel.
458. May
12. Isaac Raser and Magdalena Hunsperger.
459. June
9. Frederick Schmied and Margareth Shiedle.
460. July 12. George Brooks and Mary Rittenhause.
461. July 16. Abraham Garner and Elizabeth Davis.
462. July
28. John Springer and Maria Reinwaid.
463. August
9. Henry Pennebacker and Cathrine Hamshier.
464. August 25. Abraham Krapp and Maria Funck.
465. August 16. Wm. W. Cloward and Lydia A. Casselberry.
466. August 16. Henry Johnson and Maria Davis.
467. September 10. Thomas J. Weber and Elizabeth Stroud.
468. September 10. Tael Brown and Ann Phipps.
438. February
6. John Metz and Elizabeth Boier.
441. June
1
127
HISTORICAL NOTES.
469. September 30. Thomas White and Mary Speice. By Rev. C. Wack.
470. October
1. Ezekiel Rhoades and Eliza Moore.
471. October
11. Jesse Cassel and Cathrine Calp.
472. October
18. George Shumaker and Elizabeth Hallman.
473. October 21. Samuel Summers and Ann King.
474. November 5. Samuel Earnest and Martha Ottinger.
475. November 15. Henry Undercoffer and Cathrine Solomen.
476. November 15. Enos Ratzel and Cathrine Cassel.
477. November 19. John White and Mary Jordan. (Colored people. )
478. December
1. Anthony Custer and Mary Bromback.
479. December 6. Abraham Rittenhause and Elizabeth Metz.
480. December 13. John Moyer and Barbary Hallman.
481. December 31. Silas Garner and Lidia Martin.
1830.
482. January 12. Jacob Wismer and Hettie Rosenberger.
483. January 17. James Pannabecker and Elizabeth Koons.
484. January 21. Isaac Tyson and Ann Wismer.
485. January
21. Jas. H. Tompson and Temperance A. Perry.
486. February 7. Henry Rile and Margareth Convear.
487. February 28. Joseph Rittenhause and Cathrine Cassel.
488. February 28. Joseph Shearer and Elizabeth Hoover.
489. March 4. Benjamin Godshall and Barbara Halhnan.
490. March 18. Samuel Linton and Maria Hoover.
491. April
S. Samuel Rowland and Jane Mckinsey. By Rev. C. Wack.
492. April
8. John Masterson and Elizabeth Zern.
493. April
25. Henry Bozerd and Susannah Teany.
494. May
25. Jacob Sine and Delila Barnes.
495. July
1. Frederick Klair and Margareth Rile.
496. August
3. William Gartly and Herrietta Saylor.
497. August
15. Abraham Seleider and Susanna Buchamer.
498. October
14. John McKinsey and Sarah Love.
499. October
31. Benjamin Spere and Mary Vanfossen.
500. November 7. Isaac Staufer and Barbara Hoffman ( widow).
501. November 9. John Lach and Cathrine Delp.
502. December 19. Henry Tyson and Barbara Godwaltz.
503. December 26. Peter Bowman and Elizabeth Thomas.
504. December 28. Hiram Hendricks and Elizabeth Freas.
505. December 28. Jesse Warner and Abigail Knipe.
506. December 30. Jesse Heaton and Ann Everhart. 1831.
507. January 13. Jacob Pennebecker and Mary Saylor.
£
128
HISTORICAL NOTES.
508. January
20. Henry Roman and Ann Carney.
509. February
3. Dewald Warner and Barbara Hoot.
8. Samuel Werkheiser and Elizabeth Fetter.
17. Henry Frick and Cathrine Vanfossen.
512. April
12. Ferdinand HI. Potts and Sarah Ann Saylor.
513. April
17. John Maybury and Mary Johnson.
514. June
-. Jonathon Kline and Elizabeth Stong.
515. Junc
19. John Steiner and Anna Fohner.
516. August
21. Henry Stauffer and Susannah Kassel.
517. August 30. Jobe Snyder and Susannah Wiegner.
518. October
9. Joseph Tyson and Anna Booze.
519. October
13. Joseph Moyer and Deborah Rhoades.
· 520. October
20. Isaac Cassel and Mary Heebner.
521. October
20. John Bodey and Mary Bishop.
522. November 3. George Sechler and Elizabeth Scheetz. 523. November 20. Henry Dettwiler and Margareth Ziegler.
524. November 24. Henry Garner and Margareth Bean.
525. December 8. Henry Bodey and Hannah Watts.
526. December 22. Philip S. Kirk and Elizabeth MeKann.
527. December 25. George Sununerlot and Margareth Bennet. ( To be Continued. )
THE RELIGION OF THE BOERS.
The boat-load of Pilgrims left England to come to America and found the freedom they sought. About the same time a small number of Dutch and Huguenot refugees from France departed from Holland for similar reasons, and decided to seek their fortunes and religious freedom at the Cape of Good Hope. . The Pilgrims were constantly barrassed by the savage Indians; the Dutch and Huguenots at the Cape had treach- crous Hottentots and Bushmen to contend against.
The Boer is a Low Churchman among Low Churchmen. Of the nine legal holidays in the Transvaal. five -- Good Friday, Easter Mon- day, Ascension Day, Whit-Monday and Christmas-are Church festival days, and are strictly observed by every Boer in the country. The Dutch Reformed Church has been the State Church since 1835.
-HOWARD C. HU.LEGAS, in Oom Paul's People.
BEQUEST BY AN IMMIGRANT.
April 4, 1748, at Philadelphia, Nicolaus Croner died, aged 60 years. He was from Ringenbergerhoff, near Mannheim. He bequeathed .£20 to the German Reformed Church of Philadelphia.
-
510. March
511. March
ARE
:
HISTORICAL NOTES
RELATING TO THE
PENNSYLVANIA REFORMED CHURCH.
VOL. 1. No. 9 January 10 1900. $1.00 PER ANNUM. Edited by Henry S. Dotterer.
Perkiomen Publishing Co., 1605 . THIRTEENTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA.
An Old Case Restated.
In this number we begin a series of articles, by Prof. Wm. J. Hinke, upon the Reiff Case. The revival of this sub- jeet may seem, at first thought, to be thrashing over that which has been thrashed ont before. This is a mistaken view. The past three or four years so many new and interesting points have been discovered, in Europe and here, that the present time is opportune for a re- view of this long-standing contention in the Reformed Church in Pennsylvania.
Prof. Hinke is at this time giving to the Reformed Church, through its East- ern journals-the Messenger and the Record -- some of the results of his search- ing investigations into the facts of Penn- sylvania history imbedded in the masses of historical material hoarded in Euro- pean archives. In the prosecution of his self-imposed task he has encountered nummerous records and references in m .- published manuscripts relating to the collection of money by Elder Jacob Reiff, and the ensuing controversy. He has become greatly interested in this topic, and he now gives the world, through the pages of Historical Notes, the substance of the pertinent acquisitions he has made.
Considering the primitive Colonial days in which these events occurred, and the artlessness of the plain pioneers who were the keen contenders in them, the' subject partakes of a romantic as well as a historical character.
history, will be conveyed by Prof. Hinke's contributions. The reason for this new light on early Pennsylvania history is curious. During the pre- Revo- lutionary period the records of the Re- formed churches here, and the corres- pondence with Holland, were written in the German language. To Pennsylvania historians up to a not very remote date this language was unknown. As they could not be read, the German mann- scripts were "turned down," ignored, regarded as of no value. There has been an improvement in this respect. Penn- sylvania can now boast of historical stu- dents who are better linguists. That which was passed by in former times, now yields a rich return of historical in- formation to the carnest searcher. The papers on the Reiff Case will so prove.
The Church at Philadelphia.
The question of the date of the organi- zation of a congregation of the Reformed Church people again comes up. That an organization was effected upon the arri- val of Rev. George Michael Weiss, in 1727, is perfectly clear. But that was forty-five years after the city was founded by Penn. I cannot with reason be as- sumed that immigrants of the Reformed faith, from Germany, Holland, France, and Switzerland, who located her dir- ing these forty-five years, made no move to establish their native Church.
In Rev. John Philip Bli's report on the state of the Church in Pennsylvania, ( translated into Dutch ) at The Hague, is
Incidentally, much information or sent to Holland in 1744, and preserved collateral phases of one Reformed Church history, as also of our provincial civil this statement: "Wat dan ook de lite
130
HISTORICAL NOTES.
meente te Philadelphia aangaat, zo nam sons of English nationality, after prior Hr. Weisz derzelve bij sijn aankomst, humble invitation, for his hearer, His Excelleney our Governor. Rev. Mr. Brehm, minister at Lancaster, closed. with an evening sermon on Psahns 27: 4. the first day of this solemn transaction. met hulp van boven gemeldte tegenpartij, mij ook uijt de handen, want ik had reeds eenige reijze, op hin begeerte toen- maals aldaar gepredikt." The "tegen- partij" referred to consisted mainly of Michael Hillegass and Dr. John Diemer.
Prof. Hinke comments on this extract from Bohm's report in his paper on The Reiff Case, in this number of Historical Notes.
It may well be doubted that Behm had organized a congregation in Philadel- phia after the distinct manner that he did at Falkner Swamp, Skippack and Whitemarsh. But the Reformed Church congregation, in whatever shape it may have been, was, he says, taken out of his hands by Mr. Weiss upon his arrival, with the aid of the men named.
Of the Reformed Churchmen who re- sided in Philadelphia prior to Mr. Weiss' arrival were George Peter Hillegass. Michael Hillegass, Peter Lecolie, William .Rahrich and Hendrick Weller.
Old Race Street Church.
The Reformed church on Race street, below Fourth, in Philadelphia, was the scene of many memorable services. The second edifice on the spot was dedicated on the first of May, 1774. It was one of the largest, if not the largest church in the city at that time. From a German newspaper, dated Tuesday, May 10, 1774, we take this report of the dedicatory services:
Regarding the solemm dedication of the German Reformed church in this city we can only give our readers the following brief account: The first or morning ser- mou was delivered on Sunday, the first of May, by the Rev. Mr. Weyberg, the regular pastor of the congregation, who showed from Ezekiel 43: 7. that the glory of a congregation, and of every child of Gód in particular, consists in this, that Christ has set up in them His throne. In the afternoon, the Rev. Dr. Peters, rector of the English Church here, preached. and had, among other distinguished per- of Supervision: i. the officers of the
On Monday morning Rev. Doctor Smith, Professor of the High School, opened the divine services with an Eng- lish sermon; and the evening sermon of the same day was preached by Mr. Blumer, minister at Allentown, and pres- ident of the Pennsylvania Citus. In this manner the entire week was spent in continuous worship, and by turns preached ministers of the English Episco- palian and Presbyterian churches, as well as both ministers of the evangelical Luth- eran congregations, viz: the Rev. Mr. Muhlenberg, Sr., and the Rev. Mr. Kunze. besides other Reverend members of the Reformed Cetus of Pennsylvania. At all these services large numbers of hearers were present.
Last evening there preached in this church a reverend gentleman of the an- cient noble family of Pierey, from which the carl of Northumberland is descended. The discourse of this noble divine re- ceived the applause of all who have a sense of the truthy of the Christian religion.
In this way this house of find is now dedicated to the Lord. May He grant that many souls may therein Is built up in the living temple of til.
IN MEMORY OF GENERAL. MONTGOMERY.
On February 19, 1776, the church was used for a memorial service which was hold under the auspices of the city an- thorities. On that occasion Rev. Dr. Smith delivered a solemn and affecting discourse, in memory of the late General Montgomery and the other have officers who lost their lives before Quele. The procession to the church formed in this order: 1. the students and professor of the Academy, wearing the long clerical robes; 2, the Congress; 8, the Gionent AAssembly of the Province; 4, the Mayor and Corporation of the City; 5, the Committee of Safety; 6, the Committee
1:1
HISTORICAL NOTES.
Pennsylvania battalions in the pay of the Continent; 8, the four city battalions of Associators. The companies of light troops of foot and of sharpshooters marched on either side the procession. About four thousand persons attended. Two galleries were occupied by leading society ladies. Several musical compo- sitions were impressively rendered by a number of gentlemen.
St. George's Reformed Church, Philadelphia.
In the Historical Society of Pennsyl- vania Archives, Philadelphia, is the orig- inal of a petition dated Philadelphia, November 22, 1764, addressed to the Pro- prietaries, protesting against a change in the Government founded by William Penn. It is signed thus:
The Consistory of St. George's Church at Philadelphia in the name of the whole Congregation.
Frederick Rothenbuchler,
Minister.
Conrad Schneider Johannes . . . . 11
Jorg Fodel
Jacob Baer
Jacob Kots
Jacob . . cissley
C'onrat Alster
Kaspar Friss
Samuel Mans
Caspar Glockner
Johann Sigmaund
Ilagelganz
Jacob Zueber
Abraham Fri Ols
John Frick
Joseph Tob
Christian Roth
Valentin Korn
Johannes Ilang
Christian Allberger
John Wolff
Liberal Givers.
The Tannersville charge may be com- mended as a model for Church members generally. In the September, 1899, issue of the church paper is the announcement that a parsonage would be purchased. In the next (December) number we find this self-explanatory
STATEMENT .:
DR.
Cost of Parsonage,
$800 00
Recording Deed,
: 00 -
George E. Stanffer, . $ 25 00
Houser Mill congregation .
Tannersville congregation 139 50
Appenzell congregation . 99 (0)
Paradise congregation 74 00
Balance due . 265 50
8803 00
Heidelberg.
BY HENRY 8. DOTTERER.
The city of Heidelberg, which gave its name to the Catechism of the Reformed Church, is one of the most attractive places in Europe, and is visited annually by a great army of tourists. It was the capital of the Palatinate during the stormy times of the Reformation, and the residence of the Elector Frederick III. The ruined castle is the most interesting object; the U'niversity enjoys world-wide fame as a seat of learning. The church of the Holy Ghost, now partitioned by a stout, stone wall, and used on one side of the partition by the Protestants and on the other by the Roman Catholics, is to many a curiosity, on account of this joint occupancy, although it is not the only instance of the kind in Germany. The museum in one of the halls of the partly-restored castle is a large collection of enrios, relics, imprints, paintings, carvings, jewels, and bric-a-brac generally, of historic interest, much of it having direct. refer- ence to the Reformed Church. In one room is exhibited a number of works printed in Pennsylvania. Several edi- tions of the Catechism were among these and a copy of the Tercentenary Monu- ment, the record of the proceedings and papers read at our Hace Street church in 1863, upon the occasion of the celebra- tion of the three hundredth anniversary of the issne of the Heidelberg Catechism. The library of the U'niversity is very extensive There are here pamphlets and volumes treating of the condition of the Reformed Church during the inva- sions of the Palatinate by the French armies. A large work of value is Zed- lar's Universal Lexicon, consisting of sixty-eight volumes, including four supplemental volumes, issned from 1730 to 1754. It is important in this respect: the persons and places are described in it as they were about the time of the greatest emigration from Germany to Pennsylvania. When you read, there- fore, in this work, the description of a
..
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HISTORICAL NOTES.
place, you get it as it was when onr an- cestors left it to come hither.
In the matriculation book of the Uni- versity are several names familiar to This state of things seems, to our think- us, but only two entries of immediate ing, to be inseparable from a State Church. historical interest, namely:
1718. 18ten Octobris, Georgius Michael Weisins, Philosophie Studiosus Eppinga Palatinus.
1724. 14 febry Joannes Bartholomans Rieger, Ingelheimensis Studios Plníto- soph.
Thus wrote these men, both afterwards pastor of the first Reformed church of Philadelphia, with their own hands, their names the day they entered the University.
A continuous stay of five or six weeks in Heidelberg, in 1896, enabled me to become well acquainted with every part of the city, the castle, and dozens of the neighboring places. In many instances curiosity was shown concerning the rea- son for the researches carried on by me. When informed that Heidelberg was held in high esteem in one of the leading Church organizations because it was the birth-place of the Heidelberg Catechism, the compendium of the Biblical anthori- ties upon which the Reformed Church doctrines rest, no interest was evoked. At the University library it was different -there the historical fact was known, but reference to it seemed tiresome, to say the least. A little incident occurred, a few days before we left finally, which illustrates what has just been stated. Mrs. Dotterer was completing her collec- tion of views at one of the many pretty shops at which photographs and engrav- ings are sold. The proprietor, who had waited on her several times before, and knew that she was an American, le- marked that an American customer had that day purchased a large number of postal cards illustrated with views of the castle, for Sun lay-school uses, and ven- tured to inquire what there was about Heidelberg that could make it of interest to American Sunday-schools. Of course the matter was explained to him.
The churches in Heidelberg, Catholic and Protestant, are well attended. One of the latter is very prosperous and fash-
ionable. But there seems to be little in them of that which we in America, for lack of a better term, call spirituality.
Tannersville Charge.
Tannersville charge-consisting of Tan- nersville, Honser Mill, Appenzell and Paradise congregations-has recently pur- chased a parsonage for its young pastor and his bride. Rev. W. H. Brong is the minister. His wife is a lineal descendant of Rev. John Philip Leydich. Her mai- den name was Clara Il. Leidy. She is a native of New Hanover township. Mont - gomery county, and a spiritual daughter of the Falkner Swamp Reformed church.
The Parish Helper
is the name of the little journal issued in the interest of the Tannersville charge. in Monroe county, Pa. It is carefully edited by Rev. W. H. Brong, the pastor. and is free from gossip and advertis- ments. W'e notice in it poetical contri- butions over the initials of the pastor's vonng wife, dated while she was a st- dent at Allentown College for Women.
Reformed Church Literature.
A Historical Sketch of the Falekuer Swamp Reformed Church, Prepared by a Committee, 1890. Boyertown, Pa. Press of the Charles Spatz Company, 1891. l'amphlet, 12mo., pp. 20. Owned by George W. Geist, Frankford, P'a.
The Committee who issued this sketch consisted of 6. 1'. Fisher, Pastor; Jesse Givist, Mahlon Steltz, and Solomon Hoff- man.
Die Evangelische Zeitung der Hentschen Reformirten Kirche in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika. AAuf Ver- ordnung der ausnebenden Committee der Missions-Gesellschaft herausgegeben von Johann Heinrich Dreyer, Pred. d. Re- form. Kirche. Band 1. November, 1831. No. 11. York, Pa. Gedruckt bey D. May. 1831. Pamphlet, Svo, pp. 161-176. Owned by Henry S. Dotterer, Phila- delphia.
6
133
HISTORICAL NOTES.
History of the Reiff Case.
BY PROF. WM. J. HINKE.
The recent review and criticism of the Reiff Case, as presented in Dr. Good's History of the Reformed Church in the United States has induced the writer to study once more, with the help of all the known documents. the complicated story of this famous case. We herewith present the re- sults of our investigation with the hope that they may contribute to a more thorongh elucidation and proper understanding of these important events in the history of our Church. Our aim has been two-fold. In the first place, we wish to tell the whole truth, as far as it can be known at present, without reservations or restrictions, without trying to shield any one or withholding the blame where it ought to be put. But, in the second place, in order to exclude as far as possible all later opinions, we shall let the original documents speak for themselves, and thus confine ourselves to the testimony of eye-witnesses, from whose corroborative evi- dence alone legitimate conclusions can be drawn.
1. THE CAUSES OF THE COLLECTING TOUR OF 1730.
When Rev. George Michael Weiss arrived in Philadelphia, on Sep- tember 18, 1727, he found the German Reformed people scattered over various, . widely separated settlements. There were but three fully organized congregations, as far as we know-Falkner Swamp, Skippack and Whitemarsh. But at several other places religious meetings were being held and congregations were in the process of formation, whose organization was actually completed in this very year 1727. These newly organized congregations were at Philadelphia. Germantown, Goshen- hoppen, Conestoga and Tulpehocken. The number of Reformed people at these eight different places was variously estimated. Weiss stated in Holland, three years later, that there were 15,000 German Reformed members in Pennsylvania, and the minutes of the Synodical Deputies of March 16, 1731, inform us that the total membership was 30,000 bap- tized members of 15,000 communicant members. These figures are cer- tainly exaggerated, perhaps even intentionally, to increase the liberality of the Reformed people in Holland. Rev. Rieger estimated them in a letter of November 22, 1731, as being less than 3000. This is much nearer to the truth, for 'Bohm, in his report of 1734, gives the actual number of communicants in these eight original congregations as 386. At the time of Weiss' arrival there were but three men laboring in this large field: John Philip Bohm in the Schuylkill valley. John Conrad Tempelmann in the Conestoga valley, and John Bechtel, who preached occasionally, since 1726, to the Reformed at Germantown. That Samuel Guldin did any active work at this time cannot be proved. The most prominent of these men was Bohm, who preached at this time without being ordained to the ministry. With him Weiss soon came into con-
1344
HISTORICAL NOTES.
flict. Hardly two weeks after his arrival-on October 2, 1727-he issued the first protest against the ministry of Bohm, in the form of a letter to tho Reformed people at Conestoga. Shortly afterwards he followed up this protest with numerous acts directed against Bohm. He invaded every one of his congregations, * preaching and baptizing in all of them without the consent and knowledge of Borhm. Not only that, but he also publicly attacked Bohm and "declared him to be a man unfit for the ministry, whom he did not consider worthy to administer the sacra- ments." The climax of these strained relations was reached on March 10, 1728, when Weiss with a number of his adherents from Philadelphia -Peter and Michael Hillegass, Michael Schmidt and others-appeared at Skippack, to prevent Borhim from further holding his services at the house of Jacob Reiff. "Bohni'says: "At this time a disgraceful tumult arose in the presence of a large number of people" in which the compan- ions of Weiss "absolutely disputed my right to preach, using the most insulting words, and drove 'me away forcibly from the usual meeting place, which was the private house of Jacob Reiff. As a result I had to conduct my services with my elders and the members who remained faithful to the Church order subscribed by them, in different houses here and there."
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