USA > Pennsylvania > Carbon County > History, government and geography of Carbon County, Pennsylvania > Part 12
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He receives $2,200 a year, $2,000 of which is paid by the state, and the balance is taken from the amount that the state would otherwise appropriate to the county as regular appro- priation. The new law will make his term four years.
He is supposed to visit each school as often as practical, to call the directors together in their annual convention, to examine teachers, and to issue provisional and professional certificates. He is required by law to hold a Teachers' Institute annually. He gives advice concerning all matters that will improve the schools and cheer and encourage the teachers in making their good work better. He makes an annual report of his schools to the State Superintendent. Boroughs or townships having a population of 5,000 or over, may have a Superintendent who is independent of the County Superintendent in all matters except the County Institute. Lansford has such a superintendent.
EXAMINATION FOR MINE FOREMEN.
The following list of questions, given at an examination at Hazleton in April, 1910, to those desirous of becoming mine foremen, is included here to give the teachers and children some indication as to the kind of knowledge required by those who would take advantage of the opportunity all have of arising from the lowest to the highest position. Courses in elementary math- ematics, physics, chemistry, mechanical drawing, and the science of mining could well be taken in connection with the regular high school work, and thus many young men could prepare themselves for the more responsible positions in or about the mines. An ambition on the part of any young man to get such knowledge is very commendable and will be sure to bring its appropriate rewards :
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OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
Question 16. When an airway is timbered with collars 7 feet between notches, 10 feet wide at the bottom, the height from the rail being 7 feet, and the velocity of the air current 400 feet per minute, what is the sec- tional area of the airway, and what is the quantity of air passing per minute?
. Question 17. Name the instruments needed by a mine foreman to fully carry out the provisions of the mine law? What does the law say regarding air measurements?
Question 18. A mine map shows a breast driven 2.7 inches, the pitch being 30 degrees, what is the actual length of the breast?
Question 19. What are the dangers, and consequent results arising from not having accurate and complete surveys of the workings of a mine?
Question 20. If a breast is driven up a distance of 450 feet on a pitch of 25 degrees, what is the vertical height of the face above the gangway?
Question 21. How would you distinguish between Fire-Damp and Black-Damp? In which part of the workings of a mine is the greatest pressure required for the removal of Fire-Damp or marsh gas?
Question 22. If when making an examination of a mine, you found a large body of explosive gas, state what precaution you would take to prevent an accident from same.
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HISTORY, GOVERNMENT AND GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER X. ROSTER OF CIVIL OFFICIALS OF CARBON COUNTY AND OF REPRE- SENTATIVES IN THE NATIONAL AND STATE LEGISLATURES.
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.
STATE SENATORS.
1849 -- Milo M. Dimmick.
1832 -Thomas Craig.
1852-54-Asa Packer.
1869 -A. G. Broadhead.
1878 -Charles Albright.
1878 -Allen Craig.
1880
-Robert Klotz.
1891-94-Wm. M. Rapsher.
1892 -William Lilly.
1896
-John Leisenring.
1898
-Laird H. Barber.
MEMBERS OF THE ASSEMBLY.
1843 -John Fatzinger.
1844 -James R. Struthers.
1846 -Peter Bauman, Alexander Lockhart.
1848-49-Robert Klotz.
1850-51-William Lilly.
1852-53-James R. Struthers.
1854-55-Thomas Craig, Jr.
1856 -Enos Tolan.
1857 -- Charles H. Williams.
1858 -Samuel Balliet.
1859
-- Zachariah H. Long.
1860 -- William H. Butler.
1861-62-Thomas Craig, Jr.
1863-64-Zachariah H. Long.
1865-67-Allen Craig.
1868-71-William B. Leonard.
1872 -E. T. McDonough.
1873 -William Kistler.
1875-76-Andrew J. Durling, James A. Harvey.
1877-78-J. C. Kramer, William M. Rapsher.
1879-82-Michael Cassidy, Jacob G. Zern.
1883-84-John G. Gallagher, E. G. Snyder.
1903-06-Jacob G. Zern.
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OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
1885-86-John Craig, James W. Maloy.
1887-88-Daniel Bachman, Anthony W. Raudenbush.
1889-90-Edward M. Mulhearn.
1891-92-Hugh Ferry.
1893-94-William F. Biery.
1895-96-Thomas H. Williams.
1897-98-Jerry N. Weiler.
1899-00-Thomas B. Craig.
1901-02-William R. Stroh.
1903-04-Edward T. Brimmer.
1905-06-Robert Bacon.
1907-08-James I. Blakslee.
1909-10-Wilson S. Campbell.
COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.
1843-William Kern. 1865-George Smith.
George H. Dougherty. 1866-William Wagner.
George Belford.
1867-John D. Bauman.
1844-John D. Bauman. John G. Kemerer.
1868-B. F. Kleppinger.
1845-Jacob Andres.
1846-Christopher Shirey. Ephraim Balliet.
1870-Levi Harleman.
1847-John Lentz.
1848-John A. Ziegenfuss.
1849-John Horn.
1850-Abraham Shortz.
1851-Charles Gilbert.
1852-William Kern.
1853-James Broderick.
1854-H. B. Berryhill.
1855-Abraham Harleman.
1856-Joshua Bullock.
1857-Peter Hartz.
1858-Andrew Graver.
1859-Abraham Shortz.
1860-Enos Koch.
1861-Daniel Stemler.
1862-Abel Hewitt.
1863-Peter Hartz.
1864-Charles Mensden.
1865-William H. Cool.
1874-Henry Boyer. Josiah Rauch.
1875-Daniel Rouse. Henry Boyer.
1878-John J. Gallagher.
1881-Edwin Sensinger. Samuel Harleman. Amos Riegel. 1884-Anthony Coll. Benjamin Williams. John Arner.
1887-Henry Miller. J. S. Hawk. D. J. O'Donnell.
1890-Henry Miller. Daniel Cannon. J. C. Sendel.
1869-Charles Murray. Edward Reber.
1871-Henry Beineman.
1872-Samuel Harleman.
1873-Daniel Kennedy.
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HISTORY, GOVERNMENT AND GEOGRAPHY
1893-W. B. Anthony. H. H. McBride. M. T. Trexler. 1896-L. W. Koons. John O'Donnell. R. H. Bauman.
1899-Charles Rehrig. John O'Donnell. Jesse Gabel.
1902-D. Oliver Straup. David Ross. Thomas Ferry.
1905-David Ross. D. Oliver Straup. John K. Lentz.
1908-John K. Lentz. Edwin F. Warner. David Ross.
SHERIFFS.
1843-Charles Snyder.
1846-John Painter.
1882-Charles W. Lentz.
1849-Isaac Ripple. 1885-James Gallagher.
1852-John Lentz.
1888-Hiram W. Levan.
1855-Francis Stucker.
1891-Joseph S. Webb.
1858-Amos Riegel.
1894-Milton Setzer.
1861-Charles Packer. 1897-Robert Breslin.
1864-Reuben Ziegenfuss.
1867-Peter S. Keiser.
1903-James H. Rothermel.
1870-Jacob W. Raudenbush.
1906-William H. Reber.
1909-August Begel.
CORONERS.
1843-Lewis Haney. 1872-James B. Tweedle.
1846-John Horn, Jr.
1873-John T. Weston.
1849-William H. Eberly. 1874-J. J. Smyth.
1852-A. G. Broadhead.
1875-A. M. Straup.
1855-L. D. Knowles.
1876-P. D. Keiser.
1858-S. B. Hutchinson.
1879-C. W. Lentz.
1859-Elwin Bauer.
1882-P. H. Latham.
1863-R. Leonard.
1885-J. A. Horn.
1864-Solomon Driesbach.
1865-John B. Longshore.
1866-Horace De Young. 1867-Elwin Bauer.
1868-J. C. Kramer.
1869-Joseph De Frehn. 1870-John Painter.
1888-W. W. Buck.
1891-William L. Lutz.
1894-William P. Long.
1901-J. H. Behler.
1904-G. S. Kirby.
1907-Edward G. Bray.
1873-Oliver Brenizer.
1876-Jacob W. Raudenbush.
1879-Thomas Koons.
1900-Jonathan H. Gombert.
OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
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TREASURERS.
1843-Peter Bauman. 1871-Edgar Twining.
1845-Abraham Shortz.
1873-William E. Levan.
1847-Lawrence D. Knowles.
1875-Edgar Twining.
1849-James R. Struthers. 1878-Max Schweibinz.
1851-James I. Blakslee. 1881-Douglass McLean.
1853-A. G. Broadhead. 1887-George Dolan.
1855-Samuel B. Price. 1890-James T. Mulhearn.
1857-Franklin Reed. 1893-Levi Horn.
1859-Robert Klotz.
1896-Thomas M. Whildin.
1861-Conrad Kocher. 1899-Lawrence Tarleton.
1863-Wm. M. Raudenbush.
1902-Douglass L. Arner.
1865-Patrick Sharkey.
1867-A. G. Broadhead.
1908-Milton A. Mummey.
PROTHONOTARIES AND CLERKS OF THE COURT.
1843-William H. Brown. 1864-J. H. Siewers.
1846-Charles Snyder.
1873-Thomas Kemerer.
1849-Dennis Bauman. 1879-George W. Esser.
1855-Stephen E. Sites.
1891-David G. Watkins.
1858-Robert Q. Butler.
1897-E. I. J. Paetzel.
1861-Thomas J. Heberling.
1900-William J. Zerby.
PROTHONOTARIES.
CLERKS OF THE COURT.
1903-James E. James.
1909-Henry W. Bartels.
1903-W. J. Zerby. 1909-John J. McGinley.
REGISTERS AND RECORDERS.
1843-Robert Klotz. 1870-Alfred Muttingham.
1846-Oliver Musselman.
1873-Bernard Phillips.
1852-A. B. Nimson.
1879-James H. Handwerk.
1858-Edward K. Stroh.
1891- Henry E. Swartz.
1861-A. B. Nimson.
1894-Robert G. McMichael.
1867-William Graver.
RECORDERS OF DEEDS.
1903-Robert G. McMichael.
1906-Warren R. Van Dyke. 1909-Horace F. Keat.
REGISTERS OF WILLS.
1903-Henry W. Bartels. 1909-Curtis C. Doak.
1905-Thomas W. Ferry.
1869-James Sweeney.
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HISTORY, GOVERNMENT AND GEOGRAPHY
DISTRICT ATTORNEYS.
1843-James R. Struthers.
1880-Edward M. Mulhearn.
1850-O. H. Wheeler.
1886-W. M. Rapsher.
1856-Samuel McLean.
1889-Joseph S. Fisher.
1859 (May)-Wm. H. Butler, Allen Craig.
1895-Eugene O. Nothstein.
1898-Daniel W. Sittler.
1862-Wesley B. Leonard.
1901-Frank P. Sharkey.
1867-E. C. Dimmick.
1907-George E. Gray
COUNTY SURVEYORS.
1850-Henry Boyer, Jr. 1867-C. H. Dickerman.
1853-S. C. Sites.
1868-Harvey Boyer.
1855-Charles H. Nimson.
1872-William G. Freyman.
1874-Josiah Xander.
1859 (Jan.)-Thos. L. Foster, Hiram Belford. 1875-Charles Carroll.
1861-Oliver Bauman.
1878-H. B. Salkeld.
1863-Edwin Shortz.
1879-Henry Boyer.
1865-R. F. Hofford.
1883-Franz Mackl.
1866-James Harvey.
1901-William B. Tombler.
COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS.
1854-J. H. Siewers.
1887-T. A. Snyder.
1857-Thomas L. Foster.
1896-A. S. Beisel.
1863-R. F. Hofford.
1902-James J. Bevan.
1881 (June)-T. M. Balliet.
1874-E. R. Siewers.
PART IV.
- CHAPTER I.
GEOGRAPHY.
SURFACE AND AREA.
Carbon County lies in the center of the eastern part of Penn- sylvania. It is a part of the Appalachian Mountain system. Its mountains raise to a height varying from six to thirteen hundred feet. Their sides in many places are very steep and have been worn into irregular shapes by water and wind. The rocky sides of the mountains, the wild ravines through which come pouring the mountain streams, and the overhanging rocks give to this region its wild mountainous appearance, causing it to be called the "Switzerland of America."
Geology tells us that the rocks which form these mountains were once a vast plain as level as the Mississippi Valley. During later times, however, these level rocks were folded and bent, and at some places, like at Mauch Chunk, were placed in an almost vertical position. It is thought that immediately after the great Appalachian Uplift the mountains were several thousand feet higher than they are now. Their summits were worn away and formed the slopes between the mountains and the ocean. It is by this process of washing away the mountain tops during the many centuries which followed the uplift that geologists explain the sudden ending of the coal measures. The coal measures at one time extended beyond Locust and Sharp Mountains; but, like all the other layers of rocks, that at one time were capped with rock-ribbed mountains, they have, bit by bit, been carried toward the sea to build the plains which extend from the foot of the hills of the Blue Mountain to the Atlantic Ocean. This seems like a wonderful task, but the giant forces of wind, water, and frost were
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HISTORY, GOVERNMENT AND GEOGRAPHY
able to accomplish untold wonders during a period so long that centuries seem to count as but a single year.
Another reason for thinking that all mountains at one time rose to greater heights than they now do, is the fact that all rocks found on the mountain summits were formed in the presence of water. The sandstones and the conglomerates are formed by round pebbles rounded and smoothed by running water. The layer of rocks now forming the top of the Blue Mountain were once buried under all the rocks which were deposited long after- ward, as also the coal measures which were at least eighteen thousand two hundred feet thick. Mt. Pisgah was capped with Pottsville conglomerate which forms the bottom of the coal measures, and was at one time covered with the fifteen hundred feet of strata which yet remain in the Panther Creek Valley where they were never worn away.
Flowing water always carrying sand, was a powerful force in wearing down mountains. Moving ice at one time greatly helped. Wind, when carrying sand and water, was a powerful agent. Frost, when the crevices of rocks become filled with water, often cracked loose and broke the largest rocks into fragments. Roots growing into the cracks of rocks often wedged loose large rocks of considerable size, so that they could be carried away. The mud, the sand, and the pebbles which resulted from this wearing away of the mountain tops must have been carried by the rivers to the sea, there to form the plains as already stated. It is easy to understand that great changes must have taken place in order that the rocks which were at one time lying flat were brought into the vertical position in which they may be seen on the Mauch Chunk side where the bridge connecting the Mauch Chunks crosses the Lehigh River, or to look into the valley from the Flag Staff and remember that you are standing upon the edge of rocks more than sixteen hundred feet high which have been turned into the air.
Carbon County is bounded on the northwest by Luzerne; on the east by Monroe; on the south by Northampton and Lehigh ; and on the southwest by Schuylkill. It was taken from North- ampton and Monroe Counties by an act of 1845.
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OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
The assessed valuation of all the property in the county in 1910 was $27,088,630.
The length of the county is about 20 miles, the breadth about 19 miles, and the area about 390 square miles. If the entire surface of the county were divided into farms of 50 acres each there would be just about 5,000 such farms.
MOUNTAINS.
The surface is broken by a succession of mountains, hills, and valleys, all of which have the general direction of the Blue, or Kittatinny Mountain, which divides Carbon from Lehigh and Northampton Counties. In Kidder Township the summits of the mountains are rather low and flat. On account of the dense forests that covered the central and eastern part of this township when white men first saw it, and on account of the swamp lands surrounding Mud, Moses, Wood, Big and Round Ponds, as well as Grass Lake, this region was called the Shades of Death. Pine Hill, in this township, is a knoll between Hickory Run on the north and Mud Run on the south.
Broad Mountain lies in Penn Forest Township east of Penn Haven Junction, between the windings of the Lehigh River and Big Bear Creek. Kettle Mountain lies to the south of this creek and in the form of a crescent encloses Kettle Valley. Broad Mountain and Kettle Mountain are continuations, to the east, of Nesquehoning Mountain. The south arm of Kettle Mountain is a continuation, to the east, of Mahoning Mountain which lies between Mahoning and Mauch Chunk Townships. The north arm of Kettle Mountain is sometimes called Big Mountain. The Pocono Mountains cover the remainder of Penn Forest Township.
Spring Mountain separates Banks and Packer Townships, and the continuation of this mountain to the east is called East Spring Mountain. Black Creek Gap is the name of the gap that separates them. In the northern part of Banks Township, north of Beaver Meadow, lies Pismire Hill, which is underlaid by the lowest coal measures. East Pismire Hill, which contains a basin of the Buck Mountain coal vein, is in the northwestern part of Lausanne Township near the headwaters of Leslie Run.
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HISTORY, GOVERNMENT AND GEOGRAPHY
Bald Mountain, or Bald Ridge, lies in the U formed by the Lehigh River between Rockport and Penn Haven. Quakake Valley is at the foot of Bald Mountain and at Penn Haven is nothing but a narrow gorge through which the Quakake Creek flows. Nesquehoning Mountain is a broad flat plateau which lies to the south of Quakake Creek. It is between four and five miles wide, and is sometimes incorrectly called Broad Mountain.
Locust and Sharp Mountains are in Mauch Chunk Township, and between them is Panther Creek Valley. Sharp Mountain is to the south of this valley, and extends from a point which is about one mile north of Mauch Chunk westward into Schuylkill County. Locust Mountain is to the north of this valley, and extends westward into the same county. Sharp Mountain is separated from Mahoning Mountain by the valley through which Mauch Chunk Creek flows, and Locust Mountain from Nesque- honing Mountain by Nesquehoning Valley. Locust and Sharp Mountains unite about one mile north of Mauch Chunk to form Mount Pisgah. The Switchback Railroad begins at Mount Pisgah and continues along Sharp Mountain to Summit Hill.
Mahoning Mountain separates Mauch Chunk and Mahoning Townships. The part of its summit which is directly west of the Lehigh River now is called the Flag Staff. The mountain at the base of which is the Lehigh Valley Railroad station is sometimes called the Sugar Loaf and by the Indians was called "Machk Tschunk," which means Bear Mountain.
Indian Mountain is in northern Towamensing Township. Mahoning and Lizard Hills are between Mahoning and Lizard Creeks. Yellow Pine Ridge is near the border of Towamensing and Lower Towamensing Townships. Stony Ridge is along the northern border of the Blue Ridge.
The Kittatinny Mountain consists of a series of parallel ridges, of which in this county, the principal ones are Indian Mountain at the headwaters of the Pocono Creek; Pine Ridge near the border of the Towamensing Townships; and the Mahoning and Lizard Hills. Stony Ridge is on the north side of the Blue Ridge and is also one of them.
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OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
THE REMAINS OF THE OLD GLACIAL PERIOD.
After the coal period years upon years had passed and age succeeded age until we come to the period in which man appeared. During this period, known as the Quatrenary, the whole northern part of North America was covered with an immense sheet of ice. Like the glaciers of to-day this whole sheet was constantly moving southward. It seldom moved more than several inches a day. As it moved forward it often tore loose stones and rocks or planed off portions of rocks over which it passed. The ice sheet in its progress carried along the stones it loosened, and as the stones were thus absorbed as the ice moved onward, the stones over which the mass moved were scratched and seared with peculiar parallel marks which are always sure indications that they were in the presence of glaciers.
The material thus carried by the ice was finally taken to the end of the ice sheet and as the icemelted away the material dropped. The material so dropped forms what is known as a terminal moraine. The lower portion of the ice sheet extended as far south as Carbon County, and the great terminal moraine formed during the period passes through the center of Kidder Township, and enters the valley about ten miles above Mauch Chunk. It crosses the river near Hickory Run and then crosses the northern border of the state, entering New York at the northeastern corner of Mckean County. It enters the state again in northeastern Warren County and continues to the south, crossing into Ohio near the northwestern corner of Beaver County.
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HISTORY, GOVERNMENT AND GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER II. POLITICAL DIVISIONS.
BANKS TOWNSHIP.
This township was taken from Lausanne Township in 1841 before Carbon County was organized. It was named after the man who was then judge of Northampton County, Judge Banks. It is about ten miles in length east and west, and about two miles in width. It lies almost entirely upon the top of Spring Moun- tain, and is from fourteen to sixteen hundred feet above the sea level. Its surface is hilly, its soil is gravelly, and much of its land is yet unseated. The coal deposits are its principal source of wealth, most of its people being engaged in the mining industry. The value of the coal produced and the number of men employed will be found in the chapter on the coal industry.
Beaver Creek rises near Jeanesville along the northern border of the township, flows easterly till it reaches Hazel Creek at the edge of Lausanne Township, from whence the descent of the Hazel is very rapid southward into the Quakake Creek. Hazel Creek rises in the northeastern portion of the township and flows south. From the point of its junction with Beaver Creek the stream is often called Black Creek.
The Beaver Meadow Division and the Hazleton Branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad are in this township. A branch of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad crosses the western end.
The township at present is divided into four election districts, Audenried, Jeanesville, Leviston, and Park View. The assessed valuation of the real estate in 1910 was $1,125,230. In 1880 the population was 4,619.
The first school was started in 1835 by Miss Lydia Bidlack in a building formerly used as a blacksmith shop. During the 1909-10 term there were twenty teachers employed, five of whom were men.
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OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
Yorktown and Audenried are mining towns which adjoin each other. They are in the western portion of the township; Audenried extending into Schuylkill County. Tresckow, Levis- ton, Coleraine, Coolstown, and Jeanesville are villages.
BEAVER MEADOW.
Beaver Meadow is located in center of Banks Township. It is said that beavers were found in the creek upon which it is located when the white man first came here, hence the name of the creek and the town. The assessed valuation of its real estate in 1910 was $218,395, and there were five teachers employed in its schools. There is also a parochial school.
The town contains five streets, two of which are main thor- oughfares; Broad Street is the old turnpike from Mauch Chunk to Berwick. The town is supplied with water by the Citizens' Water Company and with light by the Consumers' Electric Light Company. Four mails are brought into the town each day by the Lehigh Valley Railroad. There are a number of fire plugs in the town and the Volunteer Fire Company is well supplied with hose. There is a Greek Catholic, a Roman Catholic, a Lutheran, and a Methodist Church.
EAST MAUCH CHUNK.
This locality was known as "the kettle" in its early history. This name seems well applied since the whole appears like a knoll surrounded by a large amphitheatre of hills. One of the first families that lived here had a home in the present borough limits before the town was laid out. John Burns and John Ruddle were among the early comers, Burns having settled in the borough in 1824. The Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company laid out about sixty acres into town lots in 1850. The lots were origi- nally sold for one hundred dollars, though to-day they are worth more than twice as many thousand.
The early histories tell many interesting stories of James Nowlin, the Irish schoolmaster, who taught pupils for two dollars
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HISTORY, GOVERNMENT AND GEOGRAPHY
and fifty cents a quarter. He was said to be a good mathema- tician, severe, and frequent in applying "taws," a short hickory handle to which were fastened four leather lashes. Disobedience or wrong answers were always paid for by stinging blows on the hand which the party to be punished was always obliged to stretch out to receive the "taws." Among the early settlers may be men- tioned David Mummey, Charles Zellur, T. L. Foster, Patrick Kenny, and Peter Coyle, who owned several of the first houses.
The borough was incorporated in 1854. In 1910 the taxable property was assessed at $1,336,365 and there were eleven schools and thirteen teachers.
The first industry in the town was the East Mauch Chunk Wharf, owned by the Beaver Meadow Railroad Company and the Honey Brook Coal Company. These companies owned it until the freshet of 1862, when it came under the control of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, and was abandoned in 1887.
John Solomon and George Twining owned and operated a planing mill which was destroyed by fire and never rebuilt. The town is supplied with water by the Mauch Chunk Water Company. This water comes from three reservoirs situated on Ruddle's Run and from three artesian wells. One of these wells is over five hundred feet deep and has a continual stream of water issuing from its mouth.
The plant which supplies the town with electricity is situated in the borough. The Carbon Transit Company runs trolley cars through the borough every half hour. Protection against fire is furnished by the Onoko, No. I and Fairview, No. 2, Fire Companies. There is but one chemical engine, while there are two hose houses. A constable is elected in each ward. He is assisted by a chief of police who may secure assistants when necessity requires them. The Citizens' National Bank was recently organized.
The industries of the town are a planing mill, marble works, a facing mill, Eagle Brewing Company, and the Dery Silk Mill. In the silk mill from forty to fifty thousand yards of broad silk are woven every two weeks, and the wages paid during the same time amount to fifty thousand dollars. Satin is also woven.
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OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
Between four hundred and four hundred and fifty hands are constantly employed.
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